Proceedings of the 12th National Technical Seminar on Unmanned System Technology 2020: NUSYS’20 (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 770)

This book comprises the proceedings of the 12th National Technical Symposium on Unmanned System Technology 2020 (NUSYS’20) held on October 27–28, 2020. It covers a number of topics, including intelligent robotics, novel sensor technology, control algorithms, acoustics signal processing, imaging techniques, biomimetic robots, green energy sources, and underwater communication backbones and protocols, and it appeals to researchers developing marine technology solutions and policy-makers interested in technologies to facilitate the exploration of coastal and oceanic regions. Preface Contents Unmanned System, Underwater Technology and Marine Design and Development of Spherical Amphibian Vehicle (SAV) 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Direct-Driving Mechanism 2.2 Pendulum Mechanism 3 Methodology 3.1 Design 3.2 Stability of SAV 3.3 Control 4 Results and Discussions 5 Conclusion References Modelling Analysis of a Bio-inspired Triangular Underwater Robot for Aquaculture Biofouling Cleaning 1 Introduction 1.1 Project Background 1.2 Previous Structure Cleaning Robot 1.3 Aquaculture Biofouling 2 Methodology 2.1 Structure Design 3 Result and Analysis 3.1 Mass Properties of StingRay3D Model 3.2 The Curvature of the Structure 3.3 Fluid Flow of the Structure 4 Conclusion 5 Recommendation References Modelling Analysis of Spherical Underwater Robot for Aquaculture Biofouling Cleaning 1 Introduction 1.1 Project Background 1.2 Previous Structure Cleaning Robot 1.3 Aquaculture Biofouling 2 Methodology 2.1 Structure Design 3 Result and Analysis 3.1 Mass Properties of MCleaR3D Model 3.2 The Curvature of the Structure 3.3 Fluid Flow of the Structure 4 Conclusion 5 Recommendation References Acoustic Waves Propagation in Seawater Using Low Profile Multiple Obstacles 1 Introduction 2 Modeling of Medium and Obstacles in Finite Element Analysis 2.1 Acoustic Obstacle Blocks 3 Propagation Analysis 4 Conclusions References Implementation of Deaf-Blind-Dysgraphia Communication Technique for Disabled Students in Somalia 1 Introduction 2 Assistive Technology 3 Related Work 4 Methodology 5 Proposed Approach 6 Design of the Assistive Technology Program 7 Conclusion References Spherical Amphibian Robot Design with Novel Driving Principle 1 Introduction 2 Spherical Amphibian Robot Design 3 Spherical Amphibian Robot Driving Principle 3.1 Terrestrial Driving Principle 3.2 Underwater Driving Principle 4 Result and Discussion 4.1 Flow Test 5 Conclusion References Performance Analysis of Particle Filter Localization Algorithm for Mobile Robot 1 Introduction 2 Navigation and Localization 3 Particle Filter Algorithm 4 Simulation Environment 4.1 Map of the Test Environment 4.2 Particle Filter Localization Algorithm Simulation 5 Results and Analysis 5.1 ROS Simulation 5.2 Results of Particle Filter Localization Simulation 5.3 Analysis of the Cumulative Error 6 Conclusion 7 Future Works References Overview of Underwater Communication Technology 1 Overview of Underwater Wireless Communication Technologies 1.1 Acoustic Channel 1.2 Optical Channel 1.3 Radio Frequency Channel 2 Electromagnetic Attenuation in Water 3 Types of Underwater Antenna 4 Conclusion References State of the Art Review on Autonomous Surface Vehicle Maneuvering Assessment 1 Introduction 2 Factors Affecting Ship Maneuvering Performance 2.1 External Factors that May Impact Maneuverability Performance 2.2 Internal Factors that May Impact Maneuverability Performance 3 Hydrodynamic Interactions in Maneuvering 4 Autonomous Surface Vehicles (ASV) 4.1 Artificial Intelligence 5 COLREGS—Safety Handling Rules Practises 6 Conclusion References Design Issues and Challenges of Long-Range Ultrasonic Testing (LRUT) for Pipeline Inspection 1 Introduction 2 Long-Range Ultrasonic Testing’s Working Concept 3 Design Issues and Challenges of LRUT Implementation 3.1 LRUT Implementation 3.2 Overview of Challenges of LRUT Implementation 4 Conclusion References Installation and Testing for Wireless Control and Communication Capability for DugongBot 2.0 1 Introduction 2 DugongBot Project Development History 3 DugongBot 2.0 Development 3.1 New Frame 3.2 New WIFI Capability 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 New Frame and Router Installation 4.2 WIFI Connectivity Test 4.3 Outdoor Test 4.4 Indoor Test 5 Conclusion References Open-Source Platform