Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Big Data and Internet of Things

This book is a collection of papers that were presented at the 6th International Conference on Big Data Cloud and Internet of Things, BDIoT 2022. The conference took place on October 25-27, 2022, Tangier, Morocco. The book consisted of 49 chapters, which correspond to the four major areas that are covered during the conference, namely Big Data & Cloud Computing, Cybersecurity, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, E-Learning, Internet of Things, Information System and Natural Language Processing. Every year BDIoT attracted researchers from all over the world, and this year was not an exception – the authors received 98 submissions from 7 countries. More importantly, there were participants from many countries, which indicates that the conference is truly gaining more and more international recognition as it brought together a vast number of specialists who represented the aforementioned fields and share information about their newest projects. Since the authors strived to make the conference presentations and proceedings of the highest quality possible, the authors only accepted papers that presented the results of various investigations directed to the discovery of new scientific knowledge in the area of Big Data, IoT and their applications. All the papers were reviewed and selected by the Program Committee, which comprised 96 reviewers from over 58 academic institutions. As usual, each submission was reviewed following a double process by at least two reviewers. When necessary, some of the papers were reviewed by three or four reviewers. Authors’ deepest thanks and appreciation go to all the reviewers for devoting their precious time to produce truly through reviews and feedback to the authors. Preface Contents Computational Intelligence & Big Data Construction of a Training Device in Pedagogical Engineering from the “My Scenari” Model 1 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework 1.1 Theoretical Frame 2 Results 3 Conclusion References Machine Learning-Based Intrusion Detection System: Review and Taxonomy 1 Introduction 2 General Concept of IDS 2.1 Intrusion Detection System (IDS) 2.2 Classification of Intrusion Detection System 3 Benchmark Datasets, Features Reduction, and Evaluation Metrics 3.1 Intrusion Detection Datasets 3.2 Feature Selection 3.3 Evaluation Metrics 4 The ML-Based NIDS 4.1 Supervised Learning Methods 5 Discussion and Conclusion References Retrospective Study and Evaluation of School Failure (Junior High School) in Scientific Subjects 1 Introduction 2 Context 3 The School Body in the Province of Ouezzane in Morocco 4 Theoretical Framework 4.1 School Failure 5 Methods 5.1 Traget Audience 5.2 Origin of the Data 5.3 Statistical Analysis 6 Results and Interpretation: Exploratory Approach “Comparative Analysis” 6.1 Learning Environment (Rural/urban) and Success Rate 6.2 The Effect of Learning Certain Science Subjects on Success Rates 6.3 Life and Earth Sciences 6.4 Physics Sciences 6.5 Mathematics 7 Recommendations and Proposals 8 Conclusion References The Use of “Mathematical Modeling” in Physics: Case of Representations and Teaching–Learning Practices 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Framework 3 Research Methodology 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Questionnaire 1 Addressed to Teachers 4.2 Questionnaire 2 (Addressed to Learners) 5 Conclusion References Towards Face-to-Face Smart Classroom that Adheres to Covid'19 Restrictions 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 3 The Proposed System 3.1 Dataset Description 3.2 Face Mask Detection Approach 3.3 Euclidean Distance 4 Experimental Results 4.1 Results of the Proposed Dataset 4.2 Results of Face Mask Detection Dataset 4.3 Comparison with Other Models 5 Conclusion References Supervised Machine Learning for Breast Cancer Risk Factors Analysis and Survival Prediction 1 Introduction 2 Artificial Intelligence in Epidemiology 3 Related Works 4 Methods 4.1 K-Fold Cross Validation Strategy 4.2 Logistic Regression Classification 4.3 Support Vector Machines (SVM) Classification 4.4 Decision Tree Classification 