Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Smart Monitoring, Assessment and Rehabilitation of Civil Structures (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 259)

Preface Organization Contents About the Editors Keynote Lectures Improving Fatigue Performance of Steel Members and Connections Using Fibre Reinforced Polymer 1 Introduction 2 Fatigue Strengthening of Steel Members 2.1 Steel Plates Considering the Influence of Debonding, Temperatures and Crack Orientations 2.2 I-Section Beams 2.3 Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS) Beams 2.4 Steel Plate Girders in Shear 3 Fatigue Strengthening of Steel Connections 3.1 Welded Cruciform Joint 3.2 Welded Attachment 3.3 Welded Joints with Corrugated Plates 3.4 Butt-Welded RHS Beam 3.5 Welded Cross-Beam Connection 3.6 Welded Tubular T-, Y-, X-, K-, KT-Joints 3.7 Butt-Welded Plates Under Combined Loads 3.8 Riveted Double-Angle Connection 4 Conclusions and Future Work References Early Monitoring of Diseases and Disasters of Bridges and Tunnels 1 Introduction 1.1 Early Diseases and Disasters of Highway Bridges and Tunnels 1.2 Pathology Informatics of Early Diseases and Disasters 1.3 Necessity of Early Monitoring of Diseases and Disasters 2 Objective and Challenges of Structural Health Monitoring Technology 2.1 Objective of Structural Health Monitoring 2.2 Challenges of Structural Health Monitoring 3 Area-Wise Distributed Monitoring Based Early Monitoring Technologies of Disease and Disasters 3.1 Concept of Area-Wise Distributed Monitoring 3.2 Direct Relationship of Macro-Strain and Deformation Angle, Load, Internal Force and Dynamic Characteristics 4 Early Damage Identification Based on Macro Strain Mode Analysis 4.1 Modal Parameters-Based Damage Identification 4.2 Strain Mode Analysis 4.3 Macro Strain Mode Analysis Theories 5 Early Monitoring of Typical Damages and Disasters 5.1 Typical Monitoring System of Large Bridge and Tunnel Structures 5.2 Early Monitoring of Cable Breakage 5.3 Early Monitoring of Scour 5.4 Early Monitoring of Local Damages (Direct/indirect Identification) 5.5 Early Monitoring of Tunnel Section Convergence 6 Conclusions References Iron-Based Shape Memory Alloys in Civil Engineering – from Early Developments to Market Implementation 1 Introduction 2 Early Stage Research 2.1 First R&D Activities with Niti at Empa, Switzerland 2.2 Early Production Steps 3 Final Product Developments 3.1 First Industrial Cast in 2014 4 Experimental Characterization 5 Market Introduction and Selected Projects 5.1 Products 5.2 Selected Projects with Re-Plate 5.3 Selected Projects with Re-Bar 6 Memory-Steel and the Environment 6.1 Creating Sustainable and Durable Constructions 6.2 Circular Economy 7 Conclusions and Outlook References Structural Health Monitoring Investigation Procedure for the Diagnosis of Historical Minarets: Inclined Minaret of Sivas Ulu Cami (Mosque) 1 Introduction 2 Structural and Geotechnical Features 3 Structural Features of the Minaret 4 Existing Damages 5 Structural Health Monitoring and System Identification of the Minaret 6 Seismic Performance Assessment 7 Discussion 8 Conclusions References Planning the Shaking Table Tests of a Historical Brick Minaret Representing Mid-Height Early Ottoman Period Architecture 1 Introduction 2 Characteristics of the Historical Minaret 3 Scaling Approach and Production of the Scaled Minaret 4 Selection of Strong Ground Motion Records 5 Preliminary Finite Element Analysis 6 Instrumentation 7 Conclusions References Development of Structural Carbon Nanotube–Based Sensing Cement Composite for Rock Bed Defects 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Study 2.1 Materials 2.2 Mixers 2.3 Test Plan 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 CNT Percentage Effects 3.2 Support Conditions Effects 4 Conclusions References Applications of Photogrammetry-Based 3D