Comparison for Research and Development in Underwater Drones 1 Introduction 2 ROV Build and Comparison 2.1 Topside Control and Electronic Assembly 2.2 Visual Interface and Communication Protocol 2.3 Communication Issue 3 Price Comparison 4 Documentation and Support 5 Conclusion References An Analysis of Acoustics Fish Surveys Module for Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Ping Sonar Altimeter and Echo Sounder 2.2 Operating Principle 2.3 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Testing the Performance of the Sensor 4 Conclusion References An Analysis of Energy Harvesting System for Ocean Data Acquisition System (ODAS) Buoy 1 Introduction 2 Harvesting Renewable Energy 2.1 Hybrid Solar Wind 3 Analysis on Potential Location of Deployment 4 Conclusion References Robust Nonlinear Control of a Buoyancy-Driven Airship System Using Backstepping Integral Sliding Mode Control 1 Introduction 2 Buoyancy-Driven Autonomous Airship Model 3 Controller Design 3.1 Problem Formulation of the Longitudinal Plane 3.2 Backstepping Integral Sliding Mode Control (BISMC) 3.3 Stability Analysis 4 Result and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Applied Electronics and Computer Engineering Vision Aids for Colour Deficiency in Development of Contactless Colour Recognition Device 1 Introduction 2 Technical Work for Proposed Device 2.1 Device Component Selection 2.2 Design of Device 2.3 Installation of Database 3 Validation Analysis 3.1 Testing on Light Brightness 3.2 Testing on Distance 3.3 Testing on Color Blindness 4 Discussion and Conclusion References Embedded RFID System: OKU Smart Parking 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Implementation 2.2 Card Scanner Development 2.3 Hardware Development 2.4 Software Development 2.5 Materials 2.6 Hardware 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Ultrasonic Sensor 3.2 DC Motor 3.3 MFRC522 RFID Reader and Card 4 Conclusion References Microstrip Lens Formulation and Analysis: A Parametric Study 1 Introduction 2 Microstrip Lens Mathematical Model 3 Path Length Aberrations 4 Parametric Study of the Microstrip Lens Model 5 Conclusion References Development of CAD for Microwave Hybrid Branch-Line Coupler Design Using MATLAB-Based GUI 1 Introduction 2 Branch Line Impedance and Dimensions of Hybrid Branch-Line Couplers 2.1 Branch Line Characteristic Impedance of Couplers 2.2 Branch Line Physical Wide and Length of Couplers 3 Broadband S-Parameters Analysis of Hybrid Branch-Line Couplers 3.1 Single Section Branch-Line Coupler 3.2 Double Sections Branch-Line Coupler 3.3 Three Sections Branch-Line Coupler 4 MATLAB-Based Graphical User Interface (GUI) 5 Results and Discussion 6 Future Work 7 Conclusion References PAPR Reduction of OFDM System Using Selective Mapping (SLM) and Firefly Algorithm (FA) 1 Introduction 2 Problem Statement 3 Literature Survey 4 Subject of Work 5 Selective Mapping (SLM) 6 Firefly Algorithm (FA) 7 Project Implementation 8 Performances of PAPR 8.1 Simulation Results with Different Number of Subcarriers 8.2 Simulation Results with Different Number of Randomization Parameters 8.3 Simulation Results with Different Number of Iterations 9 Performances of BER 10 Conclusion References Visualization of Hand Vein Using Raspberry Pi Images in Contactless Vein Detector 1 Introduction 2 Device Construction 2.1 Device Components 2.2 Hardware Design 3 Vein Image Analysis 3.1 Image Processing Technique 3.2 Hand Vein Visualization 4 Conclusion References A Real-Time Malaysian Traffic Sign Recognition Using YOLO Algorithm 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Traffic Sign Real-Time Images 2.2 Pre-processing 2.3 Processing 2.4 Evaluation of Recognition Performance 3 Result and Analysis 4 Conclusion References Development of an Image Enhancement Method for Android Applications 1 Introduction 2 Image Enhancement Process 3 Image Enhancement Techniques 3.1 Smoothing of Noisy Image 3.2 Sharpening of Noisy Image 3.3 Hue and Saturation 3.4 Contrast and Brightness 3.5 Performance Evaluation 4 Proposed Method and Implementation in Java 5 Results Analysis 6 Conclusion References Speech Dereverberation Enhancement 1 Introduction 2 Illustration of Speech Enhancement Concept 3 Wiener Filter 4 Related Work 5 Proposed Method 6 Results Analysis 7 Conclusion References Traffic Congestion Detection for Smart and Control Transportation Management 1 Introduction 2 Traffic Monitoring 3 Methodology 3.1 Data Acquisition 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Video-Based