Proceedings of the 7th International Conference and Exhibition on Sustainable Energy and Advanced Materials (ICE-SEAM 2021), Melaka, Malaysia (Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering)

This book gathers the proceedings of the 7th International Conference and Exhibition on Sustainable Energy and Advanced Materials (ICE-SEAM), held on November 2021, a virtual conference organized in Melaka, Malaysia. It focuses on two relatively broad areas—advanced materials and sustainable energy—and a diverse range of subtopics: Advanced materials and related technologies: liquid crystals, semiconductors, superconductors, optics, lasers, sensors, mesoporous materials, nanomaterials, smart ferrous materials, amorphous materials, crystalline materials, biomaterials, metamaterials, composites, polymers, design, analysis, development, manufacturing, processing and testing for advanced materials. Sustainable energy and related technologies: energy management, storage, conservation, industrial energy efficiency, energy-efficient buildings, energy-efficient traffic systems, energy distribution, energy modeling, hybrid and integrated energy systems, fossil energy, nuclear energy, bioenergy, biogas, biomass geothermal power, non-fossil energies, wind energy, hydropower, solar photovoltaic, fuel cells, electrification, and electrical power systems and controls. Editorial Preface Contents ​Additive Manufacturing Design and Development of Filament Extruder for 3D Printing Machine 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Concept Design and Selection 2.2 Modelling and Fabrication 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Filament Thickness 3.2 Comparison for Visualization 4 Conclusion References Product Redesign by Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing Process 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 FEA Pre-analysis Results and Discussion 3.2 Topology Optimization Results and Discussion 3.3 Build Orientation, Artificial-Neural-Network (ANN), and 3D Print Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Production of Open-Cell Foam Using Additive Manufacturing Method and Porous Morphology Effects 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Development of 3D Printing Filament Material Using Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate Reinforced with Sugar Palm Fiber 1 Introduction 2 Potential of Sugar Palm Fiber and Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate as Filament Material 3 Characterization of Sugar Palm Fiber and Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate Properties Used for Filament Material 4 Conclusion References Effect of HIP on Porosity of Ti6Al4V Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion: A Brief Review 1 Introduction 1.1 Laser Powder Bed Fusion 1.2 HIP Treatment 2 Effects of HIP on Ti6Al4V Porosity 3 Conclusion References Microstructure Comparison of SLM Ti6Al4V Using Manufacturer’s Heat-Treatment Procedure 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Material 2.2 Procedure 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Effects of Different Polyamide (PAa12) Composition on Dimensional Accuracy in Selective Laser Sintering 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Flatwise and Edgewise Compression Properties of Composite PLA Core Fabricated via Additive Manufacturing Technique 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Additive Manufacturing (AM) Technique 2.2 Compression Test 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Flatwise Compression Properties 3.2 Edgewise Compression Properties 4 Conclusion References Parameters and Bead Geometry Relationship of Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing for Aluminum Alloy ER5183 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Method 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Selection of Parameters and Variables 3.2 Parameter and Bead Geometry Relationship 3.3 Optimization of Parameter 4 Conclusion References Effect of SLM Processing Parameters and Energy Density on Physical and Mechanical Properties at Different Surfaces 1 Introduction 1.1 Selective Laser Melting (SLM) 2 Research Methodology 2.1 Sample Preparation 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Surface Roughness and Microhardness 4 Conclusion References The Effects of Varying Oxygen Concentrations on Tensile Strength and Surface Roughness of 3D Printer 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Tensile Strength 3.2 Surface Roughness 3.3 The Surface Morphology of FFF Part 4 Conclusions References The Effects of Lightweight Design on Additive Manufacturing: A Thermal-Stress Case Study on Lattice Structure Parts 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Advanced Materials and Processes Extraction of Silica from Sugarcane Bagasse via Acid Leaching Treatment 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Effect of Heating Temperature on Mechanical Properties and Biodegradation Rate of Magnesium/HA/Shellac as Bone Screw Material 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Material 2.2 Methods 3 Result and Discussion 3.1 Hardness Value 3.2 Diametral Compression Test 3.3 Biodegradation Rate 3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 4 Conclusion References Temperature Quenching Effect on Tensile Strength of DGEBA Cured Cycloaliphatic Hardener 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 Result and Analysis 4 Conclusion References A Review on Polyacrylonitrile Electrospun Fibres and Their Applications in Membrane Distillation Technology 1 Introduction 2 The Electrospinning Process 3 Critical Characteristics of Polyacrylonitrile Electrospun Fibres for Membrane Distillation 