Proceedings of The 2nd International Conference on Climate Change and Ocean Renewable Energy: Climate Change and Ocean Renewable Energy (Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences)

Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources that are naturally replenished on a human timescale. It includes sources such as sunlight, tides, waves, wind, rain, and geothermal heat. According to BP's-2018 Energy Outlook (EO), renewable energy will be the fastest growing source of energy, increasing fivefold by 2040, thus providing around 14% of global primary energy at this future point in time. On the other hand, climate change is bringing about rising temperatures, which has significant negative impacts on humans and the environment, and transitioning to renewable energy sources, such as biofuels, can help meet this challenge. Transitioning to renewable energy, and reducing reliance on fossil fuels, is one way to help slow down the effects of climate change. While renewables used to be a more expensive option, new clean energy technologies are lowering costs and helping to move economies away from fossil fuels. Preface About This Book Committee Members Contents Wave Energy and Climate Experts Pioneering the Path in Climate Science and Wave Energy: The Legacies of Warren M. Washington and Stephen Hugh Salter 1 Introduction 2 Warren M. Washington: Pioneering Climate Modeling 3 Stephen Hugh Salter: Harnessing Wave Energy for a Sustainable Future 4 The Legacies of Washington and Salter 5 Conclusion References Expert Opinion Climate Change and Ocean Renewable Energy: Policy Problems 1 Introduction 2 Climate Change and Its Impact on Biodiversity and Human Welfare 3 Shift Towards Renewable Energy Sources 4 Jurisdictional Concerns 5 Environmental Impact 6 Conclusion References Levelling up the Deployment of Generating Energy Buildings (GEBs) with Vacuum Glazing and Vacuum Insulation Panel Technologies 1 Introduction 2 Requirements for Generating Energy Buildings (GEBs) 3 Performance Analysis of Vacuum Glazing Technologies 4 Performance Analysis of Vacuum Insulation Panels 5 Conclusions References Integrated Eco-Industrial Park Planning Towards Net Zero Pathway 1 Introduction 2 IndustrialSymbiosis Role Towards Net Zero Emission Industrial Site 2.1 CO2 Industrial Symbiosis 2.2 Waste Heat Recovery Industrial Symbiosis 2.3 Waste to Energy Industrial Symbiosis 3 Process Integration Tools Towards Net Zero Emission Industrial Site 4 Digitalization and Data Sharing 5 Embedding Net Zero Emission Industrial Site Design in University Curriculum 6 Conclusion References Integrated Simulation to Evaluate Hydrogen Deployment Strategies 1 Introduction 2 Hydrogen Integration Strategies 2.1 Grid Stabilization in Nuclear-Renewable Hybrid Energy Systems 2.2 Load Following and Peak Shaving 3 Integration of Switch Model 4 Energy Semantic Network (ESN) 5 Collaborative Simulation User Interface 6 Conclusion References Circular and Ecological Economy (CEE) to Achieve UN SDGs and Carbon Neutral Society 1 Introduction 2 Concept of Circular Economy and Ecological Economy 2.1 Circular Economy 2.2 Ecological Economy 3 Concept of “Circular and Ecological Economy” (CEE) 3.1 Features of Circular and Ecological Economy (CEE) 3.2 Benefits of Circular and Ecological Economy (CEE) 4 Conclusion References Green Energy Horizons Unlocking Wind Energy Potential in India’s Coastal Region: A Climate Change Resilience Assessment 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Procedures 2.1 Region of the Study 2.2 Wind Speed Data 2.3 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Mean Wind Power Density 3.2 Variability 3.3 Changes in Capacity Factor 3.4 CO2 Equivalent Emission Avoidance 4 Conclusions References Flow-Induced Motion Investigation on Novel SPAR Wind Floater on Damping Plate Configurations 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Method 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Validation and Verification of Proposed Model 3.2 Hydrodynamic Coefficients 3.3 Flow Structures and Patterns 4 Conclusions References A Modern Approach in Applying Photovoltaic Systems to Net-Zero Agriculture Infrastructure