Reconstruction Approach for Cut Slope Monitoring 1 Introduction 2 Photogrammetry-Based 3D Reconstruction 2.1 Cut Slope of Doam Dam 2.2 Photogrammetry Approach 2.3 3D Point Cloud of Cut Slope of Doam Dam 3 Applications 3.1 Annotate 3D Point Cloud 3.2 3D Point Cloud Comparison 4 Results and Discussion References A Two-Stage Structural Identification Method Using Jaya Algorithm and Gradient-Based Local Search 1 Introduction 2 Optimization-Based Structural Identification 3 Identification Method 3.1 Jaya Algorithm 3.2 Search Space Reduction Method 3.3 Sequential Quadratic Programming 3.4 Two-Stage Method of JSSR-SQP 4 Numerical Studies on Simply-Supported Beam 5 Conclusions References Long Short & Attention U-Nets: Deep Learning-Based Models for Building Cracks Identification 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Network Models Design 3.1 Basic UN Model 3.2 LSU Based on LSM 3.3 AU Based on AM 4 Experiment and Result Analysis 4.1 Experiment Design 4.2 Experiment Result 4.3 Evaluation 5 Conclusions References Design Method of Antenna Sensor for Displacement Monitoring by Encoding Notch Frequency in Cross-Polarized Signal 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Finite Element Simulation 4 Conclusions References Monitoring of Cable Force Using Wired and Wireless Methods Based on PZT TRANSDUCER: A Feasibility Study 1 Introduction 2 EMI Technology 3 Test Program 3.1 Test Set-Up 4 Test Result 4.1 Peak Shift 4.2 Sampling Points 4.3 Feasibility of the Wireless Measurement 5 Conclusions References Structural Dynamic Monitoring Via Hilbert Enhanced Phase-Based Method 1 Introduction 1.1 The Proposed Hilbert Phase-Based (HPME) Method 1.2 Experimental Verification 2 Conclusions References Recent Advances in Research on Damage Identification Method for Cables in Bridges 1 Introduction 2 Cable Damage Detection Technology 2.1 Cable Damage Mechanism 2.2 Environmental Corrosion 2.3 Stress Corrosion 2.4 Fatigue Damage 2.5 Other Damages 3 Damage Inspection Technology 4 Cable Damage Identification Technology Research Status 4.1 Basic Concepts of Damage Identification 5 Cable Damage Identification Method Based on Mechanical Indicators 5.1 Dynamic-Based Structural Damage Identification 5.2 Static Based Cable Damage Identification 5.3 Cable Damage Identification Based on Wavelet Analysis 6 Application of Intelligent Algorithm in Cable Damage Identification 6.1 Damage Identification Based on Neural Network 6.2 Damage Identification Based on Genetic Algorithm 7 Existing Problems and Prospects References Application of Ground Penetrating Radar Technique in Defect Detection for External Wall Thermal Insulation System of Inorganic Thermal Insulation Mortar 1 Introduction 2 GPR Detection Principle and Equipment 2.1 Detection Principle 2.2 Testing Equipment 3 Testing and Analysis of Model Specimen 3.1 Presetting of Defects in the Specimen 3.2 Testing Results and Analysis 4 Field Testing and Analysis 4.1 Engineering Example I 4.2 Engineering Example II 5 Conclusions References Performance and Damage Assessment Reliability Study on Simply Supported Purlins with Sheeting Under Typhoon Hazards 1 Introduction 2 Framework for the Time Dependent Reliability Analysis for P-S Systems 2.1 Time Dependent Reliability Model for the Purlin-Sheeting Systems 2.2 Resistance Deterioration Model of Purlin 3 Illustrated Examples 3.1 Introduction of the Light Steel Structure 3.2 Reliability Calculation for the Purlins Applied in Different Regions 4 Conclusions References Improving Damage Identification Reliability by Combining Classification on Distinct Feature Spaces 1 Introduction 2 Case Study: A Three-Storey Concrete Building 2.1 Description of the Case Study 2.2 Description of the Dataset 3 Parameter Setting and Damage Detection Performance 4 Combined Damage Detection on Distinct Feature Spaces 5 Conclusions References Experimental