Proceedings of the 21st Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2021): Volume I: Systems and Macroergonomics (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems Book 219)

This book presents the proceedings of the 21st Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2021), held online on June 13-18, 2021. By highlighting the latest theories and models, as well as cutting-edge technologies and applications, and by combining findings from a range of disciplines including engineering, design, robotics, healthcare, management, computer science, human biology and behavioral science, it provides researchers and practitioners alike with a comprehensive, timely guide on human factors and ergonomics. It also offers an excellent source of innovative ideas to stimulate future discussions and developments aimed at applying knowledge and techniques to optimize system performance, while at the same time promoting the health, safety and wellbeing of individuals. The proceedings include papers from researchers and practitioners, scientists and physicians, institutional leaders, managers and policy makers that contribute to constructing the Human Factors and Ergonomics approach across a variety of methodologies, domains and productive sectors. This volume includes papers addressing the following topics: Activity Theories for Work Analysis and Design (ATWAD), Organisation design and management (ODAM), Ergonomic Work Analysis and Training (EWAT), Systems HF/E, HF/E Education and Professional Certification Development. Preface IEA2021 Acknowledgements Organization IEA2021 Organizing Committee IEA2021 Congress Chair Technical Program Committee Co-chairs Media Outreach Developing Countries ePosters Coordinator Exhibits Coordinator Early Career Researcher Program Coordinator Media Relations Events/Social French Language Coordinator Communications Coordinator EasyChair Platform Technical Liaison Scientific Committee of IEA2021 Contents Part I: Activity Theories for Work Analysis and Design (ATWAD) (Edited by Pascal Béguin and Francisco José de Castro Moura Duarte) Classes and Dimensions of Task Microprojects: A Case Study on Cargo Handling 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 Results 3.1 Moving a Flange to a Process plant’s First Floor 3.2 Moving a Trolley to a Process plant’s First Floor 3.3 Removing a Diesel Engine from the Generator Room 3.4 Analysis of Cases 4 Conclusion References Analysis of Well Intervention Team Meetings: Understanding the Actual Work of Integrated Operations 1 Background 2 Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Well Intervention Team Meetings: Context and Organization 3.2 Aspects Which Facilitate or Hinder the IO Which Were Observed Through Well Intervention Team Meetings 4 Conclusions References The Survival of Life. For an Ecology of Human Work 1 Introduction 2 Life, Present in Different Ways in the Analyzed and Designed System 2.1 Life as the Consequence of Reliability 2.2 Life in Interventions “Pulled” by Industry: Safety Critical Systems 2.3 Life in Prospective Ergonomists Driven Interventions 2.4 Ergonomics at the Crossroad of Health and Performance 3 Conditions for Prospective Ergonomics Interventions 4 Conclusions References Emancipation and Work: An Outmoded Ambition? 1 Problem Statement 2 Work as Labor and as Activity 3 Emancipation from Work 4 Emancipation Within Work 5 Emancipation by Work 6 Discussion References Industry of the Future, Future of Work: The Case of Collaborative Robotics 1 Introduction and Methodology 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Methodology 2 Analysis and Modeling of the Refining Activity 2.1 Analysis of the Refining Activity 2.2 Modeling of the Refining Activity 3 Discussion and Perspectives 4 Conclusion References The Invisible Risk in the Work of Live Line Electricians 1 Problem 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusions 5 Acknowledgements References The Work of Live Electricians: Postural Analysis in Vegetation Pruning Task 1 Introduction 2 Methodologies 2.1 Population 2.2 Procedures 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusions References The Role of Participatory Ergonomics Meetings on the Development