Proceedings of the 21st Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2021): Volume III: Sector Based Ergonomics (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems Book 221)

This book presents the proceedings of the 21st Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2021), held online on June 13-18, 2021. By highlighting the latest theories and models, as well as cutting-edge technologies and applications, and by combining findings from a range of disciplines including engineering, design, robotics, healthcare, management, computer science, human biology and behavioral science, it provides researchers and practitioners alike with a comprehensive, timely guide on human factors and ergonomics. It also offers an excellent source of innovative ideas to stimulate future discussions and developments aimed at applying knowledge and techniques to optimize system performance, while at the same time promoting the health, safety and wellbeing of individuals. The proceedings include papers from researchers and practitioners, scientists and physicians, institutional leaders, managers and policy makers that contribute to constructing the Human Factors and Ergonomics approach across a variety of methodologies, domains and productive sectors. This volume includes papers addressing the following topics: Transport Ergonomics and Human Factors, Practitioner Case Studies, Human Factors in Robotics, Manufacturing, Agriculture, HF/E in Supply Chain Design and Management, Aerospace, Building and Construction. Preface IEA2021 Acknowledgements Organization IEA2021 Organizing Committee IEA2021 Congress Chair Technical Program Committee Co-chairs Media Outreach Developing Countries ePosters Coordinator Exhibits Coordinator Early Career Researcher Program Coordinator Media Relations Events/Social French Language Coordinator Communications Coordinator EasyChair Platform Technical Liaison Scientific Committee of IEA2021 Contents I Part I: Practitioner Cases (Edited by Ruud N. Pikaar) The Virtual World: A Challenge for On-Site Action in Ergonomics 1 Introduction 1.1 The Reasons Why 1.2 The Context 2 The Ergonomist Work Transformation 2.1 The Original Methodology 2.2 An Adapted Methodology 3 Results: The Practice in Action 3.1 First Action 3.2 Second Action 4 Discussion: Perceptions and Perspectives 5 Conclusions References Overcoming the Challenges of Remote Home Office Assessments 1 Introduction and Problem 2 Context 3 Actions 3.1 Market Research 3.2 Develop Virtual Office Assessment Process 3.3 Trialed, Tested, and Put the Virtual Office Assessment to Market 3.4 Complete Assessments and Refine the Process 4 Outcomes 4.1 Market Research 4.2 The Virtual Office Assessment Process 4.3 Completing Assessments and Refining the Process 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion Reference Does a 12-hour Shift Affect Brazilian Workers’ Mental and Physical Health? 1 Introduction 1.1 Impact of 12-hour Work Shift on Workers’ Health 2 Methodology 2.1 Participants 2.2 Procedures 2.3 Instruments 3 Results 3.1 Sleep Assessment 3.2 Physical Health Assessment 3.3 Mental Health Assessment 3.4 Assessing the Perception of Work-Family Conflict 3.5 Work Shift Satisfaction 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Evaluating Physical Work Load and Posture During Testing of Welding Points – Case Study 1 Background 1.1 Musculoskeletal Disorders 1.2 Work Situation 2 Objective 3 Methodology 4 Results 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Application of Participative Ergonomics in a Manufacturing Plant in the Health Area in Brazil 1 Introduction 2 Participatory Methodology 2.1 The Company 2.2 Participatory Methods 3 Results 4 Conclusion References Cases of Human Factors Engineering in Oil & Gas 1 Problem 1.1 The Value of Case Studies 1.2 Content of Case Studies 2 Actions - To Be Honest, It Wasn’t Entirely Scientific! 