4 Current Application of Polyacrylonitrile Electrospun Fibres for Membrane Distillation 5 Conclusion References Characterization of Palm Trunk Under Different Heat Treatment 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Result and Discussion 3.1 Morphology of Analysis of Palm Trunk Undergo Heat Treatment 3.2 Functional Group Analysis 4 Conclusion References Effect of Dimple Size onto Wear Rate of Mild Steel AISI 1060 Surface 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Water Affinity Properties of Thermoplastic Cassava Starch/Wax Reinforced with Sugarcane Bagasse Fiber 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methodology 2.1 Materials 2.2 Sample Preparation 2.3 Moisture Content 2.4 Water Absorption 2.5 Thickness Swelling 3 Result and Discussion 3.1 Moisture Content 3.2 Water Absorption 3.3 Thickness Swelling 4 Conclusion References Analysis of Magnetorheological Elastomers Under Liquid Immersion 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Sample Preparation 2.2 Freshwater and Seawater Immersion 2.3 Hardness Testing and FTIR 3 Result 3.1 Durometer Shore a Hardness Testing 3.2 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Testing 4 Conclusion References Feasibility Study on a Fabrication Resin Transfer Molding Machine for Aircraft Part (Hinge) Application 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Work 2.1 Materials Used 2.2 Equipment Used 2.3 Fabrication of the Hinge of Aircraft Part 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Mixing Behaviour of Nickel and Titanium Hydride Mixture for Injection Moulding Process 1 Introduction to Porous Nickel Titanium 1.1 Methodology 1.2 Results 2 Conclusion References Influence of Zirconia Content to the Mechanical Behaviour of Alumina Zirconia Composite Prepared via Colloidal Method 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Experimental Outcome and Discussion 3.1 Discussion 4 Conclusion References Effect of Sintering Temperature and Low Weight Percentage of Zirconia in Hydroxyapatite-Zirconia Composite on Mechanical Properties for Biomedical Application 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 2.1 Preparation of HA Powder 2.2 Preparation of Zirconia Powder 2.3 Preparation of HA-ZrO2Composite 2.4 Determination of Volume Fraction Porosity (VFP) 2.5 Young’s Modulus, E 2.6 Microhardness, Hv 2.7 Surface Characteristics Studies of Samples by SEM 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Analysis of Mechanical Properties 3.2 Distribution of Grains 4 Conclusion and Future Studies References Fabrication and Wear Behavior of Alumina Based Cutting Tools on Machining AISI 1045 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Mechanical Properties and Microstructural Properties of Zirconia Toughened Alumina Composite (ZTA) Doped with Copper Oxide Prepared via Various Sintering Profiles of Two-Stage Sintering 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusion References Multi-response Optimization of Machining Simulation Approach Using Grey Relational Analysis 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Work 3 Multi-response Optimization Result and Discussion 3.1 Grey Relational Analysis 3.2 Grey Relational Coefficient (GRC) 3.3 Ranking the Most Parameters Affected on Responses 4 Conclusion References Evaluation of Monotonic Tensile Properties of Napier Single Fibre 1 Introduction 2 Material and Method 3 Result and Discussions 3.1 Tensile Test 3.2 Weibull Analysis 4 Conclusion References The Activated Carbon Adsorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: The Best Evidence Review 1 Introduction 2 AC: Mechanism and Removal Efficiency 3 Conclusion References Rubberwood-Recycled Polypropylene Composites: Effect of Water Immersion on Tensile Properties 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Effect of Addition Bio-Based Plasticizer on Thermal Properties of Polylactic Acid (PLA): A Review 1 Introduction 2 Thermal Properties of Pure PLA and Plasticized PLA 2.1 Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) 2.2 Crystallization Temperature (Tcc) 2.3 Melting Temperature (Tm) 3 Conclusion References The Effect of Sintering Temperature on Physical Properties of Sintered Green Glass Ceramic Composite (GCC) Using Design of Experiments (DOE) Software 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Result and Discussion 3.1 Influence of Sintering Temperature on Water Absorption and Apparent Porosity 4 Conclusion References Observation of Graphene Oxide (GO) Nanoplatelets Stability in Water 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Section 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Pineapple Leaf Fibre/Kenaf Fibre Reinforced Vinyl Ester Hybrid Composites 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Method 2.1 Materials 2.2 Methods 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusions References Design and Optimization Structural Analysis of Moveable Fence Barrier Near the Exit Toll 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Design and Analysis of Low-Cost Aircraft Landing Gear Trainer System for Aviation Maintenance Training 1 Introduction 2 Research Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Natural Fiber Composite Filaments Selection for Drone Frame Structures 1 Introduction 2 Research Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Goal 3.2 Sub Criteria 3.3 Ranking 4 Conclusion References Optimization Study on Width of Cut and Cutting-Edge Radius During Side Milling of DAC 55 Steel 1 Introduction 2 Results and Discussion References Machining Parameter Optimization for Laser Machining 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Experimental Setup 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Energy