Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Water Energy Food and Sustainability (ICoWEFS 2023) (Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences)

This book presents some of the work presented at the 3rd International Conference on Water Energy Food and Sustainability—ICoWEFS 2023, with topics delving into critical global themes. Encompassing four pivotal domains—Water and Circular Economy, Energy, Agrifood, and Sustainability—this book covers cutting-edge research and innovative solutions. Within the ambit of Water and Circular Economy, the discussions span from the sustainable management of water resources, urban and industrial water consumption, to the challenges in governance and the impact of climate change. The Energy section covers chapters on energy production, urban and industrial systems, governance challenges, and the imperative transition toward circular economies. The Agrifood domain probes into sustainable agricultural practices, harnessing smart technologies in farming, climate change's effect on food production, and innovations in food processing. Lastly, the Sustainability segment encompasses a wide array of topics including bioeconomy sustainability, cyber-physical systems, climate change impacts, and resource efficiency, underpinning the urgent need for a holistic approach to global sustainability. Organization Scientific Committee Keynote Speakers Conference Sponsors Preface Contents Agrifood Comparison of Two Organically Produced Tomato Cultivars After Micronutrients Enrichment 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Enrichment Workflow with Fe and Zn 2.2 Mineral Content and Total Soluble Solids Assessment 2.3 Statistical Analysis 3 Results 3.1 Mineral Content in Fruits 3.2 Total Soluble Solids 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Foliar Application of ZnSO4 and ZnO on a Vitis Vinifera Cv. Moscatel in Portugal: Assessment of Quality Parameters 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Experimental Itinerary 2.2 Orthophotomap and Surface Water Drainage 2.3 Zn Content in Grapes Analysis 2.4 Sugar Analysis 2.5 Colorimetric Analysis 2.6 Statistical Analysis 3 Results 3.1 Meteorological Conditions 3.2 Surface Drainage Network 3.3 Zn Content in Grapes 3.4 Sugar Composition in Grapes at Harvest 3.5 Colorimetric Parameters of Grapes at Harvest 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Influence of Knowledge, Motivations and Behaviors on Consumer Food Waste—Results from a Survey in Portugal 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 Results 3.1 Respondents’ Characterization 3.2 Data Analysis 4 Discussion 4.1 Limitations and Future Research 5 Conclusions References Acceptance of Insect-Containing Foods: A Pilot Study Exploring the Use of Insects as a Meat Alternative 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Data Collection and Participants’ Profile 2.2 Sample Attributes and Preparation 2.3 Data Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Acceptance of Insect-Based Burgers 3.2 Factors Affecting Acceptance 4 Conclusions References Apple Puree Pasteurization by Pulsed Electric Fields: From Microbial Safety to Financial Viability Assessment 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Raw Material 2.2 Chemical Characterization 2.3 Product Preparation 2.4 PEF Pasteurization Conditions 2.5 Storage Study 2.6 Financial Viability Assessment 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Chemical Characterization 3.2 Microbial Quality of Apple Puree Product 3.3 Project Evaluation 3.4 Operational Breakeven Point 4 Conclusions References Bibliometric Analysis of Sustainable Indicators in Agribusiness 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Methodology 4 Results 4.1 Total Citations Per year 4.2 Most Cited Articles—Top 20 4.3 Higher Impact Journals—Top 20 4.4 Country Analysis 4.5 Word Map, Trend Topics and Thematic Maps 5 Conclusions and Future Research References Introduction of Macroalgae in Human Food: A Matter of Sustainability 1 Introduction 1.1 Macroalgae in Human Food 1.2 Benefits of Macroalgae on Human Health 1.3 Potential for Cultivation and Marketing of Macroalgae for Human Consumption in the Central Portuguese Coast 1.4 Macroalgae and Food Safety 2 Conclusions References Satellite Dataset Visual Analysis for Remote Soil Nutrient Estimation 