of an Electronic Health Record for Support Collaborative Care of Children and Youth 1 Background 1.1 Theoretical Framework: The Concepts of Professional Worlds and Common Worlds 2 Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Forensic Police’s Work Simulation to Support Product Development in Times of Pandemic 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 Results 3.1 Simulation Structure 3.2 Simulation Material and Intermediary Objects 3.3 Simulation Dynamics 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References The Territorial Dimensions of Solid Waste Management Systems: A Global-Local Dialectic for Sustainable Work Systems 1 Introduction 2 Presentation of the French Case 2.1 Context, Material and Method 2.2 MRFs Work Systems and Working Conditions in France 2.3 Effects of Territorialized Collection Systems on Sorting Work 3 Presentation of the Brazilian Case 3.1 Context, Material and Method 3.2 MRFs Work Systems and Working Conditions in Brazil 3.3 Effects of Territorialized Collection Systems on Sorting Work 4 Discussion and Conclusion References Distribution of Visual Attention in High-Risk and Dynamic Environment: An Eye-Tracking Study with Submarine Team Leaders 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Extending System Performance Past the Boundaries of Technical Maturity: Human-Agent Teamwork Perspective for Industrial Inspection 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Research Design 2.2 Data Collection and Interpretation 2.3 Early Phases of Cyber-Physical-Social System Design 3 Activity Analysis of Industrial Inspection in Aeronautics 4 Formative Patterns for HAT Configurations 5 Discussion and Conclusion References Autonomy and Singularity - Work, Ubiquity and Operational Fluidity 1 Introduction 1.1 New Patterns of Work and Types of Workers 2 Practical Application in Ergonomics Intervention 3 Discussion References The Work System: A Scale to Capture the Systemic Design Activity of Farmers in Agroecological Transition 1 Problem Statement 2 Objective 3 Methodology 4 Results 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References The Workplace Role in Integrated Operations: Contributions and Limits of a Collaborative Environment 1 Introduction 2 Context 3 Methodology 4 Results 4.1 First Stage of Ergonomic Intervention 4.2 Second Stage of Ergonomic Intervention 5 Discussion and Conclusions References Health Crisis, Work Crisis: What Place for Ergonomics in Society Now? 1 Dead Ends and Blind Spots of Pre-crisis Work 2 The Experience of the Recognized Contribution of One's Own Work to Meaningful Social Issues During Crisis 3 Meaning of Work and Ergonomics References Organisations Without Employers, Reflection on Future Work in Workplaces 1 Recovered Factories (RF) 2 Approach 3 Theoretical Issues 3.1 Building the Future of Work 4 Result 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Territory as a Construct of Work Activity and an Operative Dispositive For and Through Action 1 Introduction 2 Objective/Question 3 Methodology 3.1 Participants 3.2 Data Collection and Analysis 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 The Territory as a Set of Space-Related Indicators 4.2 When a Territory “Hides” Another Territory: Which Territorializations Are Produced by the Work Activity? 5 Conclusions References Reward, Social Support and General Health in Colombian Teleworkers. A Mixed Study 1 Telework 2 Objective 3 Theoretical Framework 3.1 Methodology 4 Outcomes 5 Discussion 6 Conclusions References Integrated Operations in Times of Pandemic: Communication at Distance and Knowledge Sharing 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Original Context, Before the Pandemic 4 Changes Due to the Pandemic 5 Comparison and Results 6 Discussion 7 Conclusions References Supporting Digital Transition within SME through Multilevel Cooperation, A Work Use Lab Experimentation 1 A Work Use Lab Experimentation as a Developmental Learning Process 1.1 The Mission Conducted 1.2 The Involved Stakeholders and Their Productions 2 Results: The Stakeholders Capabilities to Produce Desirable Futures for Work 3 From Learning to Development References Contribution to the Industry 4.0 