Proceedings of the 17th Iron Age Research Student Symposium, Edinburgh : 29th May - 1st June 2014

Since its conception in 1998, the Iron Age Research Student Symposium (formerly ‘Seminar’) has provided postgraduates in the archaeology of Iron Age Britain an opportunity to present their current research in a friendly atmosphere. During the course of both formal seminars and informal outings (such as field trips, dinners, and the traditional pub quiz), the Iron Age Research Student Symposium (IARSS) gives students the ability to discuss their research with colleagues and peers, in addition to a number of outstanding lecturers and professors in Iron Age studies. Previous proceedings volumes (Davis et al. 2006; Humphrey 2003; Sterry et al. 2010), also offered participants the prospect of publishing their seminar paper. As a result, IARSS has become a fixture in the development of new academics while at the same time contributing fresh perspectives to Iron Age dialogues. This proceedings volume, organised to reflect three general themes (migration/interaction, material culture and the built environment), accomplishes two things. First, it provides an accessible survey of emerging concepts, ideas, methods, and fieldwork that will shape future study of the Iron Age. Second, it is an outline, not just of what the 17th IARSS accomplished, but also of a broader scheme envisioned by the organisers for future events in this Symposium series. It is the (perhaps wide-eyed) expectation of the organisers that the IARSS can and should expand to offer further opportunities to research students of the Iron Age, and they firmly hope that this volume aids in the promotion of this annual Symposium, as well as the ideas of the contributing authors. Table of Contents Introduction (Paul Miller, Graeme Erskine, Piotr Jacobsson and Scott Stetkiewicz) Revisiting Migrations in Archaeology: The Aisne-Marne and the Hunsrück-Eifel Cultures (Dr Manuel Fernández-Götz) ‘My kingdom for a pot!’ A reassessment of the Iron Age and Roman material from Lagore crannóg, Co. Meath (Alexandra Guglielmi) When is a mortarium not a mortarium? Analogies and interpretation in Roman Cumbria (Jennifer Peacock) Technical Weakness or Cultural Strength? Shapeless Jars in Iron Age East Yorkshire (Helen Chittock) Divine Horsemen: equine imagery in Iron Age chariot terrets (Anna Lewis) Burials of Martial Character in the British Iron Age (Yvonne L Inall) Iron Age Iron Production in Britain and the Near Continent (Scott Stetkiewicz) Religion and society. Cave sanctuaries and votive offerings in Oretania (Cristina Manzaneda Martín) From Huts to Huts: The Early Iron Age transition in the domestic architecture of Etruria (Dr Paul Miller) A reconsideration of the distribution of crannogs in Scotland (Michael J. Stratigos) New perspectives on British territorial oppida: the examination of Iron Age landscapes in time and space (Nicky Garland) High Voltage Meets Research: The E.ON 2002 Excavations in the Oppidum of Manching (Dr Katja Winger) The forts of Western Scotland: An interim study of internal area (Simon Wood) An approach to re-examining the chronology of hillforts and other prehistoric monuments (Johnathan A. Horn) Burning Questions: New Insights into Vitrified Forts (Dr Murray Cook, Fiona Watson, Professor Gordon Cook) Since its conception in 1998, the Iron Age Research Student Symposium (formerly ‘Seminar’) has provided postgraduates in the archaeology of Iron Age Britain an opportunity to present their current research in a friendly atmosphere. During the course of both formal seminars and informal outings (such as field trips, dinners, and the traditional pub quiz), the Iron Age Research Student Symposium (IARSS) gives students the ability to discuss their research with colleagues and peers, in addition to a number of outstanding lecturers and professors in Iron Age studies. The 17th IARSS in Edinburgh benefited from a broad geographic scope. Papers on the Iron Age in Estonia, the Balkans, Corsica, Sardinia, Austria, Germany, Spain, France, and Italy complemented the typically British focus of the