3 Outcomes 3.1 Content for Control Center Design 3.2 Management of HF Activities 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References HFE in Ever-Changing Industrial Scenario 1 Introduction 1.1 Problem Statement 1.2 Objective 2 Approach and Method 3 Results and Outcomes 3.1 Operation Lines Under Assessment 3.2 Outcome 3.3 Recommendations 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Teller’s Workstation Design Project - Health and Wellbeing through Ergonomics 1 Main Message 2 Context 3 Actions 4 Outcomes 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Ergonomic Intervention in a Colombian Manufacturing Company: Successes and Failures 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Results 4 Discussions 5 Conclusions References Using SELR (Simplify-Enable-Leverage-Resource) to Develop Solutions to Identified Opportunities 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Results 4 Discussion References The Immersion in Virtual Reality of Control Room Activity 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Results 4 Discussions 5 Conclusions References Ergonomics is Profitable – Experiences from a Holistic Manufacturing Plant Level Development Process 1 Ergonomics: A Driver of Development 1.1 Ergonomics as a System Perspective 1.2 Promoting Ergonomics 1.3 The Development Process of Production Facilities 2 Results 3 Discussion 4 Conclusion References Using Knowledge Work Intensity Assessment to Improve the Effectiveness of Quality Assurance in New Drug Development 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Methods of Using the Lifting Fatigue Failure Tool (LiFFT) as an Ergonomic Assessment Tool in the Commercial Production of Turkey Eggs 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Task Descriptions 2.2 Analysis 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Designing the BrainTagger Researcher Platform to Automate Development of Customized Cognitive Games 1 Introduction 1.1 Problem 2 Objective 3 Method 4 Results 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References II Part II: Aerospace (Edited by Guy André Boy) Heart Rate, Heart Rate Variability and Subjective Workload of Commercial Pilots During Jet Airplane Handling Maneuvers 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Procedure 2.2 Data Handling 3 Results 4 Discussion References Fatigue-Indicator in Operational Settings: Vocal Changes 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Fatigue Assessment Methods Applied to Air Traffic Control – A Bibliometric Analysis 1 Introduction 1.1 Problem Statement 1.2 Objective/Question 1.3 Methodology 2 Results 2.1 Identified Methods 2.2 Discussion 3 Conclusions References Comfort in the Regional Aircraft Cabin: Passenger Priorities 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Estimation of a Pilot’s Workload In-Flight Using External Fluctuation Factors: An Experimental Approach Using a Flight Simulator 1 Introduction 2 Collecting Data Through Experiments 2.1 Identifying Factors that Increase the In-Flight Workload of the Pilot 2.2 Acquisition of Learning Data 3 Construction of Estimation Model 3.1 Processing of Collected Data 3.2 Model 1: Estimating Future Flight Data from Current Flight Data 3.3 Model 2: Estimating Workload Level from Physiological Indices 3.4 Model 3: Estimating Workload Level from Flight Data 4 Results 5 Verification of Proposed System 6 Conclusion References Single Pilot Operations Along the Human-Centered Design Lifecycle: Reviewing the Dedicated Support Concept 1 Introduction 1.1 Single Pilot Operations for Civil Commercial Aircraft 1.2 The Dedicated Support Concept of Single Pilot Operations 2 Method 2.1 Systematic Literature Review 2.2 Coding Categories and Data Analysis 2.3 Evaluation Regarding the Human-Centered Design ISO 9241-210 3 Results 4 Discussion References Some Major Human Issues in Aerospace Engineering: Review and Extension 1 Introduction 2 Review 3 Extension 4 Conclusions References Statistical Modelling of Comfort Preferences and Uncertainty in Subjective Evaluations of Aircraft Seat Comfort 1 Introduction 2 Overview of Experiments 2.1 Statistical Data Analysis 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References A Staggered Seat is Beneficial for the Flying V Aircraft 1 Introduction 1.1 A New Aircraft: The Flying V 1.2 Staggered Seats 2 