Design Project Based on Exposure Situations 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References The Work of the Logisticians and the Collective Dimension of Integrated Operations of Logistics in the Oil & Gas Industry 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Bases 3 Method 4 Results 4.1 A Drilling Rig 4.2 A Demand for Logistic Adjustment 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Co-creation Workshops for Innovation in Places: The Role of Boundary Objects 1 Introduction 2 Contextualization of Co-creation Workshops 3 Concept of Boundary Objects 4 Research Design 5 The Case Project: Co-design of Products and Services in a National Park 5.1 Case Settings 5.2 Co-creation Workshops for Service and Product Design 6 Discussion of Results 7 Conclusion References Work Activity, A Link Between Networks and “Living” Territories: The Case of Express Package Distribution 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Connecting the National Territory to the Local Territories 4 Increased Local Variability 5 Sustainable Development Concerns Increasing Local Variability 6 Conclusion References From Integrated Operations to Remote Operations: Socio-technical Challenge for the Oil and Gas Business 1 Introduction 2 The Current Centers of Calculation 2.1 Remote Onshore Control Room 3 Basics of Industrial Automation and Control Systems (IACS) and Enterprise Systems OT and IT 4 Quo Vadis - Remote Operation Industrial Control Systems References Monitoring Return to Work Processes at a University Hospital: Ergonomics Contributions 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Final Considerations References Inter-organizational Design for Sustainable Transition in Agri-Food Systems: The Case of the Paris-Saclay Territory 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Context 2.2 Data Collection 2.3 Data Analysis 3 Results 3.1 Variability of Coordination with Producers 3.2 Influence at Micro-level 3.3 Relation with Macro-level 4 Discussion References Experimenting Sustainable Orchards: How to Cope with Different Territorial Levels? 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Reconnecting with the Territory in Both Design and Implementation Phases 3.1 Designing Orchards with the Local Stakeholders 3.2 Observation Activities: A Pivotal Role Which Specifications Requires In-depth Reconnection to the Ecological Territory 4 Questions Regarding Territorial Issues 4.1 How to Generalize Knowledge When Produced in a Local Situation? 4.2 Which Potential Impacts of Pesticide Free Experimentation on Local Commercial Orchards? 4.3 Which Room for Work Requirements in the Step-by-Step Design of Pesticide Free Experimental Orchards? 5 Conclusion References Constructing the Place of Ergonomics as a Design Discipline: The Case of the Basic Design of Oil Platforms 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Work Dimensions of the Inclusion of Autistic People: An Integrative Literature Review 1 Background 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Responsibility of Action and Situated Cognition in Artefact—User Relationship 1 Situated Cognition and Agency 2 The User-Artefact Relationship 3 Responsibility of the Action in Situated Cognition References The Practice of Ergonomics in the Creation of Technical Specifications for Offshore Platform Projects 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Inclusion of Debates on Real Work Situations in Alarm Management at a Gas Logistics Terminal 1 Background 1.1 Using Experience to Prevent Disasters 1.2 Alarm Management Process 1.3 Bad Actors’ Treatment on Practice 2 Objective/Question 3 Methodology 4 Results 4.1 Context of the AMC Meetings 4.2 Qualitative Content Analysis 5 Discussion 6 Conclusions References Ergonomic Simulation: The Work Dimension in the Integrated Operations Centres Design in the Oil Industry 1 Introduction 1.1 The Work Dimension in Integrated Operations (IO) Projects 1.2 Participatory Ergonomics 2 Methods 2.1 Case Study Context 2.2 Case Setting and Participants 3 Results 3.1 The Role of Work Analysis 3.2 The Role of Simulations 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Situated Relational Networks: Empowerment and Entrepreneurship