Proceedings of the 3rd RILEM Spring Convention and Conference (RSCC 2020): Volume 2: New Materials and Structures for Ultra-durability (RILEM Bookseries, 33)

This book gathers peer-reviewed contributions presented at the 3rd RILEM Spring Convention and Conference, held at Guimarães and hosted by the University of Minho, Portugal, on March 9-14, 2020. The theme of the Conference was “Ambitioning a Sustainable Future for Built Environment: comprehensive strategies for unprecedented challenges”, which was aimed at discussing current challenges and impacts of the built environment on sustainability. The present volume is dedicated to the topic “New materials and structures for ultra‐durability”, which covers current scientific and technological developments aimed at improving knowledge about degradation mechanisms in construction materials, as well as to the development of new materials with extreme durability. Novel special materials for extreme environments or extreme loading conditions are also included, as well as novel approaches to improve the performance and durability of currently common construction materials. The following subtopics are included: general purpose, constructions, infrastructures and facilities; extreme environments and extreme events; transport and deterioration mechanisms, characterization and mitigation; Supplementary Cementitious Materials, admixtures, additions and other emerging material optimization strategies; smart materials for durable structures. Committee Executive Chair Vice-chair Honorary Chair Topic 1: Strategies for a Resilient Built Environment Topic Lead Topic Scientific Committee Preface Contents RILEM Publications RILEM Proceedings (PRO) RILEM Reports (REP) 1 Nonlinear Analysis of Offshore Wind Towers in Prefabricated Segments of Prestressed Fibre Reinforced Concrete Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Material Properties 3 Structural Concept 4 Finite Element Analysis 5 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 2 Early Age Temperature Control in Mass Concrete Through Incorporation of Dispersed Phase Change Materials (PCMs) Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Materials 2.2 Development of Mortars 3 Strategies and Test Procedures 3.1 Characterization of the Mortars 3.1.1 Flow Table Test 3.1.2 Density 3.1.3 Flexural Strength 3.1.4 Compressive Strength 3.2 Field Thermal Analysis of the Mortars 3.2.1 Thermal Energy Storage 3.2.2 Design of the Specimen Prototypes 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Physical and Mechanical Performance 4.2 Thermal Performance 4.2.1 DSC Analysis 4.2.2 Transient Behavior of Cube Specimen 5 Conclusions References 3 Determination of Autogenous Self-healing Capability of Cementitious Composites Through Non-destructive Testing Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Investigation 2.1 Materials and Mixture Designs 2.2 Specimen Preparation and Initial Pre-loading 2.3 Assessment Methods for Self-healing 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Electrical Impedance (EI) Results 3.2 Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT) Results 3.3 Resonant Frequency (RF) Results 4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 4 Autogenous Self-healing Assessment of 1-Year-Old Cementitious Composites Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Materials and ECC Mixture Proportioning and Specimens 2.2 Pre-loading, Further Curing and Self-healing Assessment 3 Results 3.1 Self-healing Assessment According to Video Microscopy 3.2 Self-healing Assessment According to Electrical Resistivity 3.3 Self-healing Assessment According to Rapid Chloride Permeability Test 4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 5 Impact of Super Absorbent Polymers on Early Age Behavior of High Performance Concrete Walls Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Super Absorbent Polymers 2.2 Parameter Determination for Simulation of the HPC Wall 2.3 Chemical Shrinkage 2.4 Autogenous Shrinkage 2.5 Restrained Shrinkage 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Autogenous Shrinkage 3.2 Restrained Shrinkage 3.3 Deformations in a Restrained HPC Wall 4 Conclusion References 6 Influence of Crack Geometry and Crack Width on Carbonation of High-Volume Fly Ash (HVFA) Mortar Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Mortar Composition 2.2 Artificial Cracks 2.3 Realistic Cracks 2.4 Carbonation Test 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Mortar Characterisation 3.2 Artificial Cracks 3.3 Realistic Cracks 3.4 Comparison of Artificial and Realistic Cracks 4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 7 Effect of Curing Temperature on the Alkali Activation of