Overview of Comfort Study 2.1 Statistical Data Analysis 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References III Part III: Agriculture (Edited by Peter Lundqvist) Improvements of a Tractor Cab’s Usability Based on Interaction Analysis and Ergonomics Adjustments 1 Problem Statement 2 Objective 3 Methodology 4 Results 4.1 Redesign of the Front Instrumental Panel 4.2 Redesign of the Levers Dashboard and Seat 5 Discussion 6 Conclusions References Agriculture in Transition: New Strategies for the Promotion of Occupational Health and Safety 1 Introduction 1.1 Agriculture – A Risk Prone Industry 1.2 Agriculture in Transformation 1.3 The Need for New Perspectives 2 An Integrated Framework for Understanding and Promoting Occupational Health and Safety in Agriculture 2.1 A Starting Point 2.2 Hypotheses Emerging from the Theoretical Approach 2.3 Application of the Model 3 Conclusion References Manual Handling Task of Bovine Quarters Among Delivery Operators in a Chilean Slaughterhouse Company: A Case Study with Ergonomic Approximation 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 3.1 Description of the Work Activity Analysis 3.2 Biomechanical Workload 3.3 Dynamic Physiological Workload 3.4 Determinants of Work Activity 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Development of Underground Posture Assessment Tool (UPAT) for Underground Enclosed Spaces: The Algerian Foggara as an Example 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Sample 2.2 Data Collection Tool 3 Results 3.1 First, the Development of an Ergonomics Assessment Tool for Working Postures in Confined Underground Spaces 3.2 Second, the Evaluation of Work Postures Adopted by Foggara Maintenance Workers While Performing the Work 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Ergonomics Intervention Program to Train Water Measurers (Al-Kayyals) for Work at Foggara Irrigation System in Algeria 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Method 2.2 Sample 2.3 Tool 3 Results 3.1 Results of the Evaluation of the Program 3.2 Results of the Follow-Up of the Program 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Smart Farming: Application of Internet of Things (IoT) Systems 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Literature Review 4 Results 5 Conclusion References Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Postural Analysis of Lettuce Farmers 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Study Design and Setting 2.2 Instruments 2.3 Data Collection 2.4 Statistical Analysis 3 Results 3.1 Socio-demographic and Work-Related Details 3.2 Musculoskeletal Outcomes 3.3 RULA Analysis 3.4 Factors of Musculoskeletal Symptoms to Farmer’s Socio-demographic 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Protection of Pineapple Crop Workers: Outline of Attributes and Technical Specifications for a Set of Personal Protective Equipment 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Work Analysis 2.2 Application of the QFD Method and Construction of the Quality Matrix 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Analysis of Pineapple Harvesting Work 3.2 Priority Hierarchy Tables and Quality Matrices 4 Conclusion References Leg Swelling Among Colombian Florists 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Type of Study and Population 2.2 Leg Circumference Measurement 2.3 Calculation of Volume and Percentage of Change 2.4 Statistical Processing 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Case Study: Ergonomic Analysis and Intervention of a Tractor Cabin: Improving Its Usability and Reducing the Risk of Physical Fatigue 1 Problem Statement 2 Objective 3 Methodology 4 Results 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Safety in the Field: Assessing the Impact of Stress and Fatigue on Situation Awareness in Irish and British Farmers 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Participants 2.2 Design 2.3 Data Collection 2.4 Data Analysis 3 Results 3.1 Demographic Characteristics 3.2 Situation Awareness 3.3 Stress and Fatigue 4 Discussion References Interaction Analysis and Usability Adjustments