in the Rocinha Slum 1 Introduction 2 Effectual Entrepreneurship in Rocinha Slum 3 Four Cases of Situated Entrepreneurship in Rocinha 4 Findings 5 Conclusions References Foundations for a Prospective Approach to Work. Supporting Concrete Utopias 1 Introduction 2 The Backgrounds of Prospective Approach to Work 3 Nature of Movements Concerned, Associated Challenges and Elements of the Approach 4 Conclusion References Helping a Robot to be “Autonomous”: The Expertise of a (Human) Roboticist in a Manufacturing Plant 1 Introduction 2 Human-Machine Integration 3 The Course of Action as a Methodological Approach 4 Human-Machine Interaction and the Micro-world 4.1 Supervising the Robots 4.2 Maintaining Robots’ Micro-world 4.3 “Optimation” Robots’ Micro-world 5 Analysis and Final Considerations References Reasoning Territorial Projects Through the Making of a Milieu 1 Problem Statement 2 Method 3 The Making of Lime Milieu 4 The Unknot of the Milieu 5 Thinking Territorial Project as Supporting the Making of a Milieu 6 Discussion References Automation and the Future of Human Work: An Everlasting Debate Renewed by the Work Activity 1 Introduction 2 Automation is not a Monologue: A New Appeal to Work Psychology and Activity Ergonomics 3 Research Issues 4 Method 4.1 Study 1: The Case of Cork Companies in an Industrial District 4.2 Study 2: The Case of Automated Vehicles 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 “Finding the Sound of My Machines” 5.2 Mobility of the Future: New “Grey Areas” for the Human Activity? 6 Conclusions: New Ways of Mobilizing the Activity References Reflections on the Activity Perspective in Hospital Work Permanence Actions During COVID-19 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Final Considerations References Analyzing the Activity of Brazilian Airline Industry Professionals in Assisting Passengers with Disabilities 1 Introduction 1.1 Assistance for People with Disabilities in Air Transport 1.2 Activity Analysis 2 Methods 2.1 Participants 2.2 Procedures 2.3 Data Analysis 3 Results 3.1 Typical Situations for Servicing Passengers with a Disability or Reduced Mobility 3.2 Critical Incidents 3.3 Facilitators for Serving Passengers with Disabilities or Reduced Mobility 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Working in Times of COVID 19: Challenges for Mental Health 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical References 3 Method 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Time 4.2 Space 4.3 What Changes 5 Conclusion References Does the Sense of Work Make Sense? Some Issues Related to the Future of Work in the Light of Psychodynamics of Work 1 Introduction 2 Research Objective/Question 3 Methodology 4 Results 5 Discussion 6 Conclusions References When Autonomy Fails: The Fallback Pilot Paradox and an Innovative Solution to Unlock Human Intervention into Autonomous Systems 1 Introduction 2 The Paradox of an Autonomous System Pilot 2.1 Autonomous Systems 2.2 Situation Awareness and Decision Making 2.3 The Fallback Pilot Paradox 3 Conventional Solutions 4 An Innovative Solution: Parallel Synthetic Task 5 Conclusion and Future Works References Academic Productivism Analyzed from the Perspective of the Ergonomics of Activity: Perception of the Post-graduated Teacher 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 3.1 Teachers Workload 3.2 Evaluation of Teaching Work 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Does the Work Managed by Numbers Have a Future? The Introduction of New Public Management in Public Services in Brazil: The Example of the Judiciary 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 Results and Discussion 4 Final Discussion References Food Well-Being: Territory, Work and Cooperation 1 Problem Statement 2 Background Theory 3 Methodology 4 Results and Cases Analysis 4.1 Case 1: Junta Local 4.2 Case 2: Dr. Catador 5 Final Considerations References Part II: Systems HF/E (Edited by Paul M. Salmon) EHF Audits: State of the Art and Lessons Learned 1 Why Audit EHF? 2 Examples of Current Audit Systems 3 Lessons Learned from EHF Audit Systems 3.1 Use of Legal vs. EHF Good Practice Standards 3.2 Breadth, Depth and Application Time 3.3 Data Collection Instrument 3.4 Sampling Scheme 3.5 Data Analysis and Presentation 3.6 Audit System Reliability and Validity 4 Conclusions and Recommendations References Requirements for Measuring Inspection System Performance 1 Why Measure Inspection Performance? 