German Brown Coal Fly Ash Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 8 Use of Microwave-Accelerated Curing Under Low-Pressure in the Production of Ultra-Durability Portland Type I-Portland Cement Pastes Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methodology and Materials 2.1 Materials 2.2 MW System 2.3 HSPC Sample Preparation, Water Treatment, and Testing Methods 2.4 Low-Pressure MW Treatment Procedures to Dehydrate HSPC 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Temperature Increase and Moisture Content During Applying MW Energy 3.2 Resistance to Drying Shrinkage (DS) and Water Pemeability (WP) 4 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 9 Performance Requirements, Challenges and Existing Solutions of PCM in Massive Concrete for Temperature Control Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Phase Change Materials in Massive Concrete Application 2.1 Classification of PCMs 2.2 Strategies for Incorporation of PCMs into Massive Concrete 3 PCM for Temperature Control of Massive Concrete 4 PCM Use for Massive Concrete 5 Concluding Remarks and Outlook References 10 Microencapsulation of Isophorone Diisocyanate with Silica Shell Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Materials 2.2 Microencapsulation Method 2.3 Characterization of Microcapsules 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Preliminary Tests 3.2 Optimization 4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 11 The Response of Synthetic Alkali-Silica Reaction Products to Carbonation Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Materials and Methods 3.1 Sol–Gel Method 3.2 Mixing Reactive Aggregate with Alkali 3.3 Mixing at a High-Water Content 3.4 Mixing at a Low-Water Content (Approach Adapted in This Study) 4 Results 4.1 TGA 4.2 Nanoindentation 4.3 SEM–EDS 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 12 Salt-Scaling Resistance of SAP-Modified Concrete Under Freeze–Thaw Cycles Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Materials and Mixing Compositions 2.2 Testing the Scaling Resistance 2.3 Air Void Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 13 Pore-Scale Numerical Modeling Tools for Improving Efficiency of Direct Carbon Capture in Compacts Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Microstructure Model Driven Engineering of Carbonate Bonded Materials 3 Microstructure Modelling of Carbonate Bonded Materials 3.1 Initial Microstructure Generation of Compacts 3.2 Modeling of Water Distribution in Microstructure 3.3 Modeling of Microstructure Evolution of Carbonate Compacts 4 Concluding Remarks and Future Work Acknowledgements References 14 Assessing the Alkali-Sensitivity of the Mechanical Behavior of Jute Fibers to Evaluate Their Durability in Cementitious Composites Applications Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Specimens 2.2 Conditioning Solutions 2.3 Mechanical Tests 3 Results and Discussions Acknowledgements References 15 Long-Term Capillary Imbibition of Mortars with Slag and Fly Ash Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Characterization of the Studied SCMs 2.2 Mortar Mixes and Samples for the Long-Term Capillary Imbibition Tests 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Reactivity of the Studied SCMs 3.2 Long-Term Capillary Imbibition in Mortars 4 Conclusions References 16 Geopolymer Concrete Structures: Bond with Deformed Steel Bars Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Material 2.1 Mix Design 2.2 Mechanical Properties 3 Direct Pull-Out Test 3.1 Bond Strength Prevision 3.2 Test Setup 3.3 Results 4 Conclusion References 17 10 Years of Research on Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash as Supplementary Cementitious Material Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Use of SCBA as Cement Replacement in Conventional and High-Performance Concretes 3 The Role of Grinding and Calcination for Using Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash as Pozzolan 4 Does SCBA Act as Pozzolan or as Filler? 