in Conceptual Design of a Generic Tractor Cabin 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Literature Review 2.2 Procedures Analysis 2.3 Conceptual Design 3 Results 3.1 Driver’s Seat 3.2 Multi-purpose Accessory 3.3 Joystick 3.4 Frontal Panel 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References IV Part IV: Building and Construction (Edited by John Smallwood) Conscious Ergonomics in Architecture: Energy, Matter, and Form from Theory to Practice 1 Introduction and Background 2 Objective 3 Method 3.1 Scientific State-of-the-Art 3.2 Empiric Experiences 4 Results 4.1 Scientific State-of-the-art Results 4.2 Empirical Experiences Results 5 Discussion and Conclusions References Incorporating Ergonomics into a Construction Safety Management System 1 Introduction 1.1 Objective 2 Methodology 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Trends of Fatal Falls in the U.S. Construction Industry 1 Introduction 1.1 Problem Statement 1.2 Objective/Question 2 Methodology 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Effect of Safety Culture on Safety Citizenship Behavior of Construction Personnel in China 1 Background Introduction 2 Literatures Review 2.1 Safety Constructs 2.2 Hypotheses 3 Methodology 3.1 Questionnaire Survey 3.2 Data Analysis 4 Results 4.1 Structural Equation Modeling 4.2 Pearson Correlation 4.3 Linear Regression 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion and Limitation References Concrete Casting – Construction Engineers’ Attitudes and Knowledge About Work Environment, Risk Factors, Injuries and Self-compacting Concrete 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 Results 3.1 Work Environment 3.2 Work Priorities 3.3 Efficacy of Construction Processes 3.4 SCC and Other Construction-Related Methodologies 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Social Housing and Working-From-Home: An Ergonomic Analysis of Brazilian Dwelling During the Covid-19 Pandemic 1 Introduction 2 Obtained Data from the Environment and the Workplace 2.1 Analysis of the Demand 2.2 Activity Analysis 2.3 Ergonomic Diagnosis and Recommendations 3 Final Considerations References Construction Ergonomics: Can the Challenges Be Overcome? 1 Introduction 2 Review of the Literature 3 Research 4 Conclusions 5 Recommendations References V Part V: Ergonomics in Manufacturing (Edited by Jim R. Potvin) Knowledge and Expertise Sharing – Designing an AR-Mediated Cyber-Physical Production System for Industrial Set-Up Processes 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Methodology 4 Results 5 Discussion and Conclusion References Strain-Related Evaluation of an AR-Based Cyber-Physical Production System for Setting up Industrial Machines 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Methodology 4 Working Hypotheses 5 Results 6 Discussion and Conclusion References Derivation of MTM-HWD® Analyses from Digital Human Motion Data 1 The MTM-HWD® Process Building Block System 2 Application of MTM-HWD® 2.1 Building Block Elements 2.2 Influencing Factors - Lower Limbs 2.3 Influencing Factors - Trunk and Head/Neck 2.4 Influencing Factors - Upper Limbs 3 Categorization of the Influencing Variables 4 Determining the Information Through Human Simulations 4.1 Building Block Elements 4.2 Influencing Factors - Accuracies 4.3 Influencing Factors - Distances 4.4 Influencing Factors - Postures 4.5 Influencing Factors - Forces 5 Implementation with the imk ema Simulation Tool 6 Conclusion References A Systemic Overview of Factors Affecting the Cognitive Performance of Industrial Manual Assembly Workers 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 3.1 Physical and Mental Demands on Assemblers 3.2 Assemblers’ Motivation and Attitudes Towards the Work 3.3 Assembly Conditions and Work-Related Flow 3.4 Learning and Training 3.5 Design- and Manufacturing Engineers’ Perspectives on How to Contribute to Sustainable Cognitive Performance 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Ergo4All: An Ergonomic Guidance Tool for Non-ergonomist 1 Introduction 1.1 Problem Statement 1.2 DHM for Manufacturing Engineers 1.3 