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Dataset and Tools 2.2 Feature Extraction and t-SNE 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Entire Dataset t-SNE 3.2 Common Wheat and Maize Case Study 4 Conclusions and Future Works 4.1 Future Work References Agronomic Benefits of Biochar Application in Sandy Soils 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Soil Sampling and Characterization 2.2 Biochar Preparation and Characterization 2.3 Pot Incubation Assay 2.4 Analytical Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Soil and Biochar Characterization 3.2 pH and EC 3.3 WHC 3.4 Soil Respiration 4 Conclusion References Effect of High-Pressure Processing Combined with Propolis Extract on the Quality and Microbiological Safety of Apple Puree 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Raw Material 2.2 Extract Preparation 2.3 Puree Preparation 2.4 Preservation Methods 2.5 Physicochemical Measurements 2.6 Microbiological Determination 2.7 Statistical Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Moisture, TSS and aW Analysis 3.2 pH Analysis 3.3 Color Analysis 3.4 Microbiological Safety and Shelf-Life 4 Conclusion References Infusion of Macroalgae: A Promise Methodology for Obtaining a Healthy Food Ingredient 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Infusion Treatment 2.3 Methods 2.4 Statistical Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Impact of Infusion on Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Macroalgae 4 Conclusions References Extraction of Moringa oleifera Leaves to Obtain Antioxidants and Vitamins 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Plant Material 2.2 Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Moringa Oleifera Leaf Powder 2.3 Characterization of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Extracts 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusions References Effects of Autohydrolysis on the Phenolic Extraction and Antioxidant Capacity of Camellia sp. Seed Husk Extracts 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Raw Material 2.2 Extraction Method 2.3 Analytical Techniques 2.4 Total Phenolic Content 2.5 Antioxidant Capacity 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Elemental and Proximal Composition of Camellia sp. Seed Husk 3.2 Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity 4 Conclusions References Oxidative Stability of Sunflower Oil Enriched with Fig Tree Leaves Bioactive Compounds at Frying Temperature 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Chemicals and Reagents 2.2 Sample Preparation 2.3 Sunflower Oils Enrichment with Fig Tree Leaves 2.4 Heating Assays 2.5 Evaluation of Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Oil Samples 2.6 Determination of Color Changes 2.7 Quantification of Conjugated Dienes and Trienes 3 Results 3.1 Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential 3.2 Evaluation of Quality Parameters of Sunflower Oil 3.3 Determination of Chromatic Characteristics 4 Discussion and Conclusions References Energy Barriers Found in the Integrated Implementation of Energy and Environmental Management Systems Through ISO 50001 and ISO 14001 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 Energy Management Systems 2.2 Environmental Management Systems 2.3 Synergy of Energy and Environmental Management Systems 3 Methods 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions References Impact of Urban Morphology on Energy Consumption—An Approach Towards Sustainability 1 Introduction 2 Urban Morphology 2.1 Morphological Indicators Affecting Energy Consumption 2.2 Energy Consumption in Buildings 3 Conclusions References Syngas Application in Dual-Fuel Engines: A Brief Overview 1 Introduction 2 Syngas as Dual Fuel in Compression Ignition Engines 3 Syngas Contaminants 3.1 Particulate Matter 3.2 Tars 3.3 Sulfur 3.4 Nitrogen Compounds 4 Internal Combustion Engines in Dual-Fuel Diesel/Syngas Mode 4.1 Combustion in Dual Fuel Analysis 4.2 Diesel Consumption 5 Emissions from Dual Fuel Combustion 5.1 Exhaust Gas Return Valve (EGR) 5.2 Supercharging 6 Conclusions References Routes of Interest to Produce Sustainable Biofuels from the Promotion of H2 and CO2—An Alternative for the Transport Sector 1 Introduction 1.1 Overview of the Use of Renewable Energy in the Transport Sector in the EU 2 The Power-To-Liquids (PtL) Technology Route to Produce