Study on the Macro and Micro Characteristics of Sand-Grout Mixture Formed by Pressure Cement Grouting in Soils 1 Introduction 2 Experiment Equipment and Materials 3 Experiment Procedure 4 Macroscopic Analysis of Grout Diffusion 4.1 Geometric Characteristic of Sand-Grout Mixture 4.2 Influence of Grouting Pressure 4.3 Influence of Soil Stress Conditions 5 Mesoscopic Analysis of Grout Diffusion 6 Conclusions References Numerical Study on Rebound Characteristics and Damage Mechanism of Spherical Multi-Particle Impacting Steel with High Velocity 1 Introduction 2 Model 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Influence of Impact Angle β and Impact Velocity on the Erosion Resistance of the Target 3.2 Influence of Impact Angle β and Number of Impacts on Particle Rebound Characteristics 4 Conclusions References Numerical Study on Fatigue Behavior of Grouted Connection in Offshore Wind Turbine Under Axial Load 1 Introduction 2 Establishment and Verification of Numerical Model 3 Analysis Method of Fatigue Performance 4 Numerical Parameter Analysis of Axial Fatigue 5 Conclusions References Near-Crack Debonding in an FRP-Overlaid Steel Plate 1 Introduction 2 The Analytical Model 2.1 Definition of the Problem 2.2 The Perturbation Approach 2.3 The Weight Function Method 3 Interactions Between the Crack and the Debonding Process 4 Conclusions References Shaking Table Tests on the Effect of U-Shape Dampers on a Liquid Storage Tank Isolated by Multiple Friction Pendulum Bearings 1 Introduction 2 Design of the Scaled Tank Model 2.1 Configuration of the Model 2.2 Configuration of the Isolation Bearings 2.3 U-shape Dampers 2.4 MFPB Equipped with U-shape Dampers 3 Shaking Table Test 3.1 Selection of Seismic Waves 3.2 Data Acquisition Systems and Instruments 4 Experimental Results and Discussions 4.1 Dynamic Characteristics 4.2 Sloshing Wave Height 4.3 Hydrodynamic Pressure 4.4 Displacement of Isolation Layer 5 Conclusions References Seismic Performance of Self-Centering Structural Shear Walls: A Numerical Study 1 Introduction 1.1 Model Description 1.2 Finite-Element Analysis Modeling 2 Verification of the Proposed FEM Model 2.1 Hysterical Reaction 3 Damage Mode 3.1 Local Responses 3.2 Viscous Damping Proportion 4 Parametric Studies 5 Conclusion References Enhanced Dispersion of Graphene Nanoplatelets in Cementitious Materials with an Improved Stirring and Mixing Approach 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Programs 2.1 Materials 2.2 Specimen Preparation 3 Experiments and Methods 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Influence of Stirring Methods 4.2 Influence of Mixing Methods 5 Conclusions References Calculation Model for Progressive Collapse Resistance of RC Beam-Column Assemblies Under Arbitrary Restraint Stiffness 1 Introduction 2 Establishment and Assumptions of Calculation Model 2.1 Establishment of Calculation Model 2.2 Assumptions of Calculation Model 3 Mechanism of Progressive Collapse Resistance for Assembly 3.1 Stage of Compression 3.2 Stage of Tension 4 Verification of Calculation Model 5 Conclusions References Design of Shrinkage-Compensating Cement Concretes Resistant to Chloride Penetration 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Materials 2.2 Mixture Proportions 2.3 Mixing, Sampling and Testing 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Workability 3.2 Compressive Strength Tests 3.3 Length Change Measurements 3.4 Rapid Chloride Penetration Tests 3.5 Rapid Chloride Migration Tests 4 Conclusions References Degradation of Interfacial Behaviour Between AFRP and Concrete Under Sulfate Attack 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Material Properties 2.2 Single-Lap Shear Test 2.3 Test Setup 3 Experimental Results and Discussion 3.1 Load-slip Curves 3.2 Bond Strength 3.3 Interfacial Fracture Energy 4 Conclusion References Numerical