2 Measurement of Inspection Performance and EHF 3 Requirements for Valid and Reliable Measurement of Inspection Performance? 4 The Three Methods for Measuring Inspection Performance? 4.1 Reinspection of Production 4.2 Labelled Items in Production 4.3 Test Sample 5 Inspection Performance Measurement Conclusions and Recommendations References Testing the Reliability and Validity of Net-HARMS: A New Systems-Based Risk Assessment Method in HFE 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Net-HARMS 2.2 Study Design 2.3 Participant Characteristics 2.4 Materials 2.5 Workshop Procedures 2.6 Expert Analysis 2.7 Risk Comparison Procedure 2.8 Signal Detection Theory (SDT) 2.9 Data Analysis 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Approach to Measure, Analyze and Develop the User-Centered-Complexity of Technical Products 1 Objective and Literature Review 2 Methodical Approach 2.1 Theoretical Principles 2.2 Degree of Automation 2.3 Product Complexity 2.4 Complexity of the Human-Machine-Interface 2.5 Ranges of Value 3 Application Area and Resulting Design Recommendations 4 Evaluation 5 Conclusion 6 Outlook References That Was Close! A Systems Analysis of Near Miss Incidents in Led Outdoor Activities 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 Results 4 Discussion References Validation of Ergonomic Criteria for the Evaluation of Simplex Systems 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Stages of the Experiment 2.2 Participants 2.3 Material 2.4 Data Collection and Analysis 3 Results 3.1 Reliability of the Criteria 3.2 Validity of the Criteria 3.3 Satisfaction of the Criteria 4 Discussion References Matching-Based Comprehension of Emergency Safety Symbols Among Filipinos: User-Centered Quality Measure 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Experimental Procedure 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Situation Awareness and Automated Shuttles: A Multi-road User Analysis 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Design 2.2 Materials 2.3 Procedure 2.4 Data Analysis 3 Results 3.1 Task Network 3.2 Social Network 3.3 Information Network 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References A Human Factors and Ergonomics Systems Approach to Exploring Sensory Design for Inclusive Public Space 1 Introduction 1.1 Sensory Urban Design 1.2 The Public Space Domain 2 Methods 2.1 Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA), and Work Domain Analysis (WDA) 2.2 Building the WDA 3 Results 3.1 Functional Purpose 3.2 Values and Priority Measures 3.3 Purpose-Related Functions 3.4 Object-Related Processes 3.5 Physical Objects 4 Public Space Evaluation 4.1 Summary Analysis of Case Studies 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References When Instrumentation and Human Performance Contribute Jointly to the Outcome of a Human-System-Integration (HSI) Mission: Brief Review 1 Incentive 2 Brief Review 3 Conclusion References Part III: Ergonomic Work Analysis and Training (EWAT) (Edited by Catherine Delgoulet and Marta Santos) Steering Group: An Action-Training Tool in the Ergonomic Work Analysis 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Analysis of Clinical Reasoning Processes During Scanning Chest X-Rays Based on Visual Perception Patterns 1 Introduction 2 Experiment 2.1 Participant 2.2 Chest X-Ray Image Test Set 2.3 Task 2.4 Procedure 2.5 Data Analysis 3 Result 3.1 Visual Scanning Strategies Inferred by Debriefing with Eye Movement Data 3.2 Visualization of the Corresponding Eye Movement Data 3.3 Expectation of Eye Tracking as a Teaching Tool 4 Discussion and Conclusion References A Comparison of the Knowledge, Awareness and Practice of Ergonomics Between Lecturers in the Faculty of Engineering and College of Medicine in a Nigerian University 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Participants 2.2 Materials 2.3 Data Analysis 3 Results 3.1 Demographic Characteristics of the Participants 3.2 Summary