Liquid Fuels 2.1 Real Cases of Biokerosene Production 3 The Thermochemical-Electrochemical Technological Route to Produce Gaseous Biofuels 3.1 Real Case of Bio-H2 Production from Gasification 4 Conclusion References Valorisation of Leather Wastes from the Footwear Industry via Pyrolysis: Product Yields and Characterisation 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 2.1 Leather Waste Characterisation 2.2 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure 2.3 Characterisation of Solid, Liquid and Gas Phases 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Properties of Leather Waste 3.2 Effect of Parameters on Pyrolysis Product Yields 3.3 Analysis of Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous Products 4 Conclusions References Cashew Nutshell Waste as an Energy Feedstock: Analysis of the Potential for Combustion and Gasification 1 Introduction 1.1 Cashew, Its Parts and Products 1.2 Cashew Nut Processing 2 Methodology 2.1 Survey of the Energy Consumption in Cashew Nut Processing 2.2 The Use of CNS as a Gasification Fuel 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References A Case Study of Analyzing Energy Use and Equivalent Carbon Footprint in an Educational Building in Cairo, Egypt 1 Introduction 2 Carbon Footprint in Egypt 3 Methodology 3.1 Building Description 3.2 Energy Monitoring 4 Results 5 Discussion and Recommendations 6 Conclusion References Energy Efficiency and Industrial Management in the Context of the Circular Economy 1 Introduction 1.1 Objectives and Framework 1.2 Motivation and Recruitment 2 Case Study Characterization and Co-creation Team 3 Features of Methodology Tools and Research Core 3.1 Methodology 3.2 Research Core 4 Results and Proposals 5 Conclusions and Perspectives References Do Digital Finance and Energy Consumption Promote Sustainable Development in Emerging Economies? 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Digital Finance-Sustainable Development Nexus 2.2 Energy-Sustainable Development Nexus 3 Data and Methods 3.1 Data and Variables 3.2 Econometrics Methods 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Results of Diagnostic Tests 4.2 Estimation Result 5 Conclusion and Policy Implications References Post-treatment Modification Using Deep Eutectic Solvent in PES and PES/SAPO-34 Membranes for Gas Separation 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Synthesis and Characterization of SAPO-34 2.2 Synthesis and Characterization of Mixed Matrix Membranes 2.3 Gas Permeation Tests 2.4 Post-impregnation 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 SAPO-34 Synthesis and Characterization 3.2 Membrane Characterization 3.3 Gas Permeation Tests 4 Conclusions References Pyrolysis and Combustion of Lemon Verbena and Oregano Biomass: Characterization and Thermodynamic Analyses 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Sample Collection and Preparation 2.2 Proximate Analysis and Higher Heating Value 2.3 TG Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Proximate Analysis and Higher Heating Value 3.2 TG Analysis: Pyrolysis 3.3 TG Analysis: Combustion 4 Conclusion References Agreements, Energy Efficiency and Self-production in Building for Sustainability 1 Introduction 1.1 Treaties for Sustainability and New Buildings Concepts 2 Case Study Features, Research Core and Results 2.1 Energy Efficiency and Building Thermal Comfort 2.2 Methodology and Building Chosen 2.3 Research Core, Data Analysis and Efficiency Actions 3 Results and Proposals 4 Conclusions and Perspectives References Preliminary Studies of Acorn Syngas Application in Dual-Fuel Diesel Engines 1 Introduction 2 Dual-Fuel Engines 3 Methodology 4 Results 5 Conclusions References Pre-treatment and Valorization of Swine Farming Wastewater by Filtration with Arundo Donax Biomass 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Effluent Characterization 2.2 Biomass Characterization 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Effluent Characterization 3.2 Arundo Donax Biomass Before and After Filtration 4 Conclusions References Residential District Heating Network with Peer-To-Peer Market Structure: The Case of Nordhavn District 1 Introduction 2 Market Structures and EMB3Rs Platform 2.1 Market Structures 2.2 EMB3Rs Platform 3 Case Study Description 4 Results 4.1 Consumption Flexibility 4.2 Network-Aware Mechanism 4.3 Community Markets (Peak Shaving) 4.4 Community Market (Autonomy) 4.5 Investment in a Supermarket Heat Pump 5 Conclusion References Projection of the Climate Change Impacts on Electricity Production Derived from Renewable Sources 1 Introduction 1.1 Contextualization and Challenges Associated with the Insertion of Renewable Sources in the Energy Matrix 2 Characterization of the Renewable Energy Mix in Mainland Portugal 3 Methodology 4 Results 5 Conclusions References Potential for Hydrogen Production Associated to Water and Food in Off-Grid Communities of Southern Africa 1 Context and Potential for Hydrogen Production 2 Projects and Strategies 3 The Agrivoltaics Concept 4 Hydrogen in Stand-Alone Energy Systems 5 Final Remarks References Sustainability Analysing Vegetation Cover Changes in Protected Areas: An Example from Lithuania 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Study Area 2.2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Dense Vegetation Cover Within National and Regional Parks 3.2 Changes in Dense Vegetation Cover Within Regional and National Parks 4 Conclusions References Wet Cleaning Technologies for Biomass-Derived Syngas: A Review 1 Introduction 2 Gas Wet Cleaning Technology 3 Demonstration and Commercial Scale of Syngas Wet Cleanup Systems 4 Conclusion References Seaweed Harvesting and Aquaculture: An Overview of the Past 70 years 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 World Seaweed Production 3.2 Seaweed Aquaculture Versus Harvest 3.3 The Portuguese Seaweed Market 4 Conclusions References Production and Material Types for Pallets: A Review 1 Introduction 2 Review Process and Studies Reviewed 2.1 Review Process 2.2 Studies Reviewed 3 Classification of Pallets 4 Material and Production of Pallets 4.1 Wooden Pallets 4.2 Plastic Pallets 4.3 Composite Pallets 4.4 Metal Pallets 4.5 General Properties of Pallets 4.6 Types of Pallets 4.7 Production Phases of Pallets 5 Management Strategies 6 Conclusion References Combined and Separately Effect of Tert-Butylhydroquinone and Propyl Gallate on a Biolubricant Based on Cardoon Oil 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Biodiesel and Biolubricant Production 2.2 Biodiesel and Biolubricant Characterization 2.3 PG and TBHQ Addition 2.4 Biolubricant Oxidation 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Biodiesel and Biolubricant Characterization 3.2 Effect of PG and TBHQ Addition on Cardoon Biolubricant 4 Conclusions References Impact of Air Quality on Mental Health of Higher Education Students 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Indoor Air Quality in Dwellings Located in an Industrial Zone and Its Effects on the Health of the Population 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Air Quality Evaluation in Urban and Rural Areas 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Consumers’ Acceptance and Willingness to Pay for Innovative and Sustainable Food – an Exploratory Study 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Willingness to Pay (WTP) for Sustainable Apples 3.2 Influence of Consumer Characteristics and Behaviors on WTP for Sustainable Apples 4 Conclusion References Educational Experience: Active Carbon as a “Bacteria Hotel” and Its Comparison with Insect Hotels to a Better Understanding of Sustainable Biogas Production 1 Introduction 1.1 Increasing Motivation and Engagement in STEM Education 1.2 Current Situation in Spain and Extremadura 1.3 Education to Foster Sustainability 1.4 Active Carbon 1.5 Objective of This Work 2 Context and Methodology 3 Results 4 Conclusions References Sustainable Cities by Collaborative Last Mile Parcel Delivery - Live Example Insight 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Discussion 3.1 Hungarian CEP Market Overview 3.2 Simulation of Cooperative Last Mile Delivery 4 Conclusion References Numerical Modelling of Beach Morphodynamics in Post-nourishment Conditions—Case Study 1 Introduction 2 Data and Method 3 Results 4 Conclusions References Reactive Materials and Solutions Towards Treatment and Reuse of Waters with Contaminants of Emerging Concern 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Reactants and Materials 2.2 Preparation of Catalysts and Characterization 2.3 Liquid-Phase Experiments 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Characterization 3.2 Liquid-Phase Reactions and Insights 4 Final Remarks