Investigation on Shear Performance of UHPC Beams Based on Extended Finite Element Method 1 Introduction 2 XFEN Numerical Model and Its Calibration 2.1 Establishment of Numerical Model 2.2 Constitutive Models 2.3 Model Calibration 2.4 Load-COMD Curves Comparison 2.5 Load-Midspan Displacement Curves Comparison 3 Numerical Analysis on Shear Performance of UHPC Beams 3.1 Analysis on the Action Mechanism of Steel Fibers 3.2 Parametric Investigations 4 Conclusions References Correlation Analysis Between Concrete Compressive Strength and Pore Structure Based on Grey System Theory 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Mix Proportion Design 2.3 Test Method 3 Results and Analysis 3.1 Compressive Strength of Concrete 3.2 Characteristic Parameters of Pore Structure and Pore Size Distribution 3.3 Correlation Analysis of Compressive Strength and Pore Structure 3.4 Regression Analysis Based on Gray Theory 4 Conclusions References Damage Control, Repair and Strengthening Development of an Integrated Maintenance System for Deteriorating Sewage Pipe Networks 1 Introduction 1.1 Database Subsystem 1.2 Corrosion Depth Prediction Subsystem 1.3 Decision Support Subsystem 2 Deterioration Mechanisms and Prediction Method 3 System Configuration 3.1 GIS System 3.2 Database System 3.3 Corrosion Depth Prediction System 3.4 Start-Up Screen 3.5 Sewage Pipe Network Screen 3.6 Measurement Data Entry Screen 3.7 Calculation Result Screen 4 Verification of Output Corrosion Depth Estimate 4.1 Field Survey and Analysis 4.2 Corrosion Depth Prediction Based on Measurement Data 4.3 Verification of Estimates Obtained by Use of Hydrogen Sulfide Gas Meter 4.4 Discussion on Corrosion Depth Estimates 5 Conclusions References Parametric Analysis of the “Optimal” Seismic Retrofit of RC Frames 1 Introduction 2 Outline of the GA Procedure 3 Application: Parametric Analyses 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions References Experimental Study and Theoretical Analysis on the Flexural Behaviour of RC Beams Strengthened With Externally Bonded Reinforcement on Groove (EBROG) CFRP 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Programme 2.1 Test Setup 2.2 Material Properties 2.3 Instrumentation 3 Experimental Results and Discussion 3.1 Failure Modes 3.2 Load–deflection Behaviour 3.3 Load-CFRP Strain Behaviour 4 Comparison Between Experimental Results and Theoretical Predictions 5 Conclusions References 3D-RBSM: A New Mesoscale Discrete Approach for FRP-Concrete Interfacial Simulation 1 Introduction 2 Constitutive Models and Numerical Methods 2.1 Concrete 2.2 FRP Laminates 2.3 FRP-Concrete Interface 2.4 Meshing and Boundary Conditions 3 Simulation Results and Validation 4 Conclusions References Research on Design Method of FRP Anchor in RC Columns Confined with Bidirectional FRP Sheets 1 Introduction 2 FRP Anchor 3 FRP Anchor Design Method 3.1 Design Steps 3.2 Design Process 4 Test Verification 4.1 Specimen Design 4.2 Anchor Design and Implementation 4.3 Experimental Phenomenon 4.4 Analysis of Test Results 5 Summary References Experimental Study on Fatigue Properties of Rib-To-Deck Welds Repaired by Angle Steel 1 Introduction 2 Experiment Investigation 2.1 Specimens 2.2 Testing and Setting 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Crack Initiation and Propagation 3.2 Fatigue Life 3.3 Equivalent Stress Range 4 Conclusions References Strengthening Historic Masonry Walls Using Sprayed Glass-Fibre-Reinforced Gypsum (GFRG) Against Settlement-Induced Damage 1 Introduction 2 Masonry Building Models, Strengthening Technique and Test Setup 2.1 Masonry Building Models 2.2 Strengthening the Masonry Walls Using Glass-Fibre-Reinforced Gypsum Mortar 2.3 Settlement Test Setup and Tunnelling Scenario 3 Building Settlement Tests 3.1 Instrumentation 3.2 Experimental Behaviour 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions References Comparison of Strengthening Techniques for Typical Stone Masonry in Mud Mortar (SMM) Walls Popular in Rural Nepal 1 Introduction 2 Description of Wall with Strengthening Techniques and Corresponding Analytical Model 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Wall 1: Bare SMM Model 3.2 Wall 2: SMM Model with Timber Strong-Back 3.3 Wall 3: SMM Model with Concrete Strong-Back 3.4 Wall 4: SMM Model with GI Wire Mesh 3.5 Wall 5: SMM Model with Reinforced Concrete Splint and Bandage 3.6 Comparison of Performance of All Models 4 Conclusions References Experimental Fatigue Behavior of NSM CFRP-Strengthened RC Beams Under High Service Temperature 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Materials 2.2 Experimental Tests Set-Up 2.3 Instrumentations 2.4 Loading Procedure 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Static Behavior 3.2 Fatigue Behavior 3.3 Post-fatigue Residual Strength and Failure Modes 4 Conclusions References Maxwell Model of Fluid Viscous Dampers in Elastic and Inelastic SDOF Systems 1 Introduction 2 Fluid Viscous Damper—Maxwell Model Procedure 2.1 MATLAB Programming 2.2 Verification of the Developed Computer Algorithm 3 Ground Motions Selection 4 Results 4.1 Hysteretic Response of FVD 4.2 Effects of Linear and Nonlinear Pure Fluid Viscous Dampers on SDOF Systems 4.3 Evaluation Optimal Values of FVD Axial Stiffness 5 Conclusions References The Cyclic Behavior of I-Shaped Steel Deep Beams Reinforced with CFRP 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Finite Element Modelling 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Experimental Research on Compressive Behavior of Short Concrete Columns Strengthened with Basalt Textile Reinforced Concrete (BTRC) 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Details 2.1 Specimens Design 2.2 Materials Concrete and Fiber Textile 2.3 Test Setup 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Failure Modes 3.2 Load-Displacement Curves 3.3 Load-Bearing Capacity and Ductility 4 Conclusions References Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) for Engineering Applications Analytical Equation for the Stress-Strain Curve of Iron-Based Shape Memory Alloys Under Semi-cyclic Loading 1 Introduction 2 Characterization of the Fe-SMA 0.5 MM-THICK Strips 2.1 Tensile Tests and Semi-cyclic Tests 3 Existing Fe-SMA Stress-Strain Curves Models 3.1 Fe-SMA Stress-strain Behavior Representation with the Ramberg-Osgood Model 4 Representation of Cyclic Stress-Strain Curve 5 Proposed of Stress-Strain Nonlinear Curve Based on Giuffre-Menegotto-Pinto Model 5.1 Proposed Equation Model for the Uniaxial Monotonic Curve of Fe-SMA 5.2 Proposed Equation Model for Semi-Cycle Loadings of Fe-SMA Material 6 Conclusions References Seismic Retrofitting of Bridge Piers Using Pre-stressed Fe-SMA Rebars 1 Introduction 2 Cyclic Behavior of Fe-SMA Rebars Under Load Reversals 2.1 Recovery Stress Behavior Under Cyclic Loading 2.2 Inelastic Buckling Behavior Under Cyclic Loads 3 Retrofitting Technique for Incorporating Self-centering Behavior into Existing RC Bridge Piers 3.1 Application of the Proposed Retrofitting Method to a Case Study Colum 4 Conclusions References Active Continuity of Hollow-Core Slabs Structural Floor by Using Iron-Based Shape Memory Alloy Re-Bars 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Fe-SMA Φ11 mm Re-Bar Characterization 2.2 Test Simplification 2.3 Design and Manufacturing of Specimens 2.4 Instrumentation at Activation Procedure 2.5 Test Set-Up and Instrumentation 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Multi-physical Simulation of Reinforced Concrete Bars Strengthened with Iron-Based Shape Memory Alloys 1 Introduction 2 Geometry of the RC Beam 3 Multi-physical Finite Element Model 3.1 Material Parameters 3.2 Mechanical Module 3.3 Heat Transfer Module 3.4 Electrical Current