of the Knowledge of Ergonomics among lecturers in FEng and CoM 3.3 Summary of the Awareness of Ergonomics among lecturers in FEng and CoM 3.4 Summary of the Practice of Ergonomics among lecturers in FEng and CoM 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion 6 Recommendation References Building Spaces for Discussion: Getting the Diversity of Practices Speak 1 Introduction 2 The Challenge of Spaces for Debate in a Context of Diversity of Practices 3 Building a Space for Discussion 4 Description of the JPR Discussion Engineering Methodology Based on an Example 5 Conclusion References What is a Good Scenario in Vocational Training Design? Considerations Based on a Literature Review 1 Introduction 2 Method 3 Results 3.1 How to Define a Scenario in Vocational Training? 3.2 17 Categories of Criterion for Evaluate a Good Scenario 4 Discussion: The Importance of Realistic Scenarios References Creation of the Junior Practices in Reflection Committee of the French Speaking Ergonomics Society: Historical Genesis and Theoretical Foundation of the Exchange on Practice 1 Introduction 2 Genesis of the Committee 2.1 Reflection on the Difficulties Encountered by Novice Practitioners 2.2 The Lack of Reflective Space for Practice 3 The Heart of Our Engineering: The Reflexive Professional Storytelling 4 Conclusion: Storytelling, A Tool with Multiple Variations References Identification of Sensitive Driving Situations to Guide the Design of a Learning Tool for Automated Vehicle Drivers 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Two Populations Studied; Two Methodologies Deployed 2.2 Equipment Used for Open Road Experiments 2.3 Data Processing 3 Results 3.1 A List of 32 «Sensitive» Driving Situations Specific to AD 3.2 Three Classes of Sensitive Situations: Mobilized Relations and Mediations 3.3 Two Different Populations, Two Ways to Apprehend AD 4 Discussion 4.1 Traces (Among Professionals) and Clues (Among Novices) of a Potential Instrumental Genesis of the AV 4.2 Limits 5 Conclusion References Contributions and Construction of the Professional Storytelling Within the Framework of a Junior Practices in Reflection Day: The Example of a Design Project in a Municipality 1 Introduction 2 The Contribution of Professional Storytelling to JPRs 2.1 The Practice of Ergonomics: A Specific, Situate and Unique Activity 2.2 Professional Storytelling and Storytelling Function 3 Role and Contribution of a Young Ergonomist: The Example of a Design Project for a School Enrolment Reception 3.1 Context 3.2 Actions 3.3 Final Results at Different Levels 4 Discussion and Conclusion References Delphi and Bayesian Networks in the Analysis of Fatigue in Air Traffic Events in Practical ATC Instruction 1 Introduction 1.1 Problem Statement 1.2 Objective/Question 1.3 Methodology 2 Results 2.1 Identified Methods 2.2 Discussion 3 Conclusions References Ergonomic Analysis of the Material and Sterilization Center in a Private Brazilian Hospital 1 Introduction 1.1 The Context of the Material and Sterilization Center of the Sirio Libanes Hospital’s Surgical Center 1.2 Brazilian Laws and Subsidies for Carrying Out an Ergonomic Workplace Analysis 2 Methods Adopted to Understand the Work Using EWA 3 Results 3.1 The Main Issues Related to Physical Overload at Work 3.2 The Main Content of Group Interviews: Organizational and Psychosocial Aspects 3.3 Recommendations and Improvements for the Working Conditions 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References The Exchange on Practice: An Issue for the Development of Novice Ergonomists in Peru in a Context Where Practices of Ergonomic are Heterogeneous 1 Introduction 2 Context 3 Peruvian Office of the Junior Practices in Reflection Commitee 4 Construction and Development of the Junior Practices Days in Peruvian Ergonomics 5 Results 6 Conclusion References Clandestine Activity Among Care Assistants in France: Questions for Training? 