in Africa: A Bibliometric Analysis 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Global Progress: The Evolving Landscape of Photovoltaic Applications in Agriculture 3.2 African Publishing Performance Based on Geographical Distribution 4 Conclusion References Blue Horizons: Innovations in Sustainability Brine Treatment to Recover More Seawater by Numerical Solutions 1 Introduction 2 Model 2.1 Transport of ions 2.2 Electroosmotic mass flux 2.3 Boundary conditions 3 Analyses and Results 3.1 Data for Brine and Clay 3.2 Ion concentrations 4 Conclusions References Treatment of Laundry Graywater Using Different Filter Media for Potential Irrigation Reuse 1 Introduction 2 Laundry Graywater Treatment Using Different Filter Media 2.1 Guidelines for Wastewater Re-Use (for Irrigation) 3 Materials and Methods 3.1 Quantifying of Laundry Graywater from the Selected Household 3.2 Materials and Equipment or Tools for Laundry Graywater Filtration 3.3 Experimental Design and Operation of the Laundry Graywater from a Washing Machine 3.4 Laundry Graywater Sampling and Analysis 3.5 Data Analysis for Different Filter Media of Laundry Graywater 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Characterization of Laundry Graywater 4.2 PH Level of Raw and Treated Laundry Graywater 4.3 Effectivity of Filters on BOD Removal 4.4 Effectivity of Filters on TSS Removal 4.5 Effectivity of Filters on Total Phosphorus Removal 4.6 Effectivity of Filters on Total Nitrogen Removal 4.7 Evaluation of Nutrients Available in Raw and Treated Laundry Graywater 5 Conclusions References Analyzing the Role of Salinity in the Chlorophyll Prediction in the Ashtamudi Estuary, India 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Study Area 2.2 Data Collection and Analysis 2.3 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Modelling 2.4 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) Modelling 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Water Quality Characteristics 3.2 Prediction of Chlorophyll Content in Ashtamudi Estuary Based on ANN Model 3.3 Prediction of Chlorophyll Content in Ashtamudi Estuary Based on ANFIS Model 4 Conclusions References Identifying Potential Areas for Rainwater Harvesting in Saudi Arabia 1 Introduction 2 Method and Materials 2.1 Study Area 2.2 Data Collection 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Classification of Biophysical Parameters 3.2 Analysis of Biophysical Parameters 4 Conclusion References Investigation of Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Controlling Processes of Groundwater Using Geochemical Modelling, Ionic Ratios, Water Quality Indices and GIS Techniques in Semi-arid Areas of Northern Ethiopia 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Hydrogeochemical Characteristics 3.2 Hydrogeochemical Processes Based on Ionic Ratios 3.3 Hydrogeochemical Processes Based on Chloro-Alkaline Indices (CAIs) 3.4 Hydrogeochemical Processes Based on Saturation Index 3.5 Water Quality Classification for Drinking Purpose 3.6 Water Quality Classification for Irrigation 4 Conclusions References Implications of Fe(II) and Turbulence on the Kaolin Floc Size 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Instrumentation 2.2 Experimental Procedure 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Effect of Fe(II) Concentration, Salinity, Turbulence and Non- cohesive Sediments on Floc Properties 4 Conclusions References The Removal of Microplastics as a Source for Toxic Chemicals in Aquatic Environments: Characteristics, Occurrence and Removal Mechanisms 1 Introduction 2 Origin and Sources of MPs 3 Provenance and Distribution of Microplastics 4 Microplastics Occurrence in Aquatic Environments 5 Microplastics Control and Management 6 Microplastic Treatments and Removal 7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 8 Suggestions for Future Studies References E-waste Valorization and Management for Precious Metals Mining: Towards a Circular Economy 1 Introduction 2 E-waste Production 3 E-waste Impact on the Environment 4 Recovery of Valuable Metals from Electronic Waste 5 Valorization and Management of E-wastes 6 Recent Technology in Electronic Waste Metal Recovery 7 The Advantages of Recycling of Electronic Waste 8 The Applications of Precious Element 9 Conclusions 10 Future Recommendations to Achieve the Environmentally Friendly and Long Term Recycling of Electronic Waste (for Future Studies) References Is Deficit Irrigation Efficient Practice for Increasing Crop Production in Water-Starved Environments? 