Module 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Temperature Distribution 4.2 Stress on the Fe-SMA Strip and Concrete 5 Conclusions References Numerical Analysis of the Crack Resistance of Post-tensioned Prestressed Concrete Anchorage Zone with Spiral Fe-SMA Stirrup 1 Introduction 2 Finite Element Model 2.1 Materials 2.2 The Type and Size of the Element 2.3 Boundary Conditions 2.4 The Self-prestressing Modeling of the Fe-SMA 2.5 Loading Process 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Bursting Stress Along the Tendon Path 3.2 Load-Displacement Behavior 3.3 Cracking Behavior of the General Anchorage Zone 4 Conclusions References A Numerical Study on Fatigue Crack Growth of Cracked Steel Plate Reinforced by Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) Plate and CFRP 1 Introduction 2 Establishment of Reinforced Steel Models 2.1 Specimen Design 2.2 Material Properties 3 Numerical Study on Fatigue Properties 3.1 Basic Theory of Fatigue Crack Propagation 3.2 Finite Element Model 4 Analysis and Discussion 4.1 Stress Intensity Factor 4.2 Fatigue Life 5 Conclusion References Thermomechanical Simulation of Uniaxial One-Way Shape Memory Effect of Ni-Ti Based SMAs by FEM 1 Introduction 2 Finite Element Analysis 2.1 Preparation 2.2 Assumptions 2.3 Geometry 2.4 Material Properties 2.5 Loading Conditions 2.6 Parameters 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 The Full Response of SME 3.2 Recovery Stress 4 Conclusions and Outlooks References Study on Flexural and Fatigue Behavior of SMA-CFRP Composite Strengthened Notched Steel Beams 1 Introduction 2 Static and Fatigue Test 2.1 Test Program 2.2 Specimen Preparation 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Flexural Behavior of Notched Steel Beams 4 Conclusions References Life-Cycle Assessment and Maintenance of Steel Structures Externally Bonded CFRP Reinforcement of Steel Structures: Mechanical Characterization of a Toughened Epoxy Adhesive 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Study 2.1 Material Properties 2.2 Direct Shear Test Setup and Configuration 2.3 Test Results 2.4 Estimation of the CML Parameters 3 Analytical Study 3.1 Evaluation of the Debonding Process 4 Numerical Study 5 Results Comparison and Discussion 6 Conclusions References Application of a Toughened Epoxy Adhesive for the Fatigue Strengthening of Steel Structures 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Study 2.1 Material Properties 2.2 Direct-Shear Test Setup and Configuration 2.3 Test Results 3 Numerical Study 3.1 Cohesive Model Formulation 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions References Stochastic Calibration of a Cyclic Cohesive Zone Model Through Monte Carlo Analysis 1 Introduction 2 Cyclic Cohesive Zone Model Formulation 3 Inverse Analysis 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions References Fatigue Behavior of Steel Plates with Inclined Butt-Welded Joints 1 Introduction 2 Experiment Procedure and Result 2.1 Specimens 2.2 Material Properties and Welding Parameters 2.3 Fatigue Test and Result 3 Discussion 4 Conclusions References Application of Smart CFRP Embedding PPP-BOTDA Fiber Sensors on Fatigue Strengthening of Cracked Steel Structure 1 Introduction 2 COD Sensing Model 3 Experimental Verification 3.1 Experimental Setup 4 Results and Analysis 4.1 Strain Distribution and COD Analysis 4.2 Quantitative COD Reduction 5 Conclusions References Experimental Research on Tensile Fatigue Performance of Surface Cracked Steel Plates Reinforced with CFRP 1 Introduction 2 Experiment 2.1 Specimen Design 2.2 Material Property 2.3 Test Setup 2.4 Test Result 3 Crack Propagation 4 Conclusions References Experimental Study on Steel Girder Strengthened with Adhesively Bonded Iron-Based Shape Memory Alloy 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Materials 2.2 Test Setup 2.3 Test