4.5 Random Forest Classification 4.6 Extremely Randomized Trees Classification 4.7 K-Nearest Neighbor Classification 4.8 Adaptive Boosting Classification 5 Results 5.1 Data Description 5.2 Performance of the Proposed Methods 6 Conclusion and Recommendation References Applying Process Mining in Recommender System: A Comparative Study 1 Introduction 2 Background and Foundation 2.1 Recommender System 2.2 Weblog 2.3 Customer Journey Map 2.4 Process Mining 2.5 Configurable Process Mining 3 Related Works 4 Comparative Study 4.1 Comparison Criteria 4.2 Result 5 Proposed Framework 6 Conclusion References An Improved Chaotic Sine Cosine Firefly Algorithm for Arabic Feature Selection 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 3 The SCFA Architecture 3.1 Pre-processing Phase 3.2 Text Representation 3.3 Feature Selection Phase 3.4 SVM Classifier 4 Evaluation and Discussion 4.1 Dataset 4.2 Experiment and Result 5 Conclusion and Future Work References Improved Performance of Photovoltaic Panels by Image Processing 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Materials and Methods 3.1 Materials 3.2 Methods 4 Result and Discussion 4.1 Result 4.2 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Deep Graph Embeddings for Content Based-Book Recommendations 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Proposed approach 3.1 Preprocessing 3.2 Supervised Learning 3.3 Embeddings Model 3.4 Visualization 3.5 Book Recommendation 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Preprocessing 4.2 Embeddings Model 4.3 Visualization 4.4 Book Recommendation 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Knowledge Embeddings for Explainable Recommendation 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 Recommender Systems 2.2 XAI 3 Related Work 4 Proposed Work 4.1 The Overall Approach 4.2 Knowledge Embeddings 4.3 Extraction Rules 5 Conclusion References Design of Blended Learning Course Based on SPOC for Primary School Teachers: Case of Soft Skills 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 The Importance of Soft Skills in the Integration of Individuals in the Socio-economic Life 2.2 The Impact of In-Service Training on Primary School Teachers’ Soft Skills 2.3 Pedagogical Approaches to Teaching Soft Skills 2.4 The Most Demanded Soft Skills in the Moroccan Job Market 3 Methods and Tools 3.1 Choice of Blended Learning 3.2 Choice of SPOCs 3.3 Choice of Microsoft Teams 4 SPOC-Soft Skills Scenario for Primary School Teachers 4.1 General Scenario SPOC-Soft Skills 4.2 Detailed Scenario of SPOC-Soft Skills 5 Conclusion References The Impact of the Online Flipped Classroom on the Learning Outcomes and Motivation of Nursing Students in Computer Science 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 The Participants 2.2 Online Learning Platform 2.3 Research Design 2.4 Flipped Classroom Model Inspired by Santikarn and Wichadee 2.5 Procedure 2.6 Data Collection and Analysis 2.7 Computer Concept Test 2.8 Motivation Questionnaire 3 Results 3.1 Effect of the Applied Method on Students’ Results 3.2 Effect of the Applied Method on the Students’ Motivation 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Digitizing Writing: An Empirical Exploratory Study Towards Students’ Writing Skill Fluency Improvement in ‘Padletosphere’ 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Defining Padlet: An Outlook on Affordances 2.2 The Role of the Teacher 2.3 The Role of the Learner 3 Methodology 3.1 Data Collection 3.2 Participants 3.3 Instruments/Measures 4 Results 5 Discussion 5.1 Padlet Experience 5.2 Motivation 5.3 Padlet’s Affordances 6 Conclusion References AraBERT with GANs for High Performance Fine-Grained Dialect Classification 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 3 Linguistic Resources 4 System Approach 5 System Evaluation and Analysis 6 Conclusion and Further Work References Genetic-Novelty Oversampling Technique for Imbalanced Data 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Proposed Solution Approach: GNOT 4 Performance Metrics 5 Experiment and Analysis 5.1 Datasets 5.2 Experimental Set-up 5.3 Results and Analysis 6 Conclusion References Neural Network for Arabic Text Diacritization on a New