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Framework 2.1 Ethical Conflict 2.2 Cognitive Conflict 2.3 Ethical and Cognitive Conflict 3 Methodology 3.1 CA-Side Data Collection Method 3.2 CA-Side Data Analysis Method 3.3 Data Collection on the CA Trainer Side 3.4 Data Analysis on the CA Trainer Side 4 Results 4.1 Positioning of CAs in the Face of Suffering 4.2 Care Assistants and Ethical Conflict from the Trainer’s Perspective 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Dialogues with Health Workers in a Hospital to Combat the Covid-19 Pandemic 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical-Methodological Perspective 2.1 Research-Intervention Procedures 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Impact of High Production Demands in Knowledge Transmission and Learning: Contributions of Work Activity Analysis 1 Introduction: Working Conditions and Its Relations with Knowledge Transmission and Learning 2 Methodology 2.1 Research Questions 2.2 Context and Participants 2.3 Data Collected and Procedure 3 Results 3.1 High Production Demands Revealed Through Work Analysis 3.2 Impacts on Knowledge Transmission and Learning 4 Discussion 4.1 A Hybrid Work Activity, but Production Above All? 4.2 Contributions of Work Analysis 5 Conclusion References Co-design of a Learning Analytics Tool by Computer Scientists and Teachers: The Difficult Emergence of a Common World 1 Introduction 2 Field and Methodology 2.1 Participants 2.2 Situation Observed 2.3 Data Collection 2.4 Data Processing 3 Results 3.1 A Lack of Preparation 3.2 A Simplistic Device 3.3 A Gap Between Two Professional Worlds 4 Discussion: Conditions for Participatory Design References How to Train for Everyday Work - A Comparative Study of Non-technical Skill Training 1 Introduction 2 Aim and Research Questions 3 Methodology 3.1 Maritime Training 3.2 Lignite Power Plant Training 4 Results 4.1 Maritime NTS Training 4.2 Lignite Power Plant NTS Training 5 Discussion 5.1 Comparison Between Courses 6 Concluding Remarks References Computational Platform for Training Hydroelectric Power Plant Operators in Resilience Skills 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 The Research and Development Project 2.2 Research Design 2.3 Research Steps 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Part IV: HF/E Education and Professional Certification Development (Edited by Chien-Chi (Max) Chang and Maggie Graf) Little Less Conversation, Little More Action Please: The Pecha Kucha Student Thesis Competition 1 Introduction 1.1 What Is Pecha Kucha? 1.2 Our Motivation 2 Methods 2.1 Pre-conference Competition 2.2 Main Competition 3 Finalists 3.1 Mental Workload Assessment and Job Mapping Using NASA TLX 3.2 Human Factors of Reduced Flight Crew Operations: Concept, Development and Evaluation 3.3 Vital Interactive Device 3.4 Neural Networks to Predict Cervical Spine Compression and Shear 3.5 Understanding Personal Determinants of Movement Strategy to Improve Lift Training 3.6 Design of Smart Washer Tools Using an Anthropometry Approach 4 Discussion 4.1 3-Minute Thesis (3MT) Vs. PK 4.2 Limitations 5 Conclusion References Human Factors and Ergonomics by Distance Learning: Successes, Challenges and Opportunities 1 Introduction and Overview of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Distance Learning Courses at the University of Nottingham 2 Successes 3 Challenges 4 Opportunities 5 Conclusions References How Ergonomics and Related Courses Are Distributed in Engineering Programs? an Analysis of Courses from Brazilian Universities 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Toward Contextual Education and Research in Ergonomics: A Latin American Vision 1 Context 2 Definition of a Doctoral Program in Latin America 2.1 Methodology 2.2 Needs of a Doctoral Program in Latin America 2.3 Some Epistemological Aspects 2.4 Research Lines 3 Discussion 4 Conclusions References Placing Students in an Operational Learning Situation as “Human Factors and Ergonomics Engineering” in a Vehicle Design Project 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Digital Mockup 2.2 Study Population 3 Results 3.1 User Experience Feedback 3.2 Interview About Pedagogical Objectives 4 Conclusion References The Gap Between Human Factors Engineering Education and Industry Needs 1 Introduction 2 Objective 3 Methodology 4 Results 5 Discussion 6 Conclusions References Part V: Organisation Design and Management (ODAM) (Edited by Laerte Idal Sznelwar) A Prospective