and Prospects References Strategic Environmental Assessment and Environmental Report Proposal for Detailed Plans: The Case Study of Vale Da Cabrita in Leiria 1 Introduction 2 Methodological Analysis of SEA 3 Case Study—SEA of the Detailed Plan of Vale da Cabrita 3.1 Assessment Object 3.2 Objectives of the Plan and Strategic Lines 3.3 Critical Decision Factors 3.4 Strategic Assessment and Evaluation of the Effects 3.5 Trend Analysis 3.6 Guidelines Related to Opportunities and Risks 3.7 Follow-Up Guidelines/Recommendations 4 Governance 5 Follow-Up and Monitoring 6 Discussion and Analysis 7 Conclusion References Sustainability Performance of Buildings in the Project Stage—Residence Students 1 Introduction 1.1 Sustainable Buildings 1.2 Construction Sustainability Assessment Method—LiderA 2 Methodology 3 Analysis of the Results 4 Conclusions References Exposure to Infrasound and Low Frequency Noise—A Case Study of Guarda City Population (Portugal) 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Carbon Footprint and Energy Assessment of Plastic Products Produced at Neutroplast 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Production at Neutroplast 2.2 Life Cycle Model and Inventory 3 Results 4 Conclusions References Raising Awareness for Sustainable Development Goals Through Hands-On Experiments 1 Introduction 2 Methodology and Description of the Hands-On Experiments 3 Analysis and Discussion of the Answers to the Enquiry Forms 3.1 Analysis of Teachers’ Responses to the Enquiry Forms 3.2 Analysis of Students’ Answers to the Enquiry Forms 3.3 Outline and More Insights About the Discussion 4 Final Considerations and Future Work References Towards Sustainable Mobility: The Roadway Bridges Contribution 1 Introduction 1.1 The Roadway Bridges Impact 2 Methodology 2.1 Deterioration Process 2.2 User Costs 2.3 Traffic Environmental Impact 3 Case Study 4 Conclusions References Sustainability Assessment of Building Rehabilitation Solutions: The Mid 70s Portuguese Building 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Case Study 4 Conclusions References Wood and Mineral Byproducts Soft Activated as Adsorbents to Liquid-Phase Application 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Calibration Curve 3.2 Adsorbent/Adsorptive Mass Ratio, Kinetic and Equilibrium Isothermic Tests 3.3 Unmodified and Soft Modified Byproducts 4 Conclusions References Online Sport Infrastructure Management for the Sustainability: Football, Futsal, and Beach Football 1 Introduction 2 Online Sport Infrastructure Management Description 3 Conclusion References Building a Sustainable Future: Examining the Impact of Earth-Based Materials on Civil Engineering Development 1 Introduction 1.1 Evolution of Earth-Based Materials 2 Advantages of Earth-Based Materials 3 Stabilization of Earth-Based Materials 4 Building Techniques with Earth Materials 5 Challenges and Solutions for Earth-Based Materials 6 Conclusions References Approaching Green Building Concept by Eco-Efficient Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) in Portugal 1 Introduction 2 Construction and Demolition Waste 3 Circular Economy Action 4 Construction and Demolition Waste in Portugal 5 Green Building Design 6 Eco-Efficiency CDW Management 7 Future Challenges 8 Conclusions References A Review on Strategies, Policies and Mechanisms Supporting Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development 1 Introduction 1.1 Bioeconomy: Definition and Relevance in the Current Global Situation 2 Bioeconomy: Strategy, Policy Instruments and Future Approaches 2.1 Bioeconomy: European and Portuguese Context 2.2 Public Policy Adjustment and Development for Bieconomy–The Portuguese Approach 2.3 Future Approaches to Support and Boost Bioeconomy 3 Concluding Remarks References The Role of Construction 3D Printing in Advancing Sustainability and Digitalization in Africa 1 Introduction 2 Sustainability and Digitalization in Africa 3 Digital Fabrication Initiatives in Africa 3.1 South Africa 3.2 Kenya 3.3 Morocco 4 Case Study: Development of Earth-Based Composites 5 Conclusions References The Potential of Earth as a Construction Material: Review and Perspectives 1 Introduction 2 Building with Earth 2.1 Historical 2.2 Earthen Construction in Portugal 2.3 German and French Earth Construction 2.4 Earthen Construction in Africa 3 Future Perspectives: Technological