Efficiency, Energy Engineering and Management Thermodynamic Analysis of a Gamma - Type Stirling Engine for mCHP Application 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References A Study of Spectral Match and Spatial Non-uniformity for Indoor Solar Simulator 1 Introduction 1.1 Indoor Solar Simulator 2 Methodology 2.1 Spectral Match Measurement 2.2 Spatial Non-uniformity Measurement 3 Results and Discussion References Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) Using CES-Edupack Software of New Wood Dust Reinforced Recycled Polypropylene Composite Filament for Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) 1 Introduction 1.1 Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) 1.2 Recycles PP and Wood Dust Bio-composites 2 Methodology 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Biodiesel Storage Stability: Evaluation and Monitoring Advancements 1 Introduction 2 Evaluation of Storage Stability: Environmental and Material Effects 3 Sensor and Technologies of IoT in Biodiesel Storage Tank 4 Conclusion References Utilization of Alternative Renewable Heat Sources to Produce Electrical Energy 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Methodology 4 Results 5 Conclusions References Airfoil Performance of an Active Car Spoiler 1 Introduction 1.1 Problem Statement 1.2 State-of-the-Art for Car Spoilers 2 Analysis Procedure 3 Results 4 Conclusion and Suggestion References Performance of Solar Assisted Dual Condenser Heat Pump Drying System 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Model and Modelling 3 Results and Observations 4 Conclusions References The Performance of Small-Scale Generator Set Using Alcohol Fuel 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Return of Investment for Small Scale Hydroponic System Powered by Off-Grid Photovoltaic 1 Introduction 1.1 Hydroponic Farming 2 Methodology 2.1 Geographical and Irradiance 2.2 Solar Powered Hydroponic System 2.3 Off-Grid PV (OGPV) Configuration 3 Result and Discussion 3.1 Development of OGPV Hydroponic System 3.2 Return on Investment (ROI) 4 Conclusion References Performance Evaluation of Vehicle Braking System Employing an Electronic Wedge Brake Mechanism 1 Introduction 2 The Electronic Wedge Brake 3 The Vehicle Model 4 EWB Performance Results 5 Conclusion References Development of UTeM United Future Fuel Design Training Center Under Erasmus+ United Program 1 Introduction 1.1 Erasmus+ Automotive United Program Background 2 Objectives 3 Methodology 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Experimental Study Influences End Length of Blades with Additional Deflector on Savonius Water Turbine Performance 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusion References The Effect of Blade Arc Angle on the Performance of Gravitational Water Vortex Turbine: Case Study on Type-L Blade Runner 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Vortex Turbine Design 2.2 Variation of Arc Angle Blade 3 Result 4 Conclusion References The Effect of the Number of Blades on Performance of Savonius Water Turbine in Vertical Pipe with Additional Deflector 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Effects of Reaction Temperature and Inlet Velocity of a Bubble Column Reactor on the Bubble Size for Biodiesel Production 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 CFD Simulation 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Results on Gas Holdup 4 Conclusion References Automated Control System Strategies to Ensure Safety of PEM Fuel Cells Using Kalman Filters 1 Introduction 2 System Description 3 Overview of Safety Functionalities 4 Kalman Filter Implementation References Modeling and Simulation Study of Lubrication Fluid Pressure in Artificial Hip Joint During Bowing (Ruku’) 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Finite Element Analysis of a Walkable Chair Design for Surgeon 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Result and Discussion 3.1 Walkable Chair Design 3.2 Finite Element Analysis 4 Conclusion References The Effect of Half-Circle Slot Depth on Eddy Current Brake Performance Using the Finite Element Method 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Analysis of Addition the Number of Half Circle Type Slot on Performance Characteristics of Disc Conductor Eddy Current Brake 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusion References The Effect of Changes in Half Circle Type of Slot Width on Unipolar Axial Eddy Current Brake Conductor 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Effect of Damping and Stiffness Constants on the Vibration Properties of Seismic Building: Simulation Approach 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusion References CFD Analysis of Water Content and Minimum Droplet Temperature of Spray Drying Product with Inlet Temperature and Air Flow Direction Variation 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Basic Theory 2.2 CFD Model 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References The Impact of Stress Distribution on the Electrical Performance of Different Silver Stretchable Conductive Ink Pattern Using FEA Simulation 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Model of SCI 2.2 Material Properties 2.3 Boundary Conditions (BC) 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Maximum VMS Distribution on Patterns 3.2 Average VMS Distribution on Patterns 4 Conclusion References Mechanical Behavior Analysis of Hydroxyapatite Bone Scaffold as Bone Implant Candidate 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Simulation Step 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Simulation Analysis on Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Recycling