Objective 2 Methodology 2.1 Ergo4AllTM Integration 2.2 The Decision Tree Structure 2.3 Ergo4AllTM Output 2.4 Inside Ergo4AllTM 3 Result 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Development of Cooperative Artificial Intelligence (AI) Applications to Support Human Work in Manufacturing 1 Problem Statement/Introduction 2 KompAKI - Competence Center for Work and AI 3 Use Case 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion and Outlook References Exoskeletons in Automotive Industry: Investigation into the Applicability Across Regions 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Usage Across Regions 3 Findings Across Regions: Common Approach, Outcomes and Challenges 4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References The Impact of a Customized, Job-Specific Stretching Program in Manufacturing: A Pilot Study 1 Introduction 1.1 Description of the Problem 1.2 Background Information 1.3 Purpose/Research Question 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Context 2.2 Participant Description 2.3 Stretching Program Development and Implementation 2.4 Survey Development and Distribution 2.5 Fitness Testing 2.6 Ergonomic Injury Data 2.7 Data Analysis 3 Results 3.1 Physical Fitness Outcomes 3.2 Perceived Discomfort Outcomes 3.3 Affective Outcomes 3.4 Ergonomic Injury Reporting 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Multidisciplinary Approach Ergonomics and Lean: Articulation Between Performance, Health and Safety 1 Introduction 2 A Necessary Collaboration 3 Methodology 4 Working Together and Moving Towards Major Improvements in Working Conditions and Performance 5 Contribution of the Ergonomic Approach 6 Conclusion References Reaction Force Exposure for Tightening Tool Users: An Experimental Study on Nutrunners 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Experimental Procedure 2.2 Psychophysics Approach 2.3 Measured Parameters 2.4 Measurement Equipment 2.5 Data Analysis 3 Results 3.1 Chosen Tightening Torques and Corresponding Reaction Load Levels 3.2 Subjective Ratings of Discomfort 4 Discussion 4.1 Discussion of Results 4.2 Discussion of Methods 5 Conclusion References The European Machinery Directive: A Challenge for Manufacturers and Users 1 Introduction 2 The Impact Study Presented by the European Commission 3 The Proposals Mentioned in the European Commission Projects 4 The Stakes for the Designers and the Buyers 5 Dealing with the Changing Nature of Risk 5.1 Machinery Safety at Workplaces 6 Conclusion References Reduced Work Pace in a Poultry Slaughterhouse 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Application of SHERPA (Systematic Human Error Reduction and Prediction Approach) as an Alternative to Predict and Prevent Human Error in Manual Assembly 1 Introduction 1.1 The SHERPA Technique 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Assembly Case 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions Appendix A. Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA) of the Assembly of the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) References VI Part VI: Human Factors/Ergonomics in Supply Chain Design and Management (Edited by Fabio Sgarbossa) The SRA Index (Sustainable Risk Awareness Index): A New KPI for Management Support 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Objective 2 Methods 3 Results 3.1 The SRA Index 3.2 An Example Illustrating the SRA Index 4 Discussion 4.1 Discussion of Results 4.2 Future Work 5 Conclusions References Interventions to Improve Occupational Safety and Health in the Garment Industry – Development of New Integrated Strategies 1 Introduction 2 Decoupling of OSH and Operations 3 Integration as a New Intervention Strategy 4 Methodology 5 Results 6 Discussion and Conclusion References Reality-Based Laboratory for Exoskeleton Studies in Logistics 1 Introduction 2 Objective 3 Methodology 3.1 Procedure 3.2 Preliminary Study 3.3 Improvements from the Preliminary Study 3.4 Subjective Measurements 3.5 Objective Measurements 4 Outlook References Dynamic Break Management in Logistics on the Basis of Individual Vital Data: Designing the User Interface of an AI-Based Mobile App for Employees in Order Picking 1 Problem Statement and Motivation 2 Research Objective 3 Methodology 3.1 Principles of Human Information Processing in the Design of User Interfaces 3.2 Research Findings on Ergonomic App Design 4 Results 4.1 Current Development Status of the App “Dynamic Break Management” 4.2 Different Mockups for a Research-Based App Design 5 Conclusion References Occupational Safety and Health Education and Training: A Latent Dirichlet Allocation Systematic Literature Review 1 Problem Setting 2 Methodology 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References The Entropic Complexity of Human Factor in Collaborative Technologies 1 Introduction 2 Industry 4.0 Collaborative Workplace Scenario 3 Entropy Concept and Human Factor 4 Discussion References The Influence of an Ergonomic Storage Location Assignment on Human Strain in Manual Order Picking 1 Introduction 1.1 Workload in Order Picking Systems 1.2 Ergonomic SLA - Literature Review 2 Methods 2.1 Development of the Ergonomic SLA Algorithm 2.2 Evaluation of the Ergonomic SLA Algorithm 3 Results 3.1 EMG 3.2 Perceived Exertion 3.3 Cycle Time 4 Discussion 4.1 Discussion of Results 4.2 Limitations 5 Conclusion References Analysis of the Physical Workload and Ergonomic Design of Workstations for “Goods-to-Person” Order Picking 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Captiv Motion Capture System 2.2 EAWS – Experts-Screening Method for Analysis of Physical Work Loads 2.3 Evaluation Procedure of Analysis Data 2.4 Experimental Design and Procedure 3 Results 4 Discussion 4.1 EAWS Analysis 4.2 3D Simulation 5 Conclusion References VII Part VII: Transportation Ergonomics and Human Factors (Edited by Peter Burns) Exploring Cyclist-Vehicle Interaction – Results from a Naturalistic Cycling Study 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Sample Selection 2.2 Data Preparation and Editing 3 Results 3.1 Non-regulated Cyclist-Vehicle Interactions 3.2 Less Regulated Cyclist-Vehicle Interactions 4 Discussion References Human-Machine Interfaces for Automated Driving: Development of an Experimental Design for Evaluating Usability 1 Introduction 2 Design of Experiment 2.1 Definition of Usability 2.2 Sample Characteristics 2.3 Test Cases 2.4 Human-Machine Interfaces 2.5 Dependent Variables 2.6 Procedure 2.7 Conditions of Use 2.8 Testing Environment 3 Limitations 4 Summary and Outlook References I Spy with My Mental Eye – Analyzing Compensatory Scanning in Drivers with Homonymous Visual Field Loss 1 Theoretical Background 2 Analysis of Visual Attention in Drivers with HVFL 2.1 The SEEV Model of Attention 2.2 Analysis of Attention Allocation in Drivers with HVFL 3 Derivation of Factors Influencing Compensatory Scanning 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References A Matter of Trust – Identification and Evaluation of User Requirements and Design Concepts for a Trust Label in Autonomous Driving 1 Introduction 2 Research Objective and Questions Addressed 3 Empirical Research Approach 3.1 Methodology 3.2 Data Collection and Procedure 3.3 Participants 4 Results 4.1 Study I: Understanding Users’ Perceptions of a Trust Label 4.2 Study II: Measuring Users’ Attitudes Towards a Trust Label 4.3 Study III: User-Centered Design Concepts of a Trust Label 5 Discussion References Pedestrians-Automated Vehicles Interaction: Toward a Specific Trust Model? 1 Introduction 1.1 Research Objectives 2 Method 3 Preliminary Results 4 Discussion References Information Depth in a Video Tutorial on the Intended Use of Automated Driving 1 Introduction 1.1 How Do We Learn Best? Insights from Cognitive Psychology 2 Method 2.1 Design and Implementation of the Interactive Video Tutorial 2.2 Study Procedure and Measures 2.3 Sample Description 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Driving a Partially Automated Car with the Hands On or Off the Steering Wheel: Users’ Subjective Experiences 1 Problem Statement 2 Methodology 2.1 Population 2.2 Conditions and Critical Events 2.3 Experimental Protocol 2.4 Interviews 2.5 Analysis