Dataset 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Sequence Transcription and Neural Networks 3.1 Sequence Transcription 3.2 Neural Networks 4 Experiments and Discussion 4.1 Methodology 4.2 Datasets 4.3 Model 4.4 System Evaluation 4.5 Experiment and Results 5 Conclusion References Processing Time Performance Analysis of Scheduling Algorithms for Virtual Machines Placement in Cloud Computing Environment 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Types of Scheduling Policy 4 Simulations Results and Analysis 4.1 Simulation Environment 4.2 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion and Future Work References Business - IT Alignment in Cloud Environment Comparative Study 1 Introduction 2 Background and Foundation 2.1 Business Process Management 2.2 Business Process as a Service (BPaaS) 2.3 Business- IT Alignment in Cloud Environment 3 Related Works 4 Comparative Study 4.1 Comparison Criteria 4.2 Comparison Results 5 Proposed Framework 6 Conclusion References Reduce Cheating in e-Exams Using Machine Learning: State of the Art 1 Introduction 2 Machine Learning 3 Online Exams 3.1 Online Exams During the Covid19 Period 4 Cheating 5 Cheat Detection Systems in Online Exams 6 Comparative Study of Machine Learning Algorithms and Techniques Applied for Detecting Cheating in Remote Examination 7 Conclusion and Perspectives References Comparative Study of Bayesian Optimization Process for the Best Machine Learning Hyperparameters 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 The Components of Bayesian Optimization 3.1 Surrogate Functions 3.2 Acquisition Functions 4 Bayesian Optimization Steps 5 Optimization Process 5.1 Bayesian Optimization - Gaussian Process (BO-GP) 5.2 Sequential Model-Based Algorithm Configuration (SMAC) 5.3 Tree Structure Parzen Estimator (TPE) 6 Experimental and Results 6.1 Results 6.2 Discussion of Results and Comparisons 7 Conclusion References The Effect of Normalization and Batch Normalization Layers in CNNs Models: Application to Plant Disease Classifications 1 Introduction 2 Convolutional Neural Networks 2.1 Different Layers of CNNs 2.2 Forward Propagation and Back-Propagation 3 Normalization Layer 4 Batch Normalization Layer 5 Experimental Setup 5.1 Datasets 5.2 Models 6 Experimental Results 7 Discussion 8 Conclusion References The Role of Ground Truth Annotation in Semantic Image Segmentation Performance for Autonomous Driving 1 Introduction 2 Background and Related Work 2.1 Segmentation Methods 2.2 Segmentation Datasets 3 Experimental Details 4 Results 5 Conclusion References Fine-Tuning Pre-trained Vision Transformer Model for Anomaly Detection in Video Sequences 1 Introduction 2 Model and Data 2.1 Proposed Model 2.2 Hyper-parameter Setting 2.3 Experimentation 2.4 Dataset 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References An Efficient Real-Time Moroccan Automatic License Plate Recognition System Based on the YOLO Object Detector 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2.1 ALPR Systems 2.2 Limitations 3 Proposed System 3.1 Zone of Interest 3.2 License Plate Detection 3.3 Tracking System 3.4 License Plate Straightening Algorithm 3.5 License Plate Recognition 3.6 Voting System 4 Experimental Results 4.1 License Plate Detection 4.2 License Plate Recognition 4.3 Quantitative Comparison 4.4 System Assessment References Evaluation of Selected Machine Learning Models and Features for Electrical Consumption Prediction in Educational Institutions 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Contribution 2 Literature Review 2.1 Data Selection and Preparation 2.2 Model Training 2.3 Model Evaluation 3 Materials and Methods 3.1 Environment Description 3.2 Data Description 3.3 Data Preparation 3.4 Training Model 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Weather Data Experiments 4.2 Occupancy Data Experiments 4.3 Weather and Occupancy Data Experiments 4.4 Weather and Occupancy Data Experiments with Features Selection 5 Conclusion References Credit Card Fraud Detection Using SVM, Decision Tree and Random Forest Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 The State of the Art of Machine Learning Algorithms 4 Comparative Approaches to Supervised