System into Bioethanol 1 Introduction 2 POME Treatment 3 Methodology 4 Result 5 Conclusion References An Enhancement of Crack Formulation for Vibration Analysis of Thin Plate with Three Parallel Cracks 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Modelling Salt Film During Localized Corrosion of Steel in Aqueous Chloride Solution 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Effects of Winglet on the Aerodynamic Characteristics of Airfoil Wing NACA 4415 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Results 3.1 Fluid Flow Characteristics 3.2 Lift and Drag Coefficients 4 Conclusion References Surface Engineering and Tribology Study on Lubrication Performance of Journal Bearing with Heterogeneous Rough/Smooth Pattern 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References CFD Analysis of Hydrodynamically Lubricated Textured Slider Bearings 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Basic Theory 2.2 CFD Modelling 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Experimental Study and Analysis on Surface Integrity by Hardened Steel End Milling 1 Introduction 1.1 Cutting Force Analysis 2 Experimental Setup and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 General Linear Model (GLA) ANOVA 3.2 Grey Relational Analysis 4 Conclusion References Tribology's Effect on Turning Performance with Jatropha Oil and Activated Carbon Nanoparticle 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Nanofluids Preparation 2.2 Turning Process 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Friction Behaviour of Palm Bio-Grease Formulation 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Method 2.1 Materials 2.2 Palm Grease Formulation 2.3 Grease Characterization 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References The Effect of Tensile Load on Prestressed 1 + 6 Wire Strand 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 ANSYS Finite Element Analysis (FEA) 2.2 Simulation Validation 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Investigation of the Thermal Behavior of Glass Powder in Brake Block Composites Using TGA and DSC 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 2.1 Preparation and Composition 2.2 Thermal Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) of Brake Block Composite 3.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) of Brake Block Composite 4 Conclusion References Spectroscopy Analysis of Diesel Injector Hole Deposits Using Palm Methyl Ester-Diesel Blends in a Constant Speed Diesel Engine 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusion References Determination of Surface Energy of Aramid Fibre 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Contact Angle Measurement 2.2 Determination of Surface Energy 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Thermal and Fluids Uncertainty Analysis of Thermal Fluid Measurements for Bi-directional Flow Condition Across Tube Banks 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Experimental Setup 2.2 Uncertainty Calculations 3 Results 4 Conclusion References Heat Transfer Calculation for Oscillatory Flow of Thermoacoustics 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Temperature Drop for Thermoacoustic Cooler with Different Stack Materials Using DeltaEC Model 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Effect of Diaelectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) Plasma Actuator on Aerodynamics Performance of Vehicle Spoiler 1 Introduction 2 Research Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Temperature Measurement of Microwave and Diaelectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) Plasma 1 Introduction 2 Research Methodology 2.1 Microwave Plasma Generation 2.2 DBD Plasma Generation 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Exploratory Temperature Comparison on Different Profiles of Polycarbonate Corrugated Sheet for Mobile Solar Dehydrator 1 Background 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Methodology 2 Results and Discussion 2.1 Results 2.2 Discussion 3 Conclusion References The Effect of Cerium Oxide Addition into Algae-Biodiesel Blended Fuel on Its Dynamic Viscosity and Calorific Value Properties 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Algae Oil Extraction 2.2 Formulation and Blending Process of Algae Biodiesel with Cerium Oxide Using Design of Expert (DOE) Software 2.3 Fuel Properties Characterization 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Physicochemical Properties of Algae Biodiesel with Cerium Oxide Blend 4 Conclusion References Combustion Phases of Evaporating Fuel Droplet 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusions References Modification Drying Flow Direction for Reduction of Particle Residence Time in Spray Drying Using CFD 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Basic Theory 2.2 CFD Modelling 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References DeltaEC Modelling of Thermoacoustics Oscillatory Flow Condition 1 Introduction 2 DeltaEC Modelling 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusion and Future Work References Residence Times Representation of Turbulence Measurements by a Novel Laser Doppler System 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Flow Generation Facility 2.2 Laser Doppler Anemometer 2.3 LDA Measurement 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusions References Effect of Temperature on the Mechanical Performance of Joints Bonded with Electrically Conductive Adhesive 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Joints Without Temperature Exposure 3.2 Low Temperature Exposure 3.3 High Temperature Exposure 4 Conclusions References Author Index