Innovations 4 Final Considerations References Water The Use of Pervious Pavements to Save Potable Water in Buildings: A Case Study in Universities in Brazil 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Water Consumption 2.2 Potable Water Savings Potential 2.3 Pervious Pavement and Stormwater Harvesting Design 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Water Consumption Patterns 3.2 Potable Water Savings Potential 3.3 Pervious Pavement and Stormwater Harvesting Design 4 Conclusion References Reinforcement Learning Based Strategies for Decision Support on Water Treatment Plants 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Testbed for Data Generation, Optimization and Validation 2.2 Reinforcement Learning Based Treatments’ Suggestion 3 Results 4 Conclusion References Policy Directed Information Technology Governing Network Welfare by Balancing the Water-Energy-Food Nexus and Human Perceptions (WEFH) Measures 1 Scientific Background 2 Mathematical Model 3 Examples 4 Conclusion References A Comparative Study for Water Reuse in an Urban WWTP with a Novel Non-thermal Plasma Technology 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Wastewater Treatment Plant 2.2 Wastewater Treatment Technologies 2.3 Sampling and Analysis 2.4 Results Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 NTP Optimization 3.2 RWW Characterization 4 Conclusions References Prior Indication of Agricultural Nature-Based Solutions (NbS) for Water and Food Security in the Context of Climate Change 1 Introduction 2 Case Study 3 Methodological Framework 3.1 Synergies and Trade-Offs Between Ecosystem Services (ES) 3.2 Water-Food Security Nexus (WFS) 3.3 Governance Assessment (Public Policy—PP) 3.4 Prior Indication of NbS (Total ES + WFS) and the Comparison of PP 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Effectiveness of a UV Treatment Using Light Emitting Diodes (LED) for the Inactivation of Phytoplanktonic Organisms Present in Two Reservoirs of Cádiz (Spain) 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Study Areas and Sampling 2.2 UV Reactor and Irradiation Procedure 2.3 Determination of the Treatment Efficacy 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Growth Inhibition 3.2 Inactivation Determined with MPN 4 Conclusions References The Challenge of Reducing the Sulfur Oxides Emission in the Maritime Transport: Risks Derived from the Discharge of the Scrubber Washwater into the Marine Environment 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Drinking Water: Strategies for Sustainable Management and Water for Everyone 1 Introduction 2 Water Source and Water Quality 3 Solutions for Water Abstraction, Storage, and Distribution 4 Drinking Water and Public Health 5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Assessment of First Flush Roof Runoff Water Quality: A Case Study in Southern Brazil 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Study Location 2.2 Experimental Collector and Sample Collection 2.3 Laboratory Tests 2.4 Data Analysis 3 Results 3.1 Behaviour of the Coliforms’ Concentration During Roof Runoff 3.2 Correlations Between Microbiological and Physical–Chemical Indicators 3.3 Regression Analysis Between Correlated Parameters 4 Conclusions References Evaluation of Paper Pulp Industry Waste as a Conductivity and Water Colour Reducer 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Waste and Modified Materials 3.2 Conductivity and Colour Reduction Tests 4 Conclusions References Water Governance in Portugal and Brazil: A Comparative Analysis 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 3.1 Water Management: Political Systems in Portugal and Brazil 3.2 The Organization of Portuguese Political and Territorial System of Water Management 3.3 The Organization of Brazil's Political and Territorial System of Water Management 3.4 Conceptual and Approach Differences: Summary 3.5 Differences in Organization 4 Conclusions References Strategic Plan for Water Losses Management in Water Supply Systems 1 Introduction 2 Strategic Planning for Water Losses Management in Water Supply Systems 2.1 Problem Identification and Objective Definition 2.2 Data Collection 2.3 Water Balance Calculation and Performance Indicators 2.4 Strategy Formulation and Action Plan Elaboration 2.5 Action Plan Implementation 2.6 Monitoring and Results Evaluation 3 Conclusions References