5 The Use of SCBA in Industrial Scale 6 Blending of SCBA and Rice Husk Ash (RHA): Application to Dam Construction 7 Long-Term Compressive Behavior of Concretes with SCBA Acknowledgements References 18 Thermal Performance of Steel and Fibre Reinforced Concrete Composite Floor Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Geometry and Materials Definition 3 Numerical Assessment 3.1 Models 3.2 Results 4 Comparative Analysis 5 Future Study—Experimental Tests 6 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 19 Interface Evaluation of Carbon Textile Reinforced Composites Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Materials 2.2 Composite Manufacturing 2.3 Pull-Out Tests 3 Discussion and Analysis 4 Conclusions References 20 Calorimetry Study of the Influence of Portland Cement Content, Slag/Fly Ash Ratio, and Activator Type on the Early Hydration of Hybrid Cements Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Starting Materials, Hybrid Cements and Curing 2.2 Calorimetry and X-ray Diffraction Measurements 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Early Hydration 3.2 28-Day Phase Assemblage and Compressive Strength 4 Conclusions References 21 Chloride Ion Penetration into Cracked UHPFRC During Wetting-drying Cycles Abstract 1 Research Scope 2 Experimental Programme 2.1 UHPFRC Mix Proportions, Specimens Manufacturing and Curing 2.2 Cracking Method and Loading Strategy 2.3 Characterisation of the Crack Pattern Produced by Bending 2.4 Wetting–Drying Chloride Cycles 2.5 Chloride Penetration Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 COD Recovery After Unloading (CODload and CODres) 3.2 Crack Pattern Produced by Bending 3.3 Chloride Penetration 4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 22 Cracking Potential of Alkali-Activated Concrete Induced by Autogenous Shrinkage Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials and Mixture Proportions 2.2 Experimental Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Concluding Remarks References 23 Influence of Nanofibrillated Cellulose (NFC) on the Mechanics of Cement Pastes Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials and the Fabrication of the Composites 2.2 Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 24 Rheological Behaviour and Flow Properties of Alkali-Activated Materials Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Materials 2.2 Mixture Design 2.3 Mixing and Testing Procedures 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Paste Fluidity 3.2 Viscosity and Yield Stress 3.3 Thinning Index 4 Conclusions References 25 Material Characterization of Geopolymer Concrete for Its Beneficial Use in Composite Construction Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 GPC Production 2.2 Consistency Test of GPC 2.3 Compressive and Tensile Strength Development Over Time 2.4 Shrinkage During Hardening Under Different Conditions 3 Results 3.1 Compressive and Tensile Strength Development Over Time 3.2 Shrinkage During Hardening Under Different Conditions 3.3 Early Shrinkage and Drying with Different Layer Thickness 4 Discussion 4.1 Compressive and Tensile Strength Development Over Time 4.2 Shrinkage During Hardening Under Different Conditions 5 Conclusion Outlook and Acknowledgement References 26 Long-Term Performance of Cement Composites with Wood Biomass Ash Abstract 1 Introdution 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 27 Steel Reinforcement in Slag Containing Binders and Its Susceptibility to Chloride-Induced Corrosion Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Electrochemical Tests 2.3 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 28 Using Waste Materials in Durable Environmentally Friendly Concrete Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials 2.1 Waste Rubber Tires 2.2 Bentonite 2.3 Cement 2.4 Aggregates 3 Mix Design 4 Experimental Investigation 4.1 Specimen Preparation 4.2 Workability 4.3 Compressive Strength Test 4.4 Durability Test 5 Results 6 Conclusion References 29 Magnesium-Phosphate Cement Pastes to Encapsulate Industrial Waste Powders Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Procedures 2.1 Physical Characterization 2.2 Chemical Characterization 2.3 Preparation of Cement Pastes 2.4 Volume Change Measurement and Swelling Analysis 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Swelling Analysis of the Stoichiometric Matrix (M1W51Mg) 3.2 Swelling Inhibition of the Stoichiometric Matrix with Fine Addition 4 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 30 Microstructural Evaluation of Fibre-Reinforced Slag-Based Foams Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Raw Materials 2.2 Fibres 2.3 Sample Preparation 3 Results 3.1 The Effect of Fibres on Mechanical Properties 3.2 Microstructural Evaluation 4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 31 Utilization of Biochar as a Multifunctional Additive in Cement-Based Materials Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Mix Design 2.1 Biochar Production and Processing 2.2 Sample Preparation and Experimental Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Compressive Strength 3.