Ergonomics Approach for the Design of a Planning Support System in the Road Freight Transport (RFT) 1 Introduction 2 Research Methodology 2.1 Participants 2.2 Apparatus 2.3 Procedure 3 Results 3.1 First Condition with High Transparency 3.2 Second Condition with Low Transparency 4 Discussion References Beyond Human Factors and Ergonomics: An Inter-professional Model of Practice to Optimize Function, Workplace Design and Conditions 1 Introduction 2 Collaboration Rather Than Competition 3 Program Inception Through an Inter-professional Lens 4 Systematic Factors 5 Model Implementation 6 Discussion 7 Conclusion References A Reflexive Method to Evaluate a New Safety Management Program 1 Introduction 1.1 A Safety Program as a Tool of Safety Culture Change 1.2 How Evaluate a Safety Program? 2 Method 3 Results 3.1 The Vocational Career and its Turning Points 3.2 The Daily Work as Manager and How Security Issues are Played Out 3.3 The Known and Used Resources of the New Safety Program 3.4 The Professionalization Process to Safety Issues 4 Discussion References Training of Occupational Health and Safety Professionals in Design Thinking 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Need-Seeking: Creating, Discovering or Recovering Needs? 1 Innovation 1.1 Need-Seeker Innovation Strategy 1.2 Discovery and Creation Paradigms 1.3 Recovery Paradigm 2 Need-Seeking Methods 2.1 Discovering Future Needs with Lead Users 2.2 Creating New Needs with Personas 2.3 Recovering Fundamental Needs with Extraordinary Users 3 Conclusion References Sharing an Autonomous Taxi Without a Driver Through Guided Imaginary Projection to Identify Sources of (Dis)comfort 1 Problem Statement 2 Methodology 2.1 Population 2.2 Protocol 2.3 Analysis of the Verbal Data 3 Results 3.1 Main Sources of Comfort and Discomfort 3.2 Effect of the Driver’s Absence 4 Discussion References Work of Articulation Around Interdependencies in the Project Management: Maintenance and Modernization Projects in High-Risk Industry 1 Introduction 2 Context: An Outage of Production for Maintenance 3 Methodology 4 Results: Distribution and Mechanism of Articulation Work 4.1 The Articulation Work Distributed Between All the Stakeholders 4.2 Impact of Skills Profiles on the Work of Articulation 4.3 Experience and Cooperation as Resources for Articulation Work 4.4 New Demands that Amplify the Work of Articulation 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Occupational Health and Safety Doctrine and Service Activity; Conceptualization, Methodology and First Result 1 The Health and Safety Doctrine: A Social Apparatus 1.1 The Ontology of the Social Apparatus 1.2 The Function of the Social Apparatus 2 Re-examining the Doctrine Based on Activity 3 First Prevention Project: Prevention Health and Safety Doctrine and Work Space References Safety Leadership in Two Types of Safety-Critical Syste This book presents the proceedings of the 21st Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2021), held online on June 13-18, 2021. By highlighting the latest theories and models, as well as cutting-edge technologies and applications, and by combining findings from a range of disciplines including engineering, design, robotics, healthcare, management, computer science, human biology and behavioral science, it provides researchers and practitioners alike with a comprehensive, timely guide on human factors and ergonomics. It also offers an excellent source of innovative ideas to stimulate future discussions and developments aimed at applying knowledge and techniques to optimize system performance, while at the same time promoting the health, safety and wellbeing of individuals. The proceedings include papers from researchers and practitioners, scientists and physicians, institutional leaders, managers and policy makers that contribute to constructing the Human Factors and Ergonomics approach across a variety of methodologies, domains and productive sectors. This volume includes papers addressing the following topics: Transport Ergonomics and Human Factors, Practitioner Case Studies, Human Factors in Robotics, Manufacturing, Agriculture, HF/E in Supply ChainDesign and Management, Aerospace, Building and Construction