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 4 Recommendations 5 Conclusions References Environmental Consequences of Commercialized Agriculture on Natural Resource Base in the Region of Western Himalaya 1 Introduction 2 Research Methodology 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Eco-Waters: Climate Tales The Sediment Carbon Stock in Aquatic Ecosystems: Mitigating Climate Change 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Greenhouse Gases Emission from Coastal Wetlands and Their Impact on Climate Change 1 Introduction 2 Current Status of GHG Fluxes from Coastal Wetlands 3 Conclusions and Recommendations References Diatom Community Structure in 305–395 cm Depth of Balekambang Lake as Bioindicator of Water Quality 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Study Area 2.2 Field Work 2.3 Lab Work 2.4 Data Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Chlorophyll-A Content and Phytoplankton Population Downstream of Tuntang River, Demak, Central Java 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Study Area 2.2 Water Sample Collection 2.3 Collection of Phytoplankton 2.4 Data Analysis 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Estimation of Carbon Stock on the Aboveground at Marine Science Techno Park, Jepara, Central Java 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Research Location 2.2 Sampling Plot and Data Collection 2.3 Biomass Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Environmental DNA Approach to Identify Protists Community in Sediment of Balekambang Lake, Indonesia, Using 18S rRNA Gene 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Sample Collection 2.2 DNA Extraction and Quantitative Measurements 2.3 Sequencing 2.4 Data Analysis 3 Results 3.1 Quantitative Test of Extracted DNA 3.2 Identification of Protists Communities with 18S rRNA Primers 4 Discussions References Agro-Climate Resilience Millets: From Ancient Grains to Modern Super Crops - A Comprehensive Review on Their Resurgence and Role in Combating Global Challenges 1 Introduction to Millets: An Ancient Grain Rediscovered 1.1 Origin and Historical Significance 1.2 Millets Production, Consumption and Market Trends 2 Millets’ Nutritional Proficiency: A Healthy Dietary Alternative 3 Biodiversity and Adaptability: The Millet Advantage 4 Environmental Sustainability: Millets as Climate-Resilient Crops 5 Millet Farming Practices: Traditional Wisdom Meets Modern Agriculture 6 Economic and Social Implications of Millet Cultivation 7 Millets in a Changing World: Addressing Global Food Challenges 8 Challenges and Barriers to Millet Resurgence 9 Promoting Millets: Government Initiatives and Policy SupportTop of Form 10 Culinary Exploration: Integrating Millets into Modern Recipes 11 Future Prospects: Millets as Super Crops for a Sustainable Future 12 Conclusion: Millets’ Vital Role in Combating Global Food and Health Challenges References A Review of Possible Calculation Methods (CMs) for Soil Organic Carbon Stock Estimates and Evaluating Their Methodological Biases 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Search Terms and Article Selection Approach 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Bias of CM1, CM2 and CM3 to Estimate SCS 3.2 Evaluation of the CM1, CM2, CM3 and CM4 3.3 Suggested Equations to Compute SCS 4 Conclusions References Quantification of Urbanization and Its Impact on Agriculture Land from 1998 to 2017; Evidence from Punjab, Pakistan 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Study Area 2.2 Method 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Сlimаtе Сhаngе Іmpасt on Есоnоmiсal Еffiсiеnсу of Lеgumіnоus Сrоps Prоduсtіоn in thе Kаzаkhstаn 1 Intrоduсtiоn 2 Mеthоdоlоgy 3 Rеsults 4 Соnсlusiоn and Disсussiоn 5 Rесоmmеndatiоns Rеfеrеnсеs Author Index