Symposium. The first keynote of the Symposium, by Dr Manuel Fernández-Götz (Edinburgh), on the evidence for migration in the Aisne-Marne and Hunsrück-Eifel regions of modern-day eastern France and western Germany, is accompanied within this volume by papers of Scott Stetkiewicz (Edinburgh), Cristina Manzaneda Martín (Alicante), Dr Paul Miller (Edinburgh), and Dr Katja Winger (Freie Universtität Berlin). In addition to the broader settings of the seminars and the proceedings volume, the 17th IARSS were headed by session chairs whose areas of interest were similarly interregional. Cover 1 Copyright Information 2 Contents 3 List of Figures 8 List of Contributors 13 Introduction 15 Paul Miller, Graeme Erskine, Piotr Jacobsson and Scott Stetkiewicz 15 Revisiting Migrations in Archaeology: 19 Revisiting Migrations in Archaeology: 19 The Aisne-Marne and the Hunsrück-Eifel Cultures 19 The Aisne-Marne and the Hunsrück-Eifel Cultures 19 Dr Manuel Fernández-Götz 19 Reassessing Migrations: The Baby and the Bathwater 19 Towards New Lands: The Champagne – Italy Connection 21 From Centralisation to Decentralisation: The Hunsrück-Eifel Culture 23 Climate Change and Resistance to Hierarchy 26 Bibliography 28 The Future of Migration Studies 28 Figure 1: Diagram of a migratory process (Modified from Anthony 1990: fig 1). 20 Figure 2: Physical map of the main area covered by the study, with indication of the Champagne, the Belgian Ardennes and the Hunsrück-Eifel region (after Fernández-Götz 2014). 22 Figure 3: Comparison between Late Iron Age objects found in Marne (France) and Marzabotto (Italy) (after Mortillet 1871). 23 Figure 4: Sites of the La Tène A, B, C and D periods in the Hunsrück-Eifel area. The distribution maps clearly reflect the fall in population during La Tène B –here the decline appears to have occurred mainly in La Tène B2– and La Tène C (after Fernández- 24 Figure 4: Sites of the La Tène A, B, C and D periods in the Hunsrück-Eifel area. The distribution maps clearly reflect the fall in population during La Tène B –here the decline appears to have occurred mainly in La Tène B2– and La Tène C (after Fernández- 25 Figure 5: Evolution of solar activity between ca. 1300 BC and 100 AD (after Pare et al. 2009, reproduced with permission). 27 A reassessment of the Iron Age and Roman material 30 from Lagore crannóg, Co. Meath 30 ‘My kingdom for a pot!’ 30 A reassessment of the Iron Age and Roman material 30 from Lagore crannóg, Co. Meath 30 Alexandra Guglielmi 30 Lagore crannóg: a presentation 30 The prehistoric and Roman material from Lagore 31 Swords 32 Barrel padlock 33 Roman pottery 33 Lagore before the crannóg: an Iron Age sacred lake? 34 Acknowledgements 36 Bibliography 36 Conclusion 36 ‘My kingdom for a pot!’ 30 Figure 1: Swords from Lagore ©Hencken 1950: fig.55. Reproduced with permission of the Royal Irish Academy 32 Figure 2: Roman barrel padlock from the Rath of the Synods, Tara. ©Grogan 2008: fig. 4.11. Courtesy of UCD School of Archaeology 33 Figure 3: Samian pottery from Lagore © Hencken 1950: fig. 57. Reproduced with permission from the Royal Irish Academy 34 Figure 4: Lagore in its prehistoric setting: a starting point for a procession to Tara? 35 When is a mortarium not a mortarium? Analogies and interpretation in Roman Cumbria 38 When is a mortarium not a mortarium? Analogies and interpretation in Roman Cumbria 38 Analogies in Archaeology 38 Jennifer Peacock 38 British Archaeology 40 Interpretation in Romano- 40 Case Study: Farmsteads and Mortaria in Cumbria 42 Acknowledgements 43 Bibliography 43 Conclusion 43 (after Bernbeck 2000: 143) 39 Figure 1: Single-tiered archaeological analogies 39 Figure 2: Two-tiered archaeological analogies 39 Figure 3: Three-tiered archaeological analogies 39 Figure 4: ‘Nested’ analogies – structuralism 40 Figure 5: A typical mortarium found in Roman Britain (after Cramp et al. 2011: Figure 1: 1340, reproduced with permission) 41 Shapeless Jars in Iron Age East Yorkshire 46 Technical Weakness or Cultural Strength? 