Abnormal Behaviour Detection in Smart Surveillance Systems 1 Introduction 2 Abnormal Human Activities Behaviour 3 Method for Motion Detection and Tracking 3.1 Abnormalities Classification 4 Results and Analysis 5 Conclusion References Computer Vision Based Driver Assistance Drowsiness Detection 1 Introduction 2 Driver Assistance System 3 Drowsiness Detection System 4 Related Work 4.1 Colour-Based Face Detection 4.2 Blink Analysis Using Percentage of Eye Closure 4.3 Wearable-Glasses-Based Drowsiness Detection 4.4 Haar-Like Features Based Face and Features Detection 5 Developed Scheme for Drowsiness Detection System 6 Implementation and Simulation Setup 7 Results Analysis 8 Conclusion References Home Service Robot Based on Image Recognition System 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Hardware Development 2.2 Image Processing 3 Results 3.1 Performance Evaluation Based on Obstacle Avoidance 3.2 Performance Evaluation Based on Image Processing 3.3 Performance Evaluation Based on Pick and Place 4 Conclusions References Multi-band Metasurface Microwave Absorber Based on Square Split-Ring Resonator Structure 1 Introduction 2 Design of the Multiband Metasurface Absorber 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Classification of Music-Induced Mental States Using Convolutional Neural Networks for an EEG Study 1 Introduction 1.1 Music and the Brain 1.2 Related Work 1.3 Convolutional Neural Network for Brain State Classification 2 Methodology 2.1 EEG Dataset 2.2 Computational System (Hardware and Software) 2.3 CNN Model Construction, Training and Validation 3 DL Model Description 3.1 Pure Fully Connected Multilayer Perceptrons (FC-MLP) Models 3.2 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) Models 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Optimization Algorithms 4.2 Effect of Activation Function on the Model Performance 4.3 Dropout Mechanism for Model Regularization 4.4 Comparing Across Different Architectures of CNN and FC-MLP 5 Conclusion References Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB) Disease Detection Using Hue, Saturation, Value (HSV) Band Threshold Method 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Proposed Method 3.1 Fieldwork and Data Collection 3.2 Data Verification 3.3 Detection System 4 Result and Analysis 4.1 Fieldwork and Data Collection 4.2 Detection System 5 Conclusion References Feature Transformation Through Stacked Autoencoder for Diabetes Classification 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 3 Methodology 3.1 Database 3.2 Preprocessing 3.3 Feature Learning Through Auto Encoder (AE) 3.4 Classification 3.5 Feature Fusion 3.6 Performance Metrics Evaluation 4 Results and Discussions 5 Conclusion and Future Work References A Review of Agricultural Product Characterization Using Microwave Sensor 1 Introduction 2 Electromagnetic Wave and Material Interaction 3 Microwave Sensing for Agricultural Product 4 Conclusions References Design a CPW Antenna on Rubber Substrate for Multiband Applications 1 Introduction 2 Antenna Design and Methodology 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusion References Driver’s Fatigue and Drowsy Expression Recognition Using Shape Features and Support Vector Machine 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Data Collection 2.2 Features Extraction Using Shape Features 2.3 Classification Using SVM 2.4 Test and Evaluation 3 Result and Analysis 4 Conclusion References Histogram Analysis with MATLAB Software for Motorcycle Image Processing 1 Introduction 2 Design Scheme for Image Processing 2.1 Selection of Image Sample 3 Method 3.1 MATLAB Programming 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Performance Evaluations 5 Conclusion References Design and Implementation of Advanced Encryption Standard Using Verilog HDL 1 Introduction 2 AES Concept and Algorithm 2.1 AES Internal Architecture 3 Existing Work 3.1 Iterative Approach 3.2 Pipelining Approach 4 Proposed Work 5 Result and Discussion 6 Conclusion 7 Recommendation References Design and Implementation of MD5 Hash Function Algorithm Using Verilog HDL 1 Introduction 2 Message Digest 5 (MD5) Algorithm 3 Cryptographic Algorithm Assembly 4 MD5 Implementation 5 Implementation Synthesis Results 6 Conclusion 7 Recommendation Reference Development of Computer Aided System for Classification of Gastrointestinal Lesions 1 Introduction 2 Proposed Method 2.1 Data Acquisition 2.2 Data Pre-processing 2.3 Feature