of the Verbal and Behavioral Data 3 Results 3.1 The Users’ Subjective Experience 3.2 Observable Measures: The Objective Risk 4 Discussion References Effect of Time Length of Eye Movement Data Analysis on the Accuracy of Mental Workload Estimation During Automobile Driving 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Experimental Conditions 2.2 Quantification of MWL by One-Class Support Vector Machine 2.3 Analysis 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References A User-Centered Approach to Adapt the Human-Machine Cooperation Strategy in Autonomous Driving 1 Introduction 2 Indicators and Diagnose of the Driver’s State 3 Design of the HMI 4 Experimental Assessment of the System – A WOz Study 4.1 Method 4.2 Results 5 Discussion References Citizen Centered Mobility Planning: The Case of the Speed Limits Reduction of São Paulo Highways 1 Introduction 2 Traffic Models 2.1 Traffic Flow Theory 2.2 Traffic Safety 3 Human Smart City 4 The São Paulo Case Study 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Vibration Transmission at Seat Cushion and Sitting Comfort in Next-Generation Cars 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Participants 2.2 Measures 2.3 Research Design 2.4 Experimental Manipulations 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Why is the Automation Not Available and When Can I Use It? 1 Introduction 1.1 System Understanding and Mental Models 1.2 Information on the ADS When Not Available to Enhance System Understanding 2 Research Objectives 3 Methods 3.1 Experimental Design, HMI Concepts and Procedure 3.2 Apparatus and Measures 3.3 Sample and Statistical Analysis 4 Results 5 Discussion and Limitations References Modeling the Orientation of Take-Over Trajectories Using Mixed Linear Effects Models 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Modeling the Data 2.2 Distance of the Trajectory from the Plane 3 Results 3.1 The Plane Model 3.2 Distance of the Trajectory from the Plane 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Driving Posture Assessment: A New Approach 1 Introduction 2 Analyses 2.1 Sitting Strategy 2.2 Physical Strain 2.3 Physical Driving Performance 3 Theoretical Model 4 Summary References Goal-Directed Task Analysis for Situation Awareness Requirements During Ship Docking in Compulsory Pilotage Area 1 Introduction 2 Previous Work 2.1 Situation Awareness 2.2 Ship Pilotage 2.3 Compulsory Pilotage 3 Method 3.1 Participants 3.2 Scenario 3.3 Interviews 3.4 Goal Directed Task Analysis (GDTA) 4 Results 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References The Effect of Driving Automation on Drivers’ Anticipatory Glances 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Experiment Designs 2.2 Data Analysis 3 Results 3.1 Glances to Anticipatory Cues 3.2 Glances to Roadway 4 Discussion References Pedestrians’ Attitudes Towards Automated Vehicles: A Qualitative Study Based on Interviews in Germany 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Participants 2.2 Data Collection 2.3 Data Analysis 3 Findings 3.1 General Attitude Towards AVs 3.2 Attitudes Regarding Safety, Compatibility of AVs and Interaction with AVs 4 Discussion References The Importance of the Approach Towards the Curb Before Pedestrians Cross Streets 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Scenario 2.2 Data Set 2.3 Raters 2.4 Metrics 3 Results 3.1 Sample 3.2 Distance Between Pedestrian and Vehicle (DPTV) 3.3 Distance Between Pedestrian and Street (DPTS) 3.4 Time for Activity by Pedestrian (TFABP) 4 Discussion and Conclusion References Pilot is a Pilot is a Pilot?: Exploration of Effects of Professional Culture in Helicopter Pilots 1 Culture in the Cockpit 1.1 Professional Culture 1.2 The Current Study 2 Methods 2.1 Participants 2.2 Interviews 2.3 Analysis Strategy 3 Results 3.1 Military Culture 3.2 Civilian Culture 3.3 Characteristics and Limitations of Civil Aviation 3.4 Professional Culture of Pilots 3.5 Early Influences on Development of Professional Culture 4 Discussion 4.1 Research Questions and Findings 4.2 Limitations and Future Directions 5 Conclusion References Investigation of Driver Behavior During Minimal Risk Maneuvers of Automated Vehicles 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Scenarios 2.2 Apparatus 2.3 Participants 2.4 Experimental Design and Dependent Variables 2.5 HMI 3 Results 3.1 Number of Interventions 3.2 Manner of Intervention 3.3 Time of First Intervention 3.4 Criticality Because of Driver Intervention 3.5 Reasons for (Not) Intervening 3.6 Re-entering into Traffic 4 Discussion and Conclusion References An Innovative Seat Ventilation Concept: Does the Seat Provide Overall Thermal Comfort in Autonomous Vehicles? 