Matrix 2.4 Bonding 2.5 Activation of Fe-SMA 3 Experimental Results 3.1 Activation Results 3.2 Static and Fatigue Test Results 4 Conclusions References Fatigue Strengthening of U-Rib Butt Welds in Orthotropic Steel Bridge Decks Using CFRP Sheets 1 Introduction 2 Specimen Design and Repair 2.1 Cracked Specimens 2.2 CFRP Strengthening Method 3 Fatigue Test 4 Result and Discussion 5 Conclusions References Multi-Hazard Assessment and Mitigation of Infrastructure Collapsed Debris Distribution of RC Frame Structures Under Earthquake Excitation and Secondary Effects 1 Introduction 2 Collapse Simulation Method 2.1 Collapse Simulation Based on LS-DYNA 2.2 Reproduction Technique for Disappearing Elements 3 Structure Collapse Process 3.1 RC Frame FE Model 3.2 Collapse Process 4 Analysis of Collapsed Debris Distribution 4.1 One-Dimensional Evaluation Index 4.2 Two-Dimensional Evaluation Index 4.3 Analysis of Collapsed Debris Distribution 5 Analysis of Traffic System After Earthquake 5.1 Traffic System Model Introduction 5.2 Simulation Results and Analysis 6 Analysis of Medical System After Earthquake 6.1 Medical System Model Introduction 6.2 Simulation Results and Analysis 7 Methods for Improving Urban Seismic Resilience 7.1 Urban Buildings 7.2 Traffic System 7.3 Medical System 8 Conclusions References Study on Vehicle-Bridge Interaction Effect of Urban Viaduct Under Multi-Disaster of Earthquake-Vehicle Collision 1 Introduction 2 Vehicle-Bridge Interaction System 2.1 Vehicle Subsystem 2.2 Contact Element 2.3 Bridge Subsystem 2.4 Selected Earthquake Ground Motions 3 Vehicle-Bridge Interaction Effect of Urban Viaduct Under Multi-Disaster of Earthquake-Vehicle Collision 3.1 Separation Between Vehicle and Bridge 3.2 Influence of Multiple Disaster of Earthquake-Vehicle Collision on Bridge Response 4 Conclusions References Contact Force Response of a Three Span Continuous Highway Bridge-Vehicle Interaction Under Near Fault Ground Motion Based on Statistical Analysis 1 Introduction 2 Modeling 3 Input of Ground Motion 4 Statistical Analysis of Contact Force Response 5 Conclusions References Simulation Analysis of Building Structure Under Combined Action of Earthquake and Explosion 1 Introduction 2 Material Modeling 3 Structure Modeling 4 Numerical Simulation of Explosion 5 Analysis of Seismic and Explosion Response 6 Conclusions References Multi-hazard Damage Analysis of Self-centering Versus Monolithic Bridge Columns Subjected to Combined Seismic and Impact Loading 1 Introduction 2 Simplified Analytical Model Under Combined Seismic and Impact Loading 2.1 Macro-contact Element Model Based on Hertz Contact Law 2.2 Modeling of RC Structural Members and Verification 2.3 Modeling of SCBC Subjected to Combined Seismic and Impact Loading and Verification 3 Multi-hazard Numerical Models of Prototype Bridge Columns 3.1 Design Parameters and Modeling of Prototype Bridge Columns 3.2 Earthquake Ground Motion Selection and Impact Loading Conditions 4 Multi-hazard Fragility Analysis 4.1 Damage Measure (DM) Limit and Multi-hazard Capacity 4.2 Multi-hazard Probability Demand Analysis 4.3 Multi-hazard Fragility Analysis 5 Summary and Conclusions References Monitoring, Assessment and Rehabilitation of Traditional Masonry and Timber Structures Damage and Temperature Analysis of CLT Scale Compartment Fire Test 1 Introduction 2 Design of Natural Fire Test in Scaled CLT Compartment 2.1 Test Overview 2.2 Temperature Measurement 2.3 Assembly of CLT Compartment 2.4 Test Process 2.5 Phenomenon and Analysis of Fire Test in Scale Compartment 2.6 Comparative Analysis of Fire Damage in Scaled Compartment 2.7 Comparison and Analysis of Temperature Time Curve in Scaled Compartment 3 Conclusions References Experimental Study on the Lateral Performance of Columns in Traditional Chinese Timber Structures 1 Introduction 2 Specimen Preparation 3 Test Setup 