Selection 2.4 Machine Learning Model 2.5 Performance Evaluation 2.6 Graphical User Interface (GUI) 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Image Segmentation Module Development for Image Processing Learning Mobile Application 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Image Segmentation Module Graphical User Interface (GUI) Design 3 Result and Analysis 3.1 Developed Application for Image Segmentation Modules 3.2 Market Test Survey Analysis 3.3 Performance Review Survey Analysis 3.4 Understanding Level Comparison Analysis 4 Conclusion References Auditory Evoked Potentials (AEPs) Response Classification: A Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) Approach 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Details About Experimental Data 2.2 Preprocessing and Feature Extraction 3 Classification 3.1 Support Vector Machine (SVM) 3.2 The Performance Measure 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Bit-Levels Encryption for RGB Telescope Images 1 Introduction 2 Digital Image 3 Proposed Algorithm 4 Design Analysis 4.1 Histogram 4.2 Key Sensitivity Analysis 4.3 PSNR 4.4 Information Entropy 5 Conclusion References Black Box Modelling of Infrared Drying System for Herbs Dehydration 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Step Response Analysis of Drying System 2.2 Black Box Modelling of Dryer System 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Step Response Analysis 3.2 ARMAX Mathematical Model Based on PRBS Input 4 Conclusion References Automatic Attendance System Using Face Recognition with Deep Learning Algorithm 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2.1 Attendance Methods 2.2 Face Detection 2.3 Face Recognition 3 Methodology 3.1 Face Detection Using (MTCNN) 3.2 Face Recognition Using (FaceNet) 3.3 Attendance System 3.4 Students Profile System 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Face Recognition 4.2 Attendance System 4.3 Student’s Profile System 5 Conclusion and Recommendations for Future Work References Automated Door Accessing System with Face Recognition and NFC 1 Introduction 2 System Design and Setup 2.1 Face Recognition Identification Using Haar Cascade 2.2 Gray Scale Image 2.3 Face Recognition of Gray Scale Image Testing 2.4 Near Field Communications (NFC) Keychain Speed Measurement Testing 2.5 Near Field Communications (NFC) Key Chain Reading Distance Testing 3 Result and Analysis 3.1 Face Recognition in Different Angle of Face Testing 3.2 Face Recognition with the Effect of Face Accessories 3.3 Face Recognition with Limit Distance 3.4 Result of Testing GUI (Graphical User Interface) 3.5 Testing for the Whole System 4 Conclusion References Machine Remaining Useful Life (RUL) Prediction Based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Raw Data 2.2 Data Preprocessing and Analysis 2.3 Data Analysis 2.4 PSO Algorithm 3 Results and Analysis 4 Conclusion References Emergency Tool Kits Monitoring System 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 2.1 Cloud Database Service 2.2 Internet of Things Technology 2.3 Monitoring System 3 Methodology 3.1 Components and IoT Platform Selection 3.2 Development of System Modules 3.3 Development of Prototype 3.4 Functionality Test 3.5 Performance Test 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Functionality Test Result 4.2 Performance Testing on the System 5 Conclusion References Development of EEG-Based System to Identify Student Learning Attention Ability 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Data Acquisition and Measurement Protocol 2.2 Feature Extraction 2.3 Feature Classification 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Design of a Compact Dual-Band Antenna for WLAN Applications 1 Introduction 2 Antenna Design 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Development of a Mini Pole-Climbing Robot 1 Introduction 2 Robot Design 2.1 Selected Materials 2.2 Conceptual Design 2.3 Robot Behavior Description 2.4 Circuit Diagram 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Implementation and Testing of Proposed Campus Network 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Proposed Network 4 Analysis of Network Requirement 4.1 Devices for Networking 4.2 Devices for End User 4.3 Types of Cable 5 Network Diagram with Appropriate Components 6 Network and System Integration Methodology 7 Factor Considered in Network Topology 8 Conclusion References Sena Traffic Controller System Using Moru D Firmware 1 Introduction 2 Related Literatures 