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 3.3 Carbon Footprint Reduction 3.4 Electrical Conductivity 3.5 Water Absorption Test 4 Research Significance and Discussion 5 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 32 Pore Size Distribution of Cement Based Materials Determined by Dynamic Water Vapor Sorption and Low Temperature Calorimetry Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Important Considerations 2.1 Dynamic Water Vapor Sorption (DVS) 2.2 Low Temperature Calorimetry (LTC) 3 Experimental and Data Analysis Methods 3.1 Materials 3.2 DVS Measurements 3.3 LTC Measurements 4 Results and Discussions 5 Conclusions References 33 Experimental Investigation on the Influence of Organic Extract from Citrus Sinensis as an Additive in Lime Mortar Preparation Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Raw Materials 2.2 Slaking 2.3 Workability 3 Experimental Work 3.1 Mortar Preparation 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Test on Raw Materials 4.1.1 Lime 4.1.2 Sand 4.1.3 Organic 4.2 Mechanical Properties 4.2.1 Compressive Strength 4.2.2 XRD—X-ray Diffraction 4.2.3 FT-IR Analysis 5 Conclusion References 34 A Correlation Between Sorptivity Coefficients of Concrete as Calculated from Relationships of Water Uptake with t0.5 or t0.25 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Application of the New Approach to Data in the Literature 3 Application of the New Approach to Data from Participating Laboratories 3.1 The Experimental Procedure 3.2 S05 versus S025 4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 35 Numerical Analyses of the Connections Between Representative SFRC Prestressed Rings of Off-Shore Wind Towers Abstract 1 Introduction and State of Art 2 Model 2.1 Geometry and Data 2.2 FEM Attributes and Material Properties for the Constitutive Model 3 Results 3.1 General Results: Model ‘t_s1’ 3.2 Parametric Analysis 4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 36 The Effect of Mechanical Load on Carbonation of Concrete: Discussion on Test Methods and Results Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Test Method for Carbonation of Concrete Under Compressive Load 2.1 Specimen Size 2.2 Loading Devices 2.3 Load Application and Compensation 3 Effect of Sustained Compressive Load on Carbonation of Concrete 4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 37 Usefulness of Mercury Porosimetry to Assess the Porosity of Cement Composites with the Addition of Aerogel Particles Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 38 Calcined Clay-To-Limestone Ratio on Durability Properties of Concrete with Low Clinker CEM II/B-M(Q/LL) Cements Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 3.1 Synergetic Effect 3.2 Concrete Performance and Durability Properties with Different Combinations of Calcined Clay and Limestone 4 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 39 A New Dilation Model for FRP Fully/partially Confined Concrete Column Under Axial Loading Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Concept of Confinement Efficiency Factor (CEF) 2.1 Original Concept and Its Limitation When Applied to RC Columns Partially Confined with FRP 2.2 Concrete Lateral Expansion 2.3 Vertical Arching Action 2.4 Effective Confinement Pressure 3 Determination of vs-εc Relation 4 Verification 5 Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgements References 40 Urban Furniture in Fiber Reinforcement Concrete with High Durability Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Mix Composition of PPFRC 3 Mechanical Properties of PPFRC 3.1 Compressive Strength and Modulus of Elasticity 3.2 Post-cracking Residual Tensile Strength 3.3 Derivation of the PPFRC Post-cracking Tensile Behavior 4 Durability Indicators of PPFRC 4.1 Water Absorption by Immersion 4.2 Water Absorption by Capillarity 4.3 Post-cracking Behavior of PPFRC Under Chloride Attack 5 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 41 Self-healing of Engineered Cementitious Composites at Two Different Maturity Levels Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Study 2.1 Materials 2.2 Maturity Method 2.3 Self-healing Tests 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Flexural Strength Test Results 3.2 UPV Test Results 3.3 Visual Inspection Results 4 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 42 Comparison of Chloride-Induce Corrosion of Steel in Cement and Alkali-Activated Fly Ash Mortars Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Materials and Mix Design 2.2 Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 515343_1_En_43_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 43 Correction to: Proceedings of the 3rd RILEM Spring Convention and Conference (RSCC 2020) Correction to: I. B. Valente et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the 3rd RILEM Spring Conventionand Conference (RSCC 2020), RILEM Bookseries 33, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76551-4