Learning Algorithms 4.1 Random Forest 4.2 Random Forest vs Decision Tree 4.3 Support Vector Machine (SVM) 5 Results 5.1 Environment 5.2 Data Description 5.3 Data Standardization 5.4 Confusion Metrics 5.5 Roc Curve 5.6 Support Vector Machine 6 Discussion 7 Conclusion and Perspectives References SNDAE: Self-Normalizing Deep AutoEncoder for Recommendation 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Self-Normalizing Deep AutoEncoder (SNDAE) 4 Experiments 4.1 Experimental Setup 4.2 Overall Performance 5 Conclusion References Intelligent Evaluation System Using NLP 1 Context of Work 2 Text Mining: Sentiment Analysis 3 Our Approach 4 Experimentation and Implementation 5 Conclusion References Automatic License Plate Recognition with YOLOv5 and Faster-RCNN 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 2.1 License Plate Recognition System 2.2 Object Detection with Faster-RCNN and YOLOv5 3 Datasets 4 Architectures 4.1 Faster-RCNN 4.2 YOLOv5 5 Training and Inference 5.1 Training and Evaluation of Plate Detection Model 5.2 Training and Evaluation of Characters Detection Model 5.3 Inference 6 Results and Analysis 6.1 License Plate Detection 6.2 Character Detection 7 Conclusion References The Perception of the Combination of Simulations and Laboratory Experiments by Moroccan Students 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Framework 2.1 The Benefits of the Inquiry-Based Educational Approach in Sciences 2.2 The Added Value of Simulation in the Educational Context 2.3 Common Point and Differences Between Simulations and Laboratory Experiments 3 Methodology 3.1 General Context 3.2 Participants 3.3 Instruments and Procedures 3.4 Data Analysis 3.5 Example of Simulation: Capacitor Charging Phenomenon 4 Scenario for Combining Simulations with Laboratory Work 5 Results 5.1 The PSPICE Simulator is Easy to Operate 5.2 The PSPICE Simulator Promotes Autonomy 5.3 Simulation is an Appropriate Tool for Learning About Capacitor Charging 5.4 The Combination of the PSPICE Simulator and the Laboratory Work Makes It Easier to Learn Electrical Phenomena 6 Discussion 7 Conclusion References Deep Learning Models for Medical Image Analysis in Smart Healthcare System: A Review 1 Introduction 2 Literature Survey 3 Comparative Studies of Medical Image Analysis: Dentistry Case 4 Analysis and Discussion 5 Conclusion and Perspectives References Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Supply Chain: A Systematic Literature Review 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Material Collection 2.2 Review Classification Framework 3 Results and Classification 3.1 AI Techniques Employed in the Field of SC 3.2 AI Applications Across the Different Industries 4 Discussion 4.1 Q1: What Areas of SC are Fertile Fields for AI Applications? 4.2 Q2: What Taxonomy of Artificial Intelligence Techniques Exist in this Study? 5 Conclusion Appendix 1 References Innovative Practices and the Contribution of Digital Technology to the University 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Framework 3 Methodology 4 Results 4.1 Moodle Platform: Usability and Functionality 4.2 Moodle for Distance Learning Continuity 4.3 Autonomy in Distance Learning 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References PKN: A Hybrid Intrusion Detection System Installed on Fog Architecture 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation 2 Related Works 3 Proposed Method 3.1 Convolution Neural Networks 3.2 Data Set Description 3.3 Data Augmentation 3.4 Data Normalization 3.5 Principal Component Analysis 3.6 Linear Discriminant Analysis 3.7 K-Nearest Neighbour 4 Experimentation 5 Conclusion References The Emotional Intelligence of Moroccan Consumers: Educational Level as a Determining Factor 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Procedure and Population 3.1 Sample 3.2 Methodology for Conducting the Research 3.3 The Questionnaire and Variable Measures 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Purification of Measures 4.2 Results 5 Conclusion References Improving Health Care Services via Personalized Medicine 1 Introduction 2 Context and Problem Statement 2.1 Personalized Medicine's Concept 2.2 Techniques of Personalization