3 Methodology 3.1 Overview of Sena Traffic System 3.2 Elementary Operating System (OS) 3.3 Accessing and Updating Moru D Firmware 4 Test Results and Discussion 4.1 Testing Phase on a Remote Sena Traffic Controller 4.2 Test Results and Discussion 4.3 General Outlook of Sena Traffic System 5 Conclusion References Perpendicular High Isolation MIMO Antenna 1 Introduction 2 Antenna Design, Fabrication and Performances 3 Simulation Results 4 Conclusion References 2 × 1 Circularly Polarized Rectangular Microstrip Patch Array Antenna 1 Introduction 2 Antenna Design Geometry 3 Simulation Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Control, Instrumentations and Artificial Intelligent Systems Smart Waste Management System 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Overall System 3.1 System Architecture 3.2 Algorithm 3.3 Database Design 3.4 System Interface Design 4 System Implementation 4.1 Evaluation of System Performance 4.2 Evaluation of Deep Learning Model 5 Conclusion References A Thematic Review on Data Quality Challenges and Dimension in the Era of Big Data 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Method 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Quantitative Findings 3.2 Qualitative Findings 4 Conclusion References Recursive Dictionary Learning Approach Exploiting Between-Channel Correlations for EEG Signal Reconstruction 1 Introduction 2 Dictionary Learning Problem 3 RLS-DLA and GAW-RLS 4 Proposed Method 5 Experiments 6 Conclusion References Using a Novel Algorithm in Ultrasound Images to Detect Renal Stones 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Kidney Stone Image Database 2.2 Image Pre-Processing 2.3 Segmentation 3 Experimental Results 4 Conclusion References BER Analysis of SIMO and MIMO Systems with Rayleigh Fading Using SIMULINK 1 Introduction 2 Theory and Concept 2.1 Rayleigh Fading 2.2 Bit Error Rate 2.3 Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) Channel 2.4 BER Due to Rayleigh Fading 2.5 Deep Fade in Wireless Communication System 2.6 Diversity 2.7 Alamouti Space–Time Block Code (A-STBC) 3 Simulation Results and Discussion 3.1 Case I: Single Input Single Output (SISO) with AWGN (Without Rayleigh Fading) 3.2 Case II: Single Input Single Output (SISO) in AWGN and Rayleigh Fading 3.3 Case III: Single Input Multiple Outputs (SIMO) with AWGN and Rayleigh Fading 3.4 Case IV: Alamouti STBC 2 × 2 MIMO System 4 Conclusion References Investigation on Methods of Reducing High Peak-to-Average Power Ratio in MIMO-OFDM 1 Introduction 2 Different Type of Antenna Configuration 2.1 Single Input Single Output (SISO) 2.2 Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) 2.3 Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) 2.4 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) 3 The Operation of OFDM System 3.1 The Operation of MIMO-OFDM Systems 3.2 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) 3.3 PAPR Reduction Methods 3.4 Signal Scrambling Method 3.5 Performance Evaluation for SLM and PTS Method 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Performance of MIMO and SISO System 4.2 SIMO and MISO System 4.3 MISO and SISO System 4.4 PAPR Reduction Method 5 Conclusion References Performance Analysis of OFDM Channel Estimation Under IQ Imbalance 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) Channel 2.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) System 2.3 In-phase-and-Quadrature Imbalance (IQI) 2.4 Channel Estimation 3 Methodology 3.1 Development of OFDM System 3.2 Development of Channel Estimation Scheme 3.3 Implementation of IQI in OFDM System 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Least Square Channel Estimation 4.2 Linear Minimum Mean Square Error Channel Estimation 4.3 Comparison Between LS and LMMSE Channel Estimation 5 Conclusion References Online Nonlinear Series–Parallel Hammerstein Model for Bi-directional DC Motor 1 Introduction 2 Problem Formulation 3 Hammerstein Model for Nonlinear System 4 Series–Parallel Hammerstein Neural Network 5 Learning Algorithm 6 Model and Algorithm Effectuation 7 Results and Model Validation 8 Conclusion References Development of a Novel Open Platform Controller Machining Module for 3-Axis CNC Milling Machine 1 Introduction 1.1 Development of UOCC 1.2 System Architecture 2 Conclusion References Speech Recognizing Comparisons Between Web Speech API and FPT.AI API 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Testing Data 2.2 Testing Method 3 Results and Analysis 3.1 