46 Figure 6: Hermeneutic cycle of interpretation 41 Shapeless Jars in Iron Age East Yorkshire 46 Helen Chittock 46 Investigating change in Iron Age East Yorkshire through Shapeless Jars 48 Changing Ceramic Forms 49 Tradition and Identity 51 Acknowledgements 52 Bibliography 52 Concluding points 52 Technical Weakness or Cultural Strength? 46 (data from Rigby 2004). The sample for this paper is shown within the blue box. 48 Figure 1: The dating of features excavated during the British Museum Yorkshire Settlements Project 48 Figure 2: A Shapeless Jar from Hanging Cliff, Kilham (Pit HA29). The author after Rigby (2004), scale added by author. 49 (data from Rigby 2004). 50 Figure 3: A table showing the decreasing variety in vessel forms in Rigby’s typological groupings 50 Figure 4: Ceramic forms at Hanging Cliff between 900 and 600 BC (data from Rigby 2004). 50 (data from Rigby 2004). 51 Divine Horsemen: equine imagery in Iron Age chariot terrets 54 Figure 5: The percentages of Shapeless Jars recorded at sites in the Burton Agnes locality 51 Divine Horsemen: equine imagery in Iron Age chariot terrets 54 Anna Lewis 54 Acknowledgements 60 Bibliography 60 Figure 1: Terret from Cold Kitchen Hill, Wiltshire. Image by the author, reproduced with permission of Wiltshire Museum, Devizes. 55 Figure 2: Close-up of detail on crescentic plaque from Llyn Cerrig Bach, Anglesey. Image © National Museum Wales – Amgueddfa Cymru, reproduced under the terms of the Creative Archive Licence of the People’s Collection Wales. 55 Figure 3: Close-up of detail on terret from the Polden Hills hoard, Somerset. Image by Philippa Lewis. 56 Figure 4: Close-up of detail on terret from the Polden Hills hoard, Somerset. Image by Philippa Lewis. 56 Figure 5: “Horse-mask” mount from Stanwick/Melsonby, North Yorkshire. Image © Trustees of the British Museum, reproduced under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) licence. 56 Figure 6: Terret from Silverdale, Lancashire. Image © Portable Antiquities Scheme/British Museum, reproduced under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) licence. 57 Figure 7: Linchpin from Kirkburn chariot burial, East Yorkshire. Image © Trustees of the British Museum, reproduced under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) licence. 58 Burials of Martial Character in the British Iron Age 62 Burials of Martial Character in the British Iron Age 62 Introduction 62 Past Research 62 Yvonne L Inall 62 ‘Warrior’ Burials with shield, sword and spear 62 Offensive Weapons 67 Spears and ‘Speared-corpse’ Burials 67 Swords, ‘Sword Burials’ and daggers 68 Arrowheads and Sling-stones in burials 70 Non-Offensive Martial Objects 70 Shields 70 Armour and Helmets 71 Ritual Destruction and Inverted Placement of Martial Objects 71 Alternative Placement of Martial Objects: Rites of reversal 71 Ritual Destruction 71 Bibliography 72 Conclusions 72 Supplemental file: Full list of Burials 75 Figure 1: Sites with Martial Burials confidently dated to the Iron Age. 63 Figure 2: Number of Martial burials by County (confident and possible Iron Age burials) 64 Figure 3: Number of Iron Age burials of martial character by funerary rite. 64 Figure 4: Iron Age burials including shield, sword and iron spearhead (* indicates a ‘speared-corpse’ burial). 65 Figure 5: Map showing Iron Age burials with shield, sword and one or more iron spearhead/s. 66 Figure 6: Associations between martial objects in Iron Age burials in Britain, burials of confident Iron Age date. 67 Figure 7: Overall sword length (mm) in accordance with Stead (2006). * - indicates incomplete sword 69 Iron Age Iron Production in Britain and the Near Continent 80 Figure 1: Simplified iron production chaîne opératoire. 80 Iron Age Iron Production in Britain and the Near Continent 80 Scott Stetkiewicz 80 Methodology 81 Non-Reduced Compounds 81 Technical Characterization 81 Slag “Optima” 82 Grantown Road, Forres 82 Non-Reduced Compounds 85 Technical Characterization 85 Interpretation 86 Slag Optima 86 Conclusion 87 Bibliography: 88 Figure 2: Normalized SEM-EDS compositional values of the Grantown Road Slag (weight %). 83 Figure 3: Grantown Road slag plotted in ternary space. 