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Typical Damage Mode Mode 4.2 Hysteresis and Backbone Curve 5 Conclusions References Variability Analysis of Rotational Behavior of Bolted Glulam Beam-to-Column Connections 1 Introduction 2 Key Factors 3 Variability Analysis 4 Response Surface Method 5 Conclusions References Experimental Study on the Seismic Performance of Traditional Timber Frame with Wattle and Daub Infill 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Design of Specimen 2.2 Test Setup and Loading Protocol 3 Test Phenomenon 4 Analysis of Test Results 4.1 Hysteretic Loops and Envelope Curves 4.2 Stiffness Degradation 4.3 Strength Degradation 4.4 Energy Dissipation 5 Conclusions References Distribution of Wood Residual Strain Around Holes Due to Drilling 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Studies 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Effect of Drilling Speed on Residual Strain of Wood 3.2 Effect of Hole Diameter on Residual Strain of Wood 3.3 Effect of Wood Species on Residual Strain of Wood 4 Conclusions References Case Study of Reliability Assessment of Historical Wooden Composite Structures 1 Introduction 2 Case Background 2.1 Architectural Features 2.2 Structural Characteristics 3 Inspection Procedures 3.1 Wooden System 3.2 Clay Walls 3.3 Brick Columns 4 Case Study 4.1 Case Introduction 4.2 Difficulties in Assessment 5 Countermeasures and Results 5.1 Determination of the Mechanical Properties of Aging Wood 5.2 Determination of Beam Properties 6 Conclusions References Analysis of the Influence of Eaves Columns on the Seismic Performance of a Traditional Seven-Story Timber Pagoda 1 Introduction 2 Model Prototype 3 Model Development 4 Model Verification 5 Analysis of the Influence of Eaves Columns on the Displacement of the Timber Pagoda 6 Comparison of Seismic Contribution of Eaves Column on Each Floor 7 Conclusion References Experimental Study on Fire Resistance Performance of Damaged Post-beam Mortise-Tenon JointS 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program and Parameters 2.1 Specimen Design 3 Material Properties 4 Experimental Setup 5 Measurement Arrangement 6 Experimental Results and Discussion 6.1 Specimen SW-1 6.2 Specimens SH-1~SH-4 7 Conclusions References Investigation of Seismic Behavior of Infilled RC Frames by Using DEM 1 Introduction 2 Discrete Element Model 2.1 Mesh Generation 2.2 Element Connection 2.3 Constitutive Models and Failure Criterion for the Springs 2.4 Boundary Conditions 2.5 Simulation Algorithms 3 Model Validation and Results Analysis 4 Conclusions References Environmental Impact on Performance of Concrete Structures Corrosion Detection in Concrete Using Electrical Impedance Tomography 1 Introduction 2 Theory 2.1 Forward Model 3 Numerical Implementation of Complete Electrode Model (CEM) 4 Inverse Calculation 5 Experiment Procedures 6 Concrete Slab 6.1 Measurements and Results 7 Conclusions References Pore Structure Characterization of Cement Paste by XCT and FIB/SEM 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials and Specimen Preparation 2.2 Experimental Methods 2.3 Pore Characteristics Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Representative Element Volume (REV) Analysis 3.2 Porosity 3.3 Pore Size Distribution (PSD) 3.4 Pore Connectivity and Pore Tortuosity 4 Conclusions References Prediction of Heat-Moisture Transportation in Concrete Under Low Temperatures 1 Introduction 2 Method of Solution 2.1 General Equation 2.2 Effective Coefficients of Diffusivity Under Low Temperatures 2.3 Freezing Temperature Relating to Pore Size 2.4 Pore Configurations Under Low Temperature 2.5 Generalized Self-Consistent Model for Predicting Effective Coefficient of Diffusivity 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Effects of Non-uniform Corrosion on the Bond Behavior of Steel Bar in Concrete