1 Introduction 2 Fundamentals 3 State of Research 4 Methodology 4.1 Seat Design 4.2 Experimental Setup 4.3 Experimental Parameters 5 Results 6 Discussion 7 Conclusion References Design of External Human-Machine Interfaces for Different Automated Vehicle Types for the Interaction with Pedestrians on a Shared Space 1 Theory 2 Method 3 Results 4 Discussion References Negative Effect of External Human-Machine Interfaces in Automated Vehicles on Pedestrian Crossing Behaviour: A Virtual Reality Experiment 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Participants 2.2 Apparatus 2.3 Experimental Design 2.4 Procedure 2.5 Statistical Analyses 3 Results 3.1 The Ratio of Pedestrians Who Looked Toward the Left During Crossing 3.2 The Ratio of Pedestrians Who Stopped on the Crosswalk During Crossing 3.3 The Ratio for no Collision Cases 4 Discussions References Personality Influences on Drivers’ Decision to Take Back Manual Control: A Simulator Study on Automated Driving 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Participants 2.2 Apparatus 2.3 Procedure 2.4 Experimental Design 2.5 Materials 2.6 Data Processing 3 Results 3.1 Influences of Personality Variables 3.2 Influence of Automation Feedback 4 Discussion 4.1 Limitations and Future Work 5 Conclusion References Is Interacting with Partial Automation System with a Joystick a Potential Option? 1 Introduction 1.1 Research Background 1.2 Research Questions 2 Method 2.1 Participants and Apparent 2.2 Experiment Design 2.3 Scenario 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Solving Cooperative Situations: Strategic Driving Decisions Depending on Perceptions and Expectations About Other Drivers 1 Introduction 1.1 Cooperative Situations 1.2 Expectations About Other Drivers 1.3 Conflict and Power as Perceptions of Cooperative Situations 2 Method 2.1 Sample Characteristics 2.2 Procedure 2.3 Materials and Measurements 3 Results 3.1 Driving Decisions, Expectations, and Preferences 3.2 Perception of Cooperative Scenarios 3.3 Cooperativeness and Evaluation of Other Drivers 4 Discussion 4.1 Driving Decisions Depending on Expectations and Preferences 4.2 Comparison of Cooperative Scenarios Based on Conflict and Power 4.3 Relationship Between Driving Decisions and Conflict Perception 4.4 Biases in Cooperativeness Evaluations 4.5 Strengths, Limitations, and Future Work References Aspects of Brazilian Pedestrian Behavior: A Questionnaire Study 1 Problem Statement and Context 2 Objective and Method of This Study 3 Preliminary Results 4 Discussion and Future Steps References Systematic Development and Evaluation of a User-Oriented System for Public Transport Vehicles Identification 1 Introduction 1.1 Status Quo and Problem Statement 1.2 Objective 1.3 Input Parameter Vehicle Design Methodology 2 Identification of Critical Interactions 2.1 Information Flow Analysis of a Typical Public Transport Usage 2.2 Observational Study 2.3 Discussion 3 Conception of Control and Display System 4 Concept Evaluation in Pedestrian Simulator 4.1 Experimental Setup 4.2 Results 4.3 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Driver’s Cardiac Activity Measurement Using Capacitive ECG Measurements from Realistic Driving on City and Highway Roads 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 cECG Sensors and Measurement Setup 2.2 Signal Conditioning Unit 2.3 QRS Detection and Validation 2.4 Test Protocol 3 Results 3.1 Static Test Measurements 3.2 Dynamic Test Measurements 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References