83 Figure 4: Furnace slag. 84 Figure 5: “Tap” slag. 84 Figure 6: Contact slag. 84 Figure 7: NRC bivariate scatter plots of the Grantown Road assemblage. 85 Figure 8: Scottish Iron Age iron assemblages. 87 Cave sanctuaries and votive offerings in Oretania 90 Religion and society 90 Cave sanctuaries and votive offerings in Oretania 90 Cristina Manzaneda Martín 90 Introduction 90 Oretania and the Oretani 90 Tradition and popular religiosity 90 The cave sanctuaries 91 Monumentalization and political sacralization 92 A place for men and women 94 Conclusions 95 Bibliography 97 Religion and society 90 Figure 1: Map of Oretani territory and some of the most important oppida connected by some of the main pre-Roman roads. 91 Figure 2: View of Castellar sanctuary in 1918 (Archivo Cabré, Instituto del Patrimonio Cultural de España, No Inv. 4275) (Copyright in the public domain). 92 Figure 3: View of the hillside of Collado de los Jardines sanctuary (Santa Elena, Jaén) between 1916 and 1918 (Archivo Cabré, Instituto del Patrimonio Cultural de España, No Inv. 4771) 93 Figure 4: A: Ex-voto in a war initiation ritual (Álvarez-Ossorio 1941: Lám. XXXII, no 202); B: couple in a coming of age rite (Álvarez-Ossorio 1941: Lám. CIV, no 2360 and Lám. CII, no 1374) (Image out of copyright). 94 Figure 5: A and B: ex-voti associated to fecundity rites (Álvarez-Ossorio 1941: Lám. LIII, no 358 and Lám. XXVII, no 177); C and D: newborn (Álvarez-Ossorio 1941: Lám. XCV, no 1332) 95 Figure 6: Front view and profile of a pregnant woman ex-voto (Instituto y Museo Valencia de Don Juan, No Inv. 2591) (Copyright in the public domain). 96 Figure 7: Scheme of the social operation rites and the cyclic conception of time. 96 From Huts to Huts: 99 The Early Iron Age transition in the domestic architecture of Etruria 99 From Huts to Huts: 99 The Early Iron Age transition in the domestic architecture of Etruria 99 Dr Paul Miller 99 The evidence 99 Buildings of the Final Bronze Age 100 Building shapes 100 Foundation construction 101 Wall and roof construction 103 Building materials and techniques of the Early Iron Age 105 Building shape 105 Foundation construction 106 Bibliography 109 Conclusions 109 Figure 1: Illustrated reconstruction of Northern Bronze Age Building at Luni sul Mignone (Hellström 2001: 167, reproduced with permission). 101 (Poggiani Keller et al. 2002: 359, reproduced with permission). 102 Figure 2: Plan of Scarceta Section D, Final Bronze Age Structure 102 Figure 3: Illustrated reconstructions of Capanne 1 and 2 at Sorgenti della Nova Section I (Negroni Catacchio 1995: 318, reproduced with permission). 102 Figure 4: Illustrated reconstruction and plan of Abitazione 2 at Sorgenti della Nova Section III (Negroni Catacchio 1995: 342, reproduced with permission). 103 (1987: 123-133, reproduced with permission). 104 Figure 5: Typology of hut cinerary urns as described by Bartoloni et al. 104 Figure 6: Plan of Calvario dei Monterozzi at Tarquinia (after Linington 1982: 252, reproduced with permission). 105 (Pohl 1977: 14, reproduced with permission). 106 Figure 7: Plan of San Giovenale Area E 106 Figure 8: The Borgo quarter at San Giovenale. Wall and roof construction 107 (Büchsenschütz 2005: 56, reproduced with permission). 108 A reconsideration of the distribution of crannogs in Scotland 113 Figure 9: Diagram of post systems and roof support types 108 A reconsideration of the distribution of crannogs in Scotland 113 Michael J. Stratigos 113 State of Research: Crannog distribution and the legacy of drainage 114 Research Aims and Method 116 Results 119 Discussion 122 Conclusion 123 Iron Age Settlement Patterns and Future Research Strategies 123 Acknowledgements 124 Bibliography 124 Figure 1: Outlined regions have been systematically surveyed for crannogs, and this focus has been particularly intense in Dumfries and Galloway. Regions outside of these areas have seen little targeted assessments of crannogs. 115 Figure 2: Name (NMRS Site Number), Date last excavated. Crannogs that have been excavated since 1950, note the focus on southwest Scotland (5 of 12 having taken place in Dumfries and Galloway alone). The triangle represents Black Loch of Myrton which has 115 Figure 3: The outlined areas are the modern councils in which no systematic searches 116 for crannogs have taken place. 