in the Medical Field 2.3 Problem Statement 3 Related Work and State of the Art 3.1 Machine Learning and Deep Learning in Personalized Medicine 3.2 NLP and Chatbots in Health Care Precision 4 Analyses and Discussion 5 Chatbot's Design 6 Conclusion and Futur Work References Network Technologies & IoT Design, Development and Assessment of an Immersive Virtual Reality Serious Game 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 2.1 Increasing Realism Using FSM Methods 2.2 Players Tracking System 3 Game Play Description 4 Evaluation Strategy and Results 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Efficient Autonomous Pathfinding Method for Virtual Environments 1 Introduction 2 Problem Description 3 Flow Field Pathfinding Algorithms 3.1 Basic Data Structure 3.2 The Basic Idea of the Algorithm 4 Improvement of Flow Field Pathfinding Algorithm 4.1 Optimal Path Cost Calculation Using Penalty Function 4.2 Flow Field Calculation 5 Experimental Results and Analysis 6 Conclusion References A Distributed Architecture for Visual Data Processing in Visual Internet of Things (V-IoT) 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 MQTT Protocol 2.2 Raspberry Pi as a V-IoT Node 3 Proposed Approach 4 Simulation and Results 5 Conclusions and Future Works References An Overview on Machine Learning Approach to Secure the Blockchain 1 Introduction 2 Machine Learning 2.1 Problems Solved by Machine Learning 2.2 Types of Machine Learning Algorithms 3 Blockchain 3.1 The Structure of Blockchain 3.2 Types of Blockchain 4 Blockchain - Security Issues 5 Some Blockchain Solutions Based on Machine Learning a Subsection Sample 5.1 Reinforcement Learning Approaches 5.2 Supervised Learning Approaches 5.3 Unsupervised Learning Approaches 6 Comparative Studies of Machine Learning Algorithms Applied to Blockchain Solutions 7 Conclusion and Future Work References Virtual Reality Based on Machine Learning: State of the Art 1 Introduction 2 Machine Learning 3 Virtual Reality 4 Virtual Reality Based on Machine Learning 5 Comparative Study of Machine Learning and Virtual Reality Applied to Different Domains 6 Conclusion and Perspectives References QoS in IoMT: Towards Using TCP Header to Manage Priorities 1 Introduction 2 IoMT Networks and QoS Management 2.1 IoMT Network Architecture 2.2 QoS Management 3 Related Works 4 TCP Header Based QoS in IoMT 5 Conclusion References Evaluations of Some Routing Protocols Metrics in VANET 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Proposed Work 3.1 Study Objectives 3.2 Routing Protocols 4 Performance Metric and Simulation Setup 4.1 Performance Evaluation Metrics 4.2 Simulation Parameters Settings 4.3 Generation of Simulation Environment 5 Results Discussion 6 Conclusion References Contribution to Smart Irrigation Based on Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Crop Water Requirement 2.2 Reference Evapotranspiration 2.3 Crop Potential Evapotranspiration 2.4 Soil Water Balance 3 Proposed System 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References NSoV: An Efficient SDVC Assisted Forwarding Model in NDN Based IoV 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 3 Problem Formulation 4 Proposed Methodology 5 Simulation Results 6 Conclusion References Coil Design and Misalignment Effects on Wireless Charging Parameters for Electric Vehicle 1 Introduction 2 Modeling and Simulation 2.1 Basic Principle 2.2 Design Parameters 3 Simulation Results of Magnetic Field Plots 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Optimal Resource Allocation in Mobile Edge Computing Based on Virtual Machine Migration 1 Introduction 2 Virtualization in Mobile Edge Computing and Virtual Machine Migration 3 Related Work 4 Virtual Machine Migration Strategy 5 Simulation and Results 6 Conclusion and Future Work References Natural Convection Heat Transfer of a Nanofluid Inside a Square Cavity with an Irregular Zig-Zag Wall Using the Global RBFs Collocation Method 1 Introduction 2 Problem Statement 3 Mathematical Model 4 RBF Based Approximation 5 Discretized Form of Navier-Stokes Equations Using RBFs Approximation 6 Grid Testing and Validation 7 Results and Discussion 8 Conclusion References Author Index