116 Figure 4: Screenshot of the former Loch Auchlossan as depicted on the RMS at NJ 581 005 on the National Library of Scotland’s online version (Sheet C.9.b 20/1a, © British Library Board). This is an example of a loch that was drained before the production 117 Figure 5: The 1745 identified lochs that are depicted on the RMS (Stratigos in prep). 117 Figure 6: The area of the former Loch Auchlossan with possible paleoshoreline indicated in orange. In this instance, the paleoshoreline was suggested on the basis of an archaeological feature which was interpreted as being a trackway within the former loc 118 Figure 7: List of possible crannogs identified. (1) 119 Figure 7: List of possible crannogs identified. (2) 120 Figure 7: List of possible crannogs identified. (3) 121 Figure 8: Additional possible crannogs from eastern areas not identified by this methodology. 121 Figure 9: Map showing recorded crannogs (compiled by Cavers 2010 and Lenfert 2012) 122 and possible crannogs listed in Figures 7 and 8. 122 New perspectives on British territorial oppida: the examination of Iron Age landscapes in time and space 126 New perspectives on British territorial oppida: the examination of Iron Age landscapes in time and space 126 Introduction 126 Nicky Garland 126 Territorial Oppida 128 New Perspectives 129 Case Study 130 People 131 Groups 132 Regions 133 Bibliography 134 Conclusion 134 Figure 1: Oppida in NW Europe: sites mentioned in text 127 Figure 2: Selected territorial oppida in Britain 128 Figure 3: Stanway, Colchester, Essex (re-drawn from Crummy et al. 2007) 131 Figure 4: Stanway - Burials/features (After Crummy et al. 2007) 132 Figure 5: Stanway enclosures (After Crummy et al. 2007) 132 Figure 6: Equation for labour estimation (after Ashbee and Cornwall 1961; Brown 1991: 12) 133 Figure 7: ‘Regions’: Stanway in the landscape of the territorial oppidum 133 High Voltage Meets Research: 138 The E.ON 2002 Excavations in the Oppidum of Manching 138 High Voltage Meets Research: 138 The E.ON 2002 Excavations in the Oppidum of Manching 138 Dr Katja Winger 138 E.ON I 138 Dating 141 Finds 142 Conclusion 143 E.ON II 143 E.ON III 143 E.ON IV 145 E.ON V 147 Acknowledgements 148 Bibliography 148 E.ON I–V: Results 148 Figure 1: Manching. Schematic plan of the excavated areas including the E.ON-trenches marked in blue and named with I–V . 139 Figure 2: Manching, Plan of the structures in trench E.ON-I. Disturbances marked in orange, trial tranches from 1957 in pink, tree windthrows in green. Sections are 10 x 10 m. 139 Figure 3: Manching, Plan of the structures in trench E.ON-I with ground-plans of buildings and the assumed course of the street running W-E (both in red); modern structures are marked in light grey. 140 Figure 4: Manching, Schematic plan of the excavated areas and settled sectors at the end of LT C1 (red) and LT D1 (highlighted in light red). 141 Figure 5: Manching, Inv.-No. 2002/9084g: Fragment of an opaque glass vessel. Cf. Gebhard and Feugère 1995, Figure 1: No. 1–4. 143 Figure 6: Manching, Reconstructed streets with modification of street B (black) according to the results of the E.ON-I excavation (illustration: author after Sievers 2001, Figure 2; reproduced with permission). 144 Figure 7: Manching, E.ON-III, trench 786A: Pit with 8 skulls and partial burial of a child nearby (illustration: RGK; reproduced with permission). 145 The forts of Western Scotland: An interim study of internal area 150 The forts of Western Scotland: An interim study of internal area 150 Introduction 150 Simon Wood 150 What do we know? 151 Internal area – methodology. 152 Internal area - results. 154 Conclusions and future work. 156 Bibliography 157 Figure 1: Distribution of sites classed as ‘fort’ by RCAHMS in Western Scotland. (MiniScale [TIFF geospatial data], Scale 1:1500000, Tile(s): miniscale_relief1_r16, Updated: Jan 2014, Ordnance Survey (GB), Using: EDINA Digimap Ordnance Survey Service,