Conversion Result 3.2 Incorrect Conversion Types 3.3 Incorrect Words Distribution 4 Conclusion References Optimal Training of Feedforward Neural Networks Using Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization with Modified Learning Phases 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 2.1 Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO) 2.2 Existing TLBO Variants 2.3 Applications of MSAs in Training FNN Models 3 Optimization of FNN Model with TLBO-MLPs 3.1 Formulation of FNN Training as an Optimization Problem 3.2 TLBO-MLPs 4 Performance Evaluation in Training FNN Models 4.1 Datasets for Evaluating FNN Training Performances 4.2 Performance Metric for FNN Training 4.3 Algorithms Comparisons and Parameter Settings 4.4 Classification Performance Comparisons of FNN Classifiers Trained by All Algorithms 4.5 Non-parametric Statistical Analysis Procedures 5 Conclusions References Effect of Nozzle Diameter on Temperature Behavior in Spray Dryer Via Computational Fluid Dynamics 1 Introduction 1.1 Thermal Degradation in Spray Drying 1.2 Particle Temperature Histories 2 Methodology 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Pre-processing Stage: Geometry and Mesh 2.3 Processing Stage: Boundary Conditions 2.4 Post-processing Stage: Results 3 Result and Discussion 3.1 Effect of Nozzle Diameter Size Configuration on Temperature Distribution 4 Conclusion References Influence of Nozzle Diameter Towards Velocity Distribution in Spray Dryer Via Computational Fluid Dynamics 1 Introduction 1.1 Spray Drying 1.2 Computational Fluid Dynamics 1.3 Particle Size Distribution in Spray Chamber Via CFD Analysis 2 Methodology 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Pre-processing Stage: Geometry and Mesh 2.3 Processing Stage: Boundary Conditions 2.4 Post-processing Stage: Results 3 Result and Discussion 3.1 Effect of Spray Dryer Chamber Configuration on Velocity Distribution 4 Conclusion References H∞ Filter with Fuzzy Logic Estimation: An Analysis to Refrain Finite Escape Time (FET) 1 Introduction 2 SLAM General Model 2.1 H∞ Filter-Based SLAM 2.2 H∞ Filter with Fuzzy Logic Design 3 Simulation Result and Discussion 3.1 Case 1: H∞ Filter with Fuzzy Logic Model 1 (28720TRP) 3.2 Case 2: H∞ Filter with Fuzzy Logic Model 2 (29620BTRP) 3.3 Case 3: H∞ Filter with Fuzzy Logic Model 3 (30820TRP) 4 Conclusion References Quasi Oppositional—Manta Ray Foraging Optimization and Its Application to PID Control of a Pendulum System 1 Introduction 2 Oppositional-Based Manta Ray Foraging Optimization Algorithm 2.1 Quasi Oppositional-Based Learning 2.2 Manta Ray Foraging Optimization 2.3 Proposed Algorithm: Oppositional-Based Manta Ray Foraging Algorithm 3 Experimental Setup 3.1 Benchmark Function 3.2 Inverted Pendulum System 4 Result and Discussion 4.1 Benchmark Function 4.2 Application on Inverted Pendulum System 5 Conclusion References Autonomous Lane Navigation: Using Hand-Coded Method and Deep Learning Method 1 Introduction 2 Literature Survey 2.1 The History of Vehicle Automation 2.2 The Current Trend 2.3 The Future Expectation in Lane Navigation 3 Design Methodology 3.1 Lane Detection 3.2 Image Pre-processing 3.3 Segmenting Lane Area 3.4 Hough Transform 3.5 Visualization 3.6 Hough Transform 3.7 Dataset 3.8 Data Augmentation 3.9 Data Pre-processing 3.10 Data Splitting 3.11 Network Architecture 3.12 Fine Tuning 3.13 Learning Rate 3.14 Loss Function 3.15 Optimization Function 3.16 Pseudo-Code for Gradient Descent 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 The Lane Detection 4.2 Lane Navigation (Hand-Craft Method) 4.3 Lane Navigation Using Deep Learning 4.4 Evaluation 4.5 Testing the Model 4.6 The Final Result 5 Conclusion and Future Work References An Identification of Aspergillus Species: A Comparison on Supervised Classification Methods 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Data Acquisition 2.2 Feature Extraction 2.3 Classification 3 Results 3.1 Experimental Setup 3.2 Performance Evaluation 4 Conclusions References Model-Free State Feedback Controller Tuning for A Liquid Slosh Suppression System 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Modeling of the Liquid Slosh System 2.2 Conventional Design of a State Feedback Controller with Integral Control 2.3 Data-Driven Pole Placement State Feedback Controller Design 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Improving Covariance Matrix Diagonalization in SLAM of Mobile Robot 1 Introduction 2 Issue of Design 2.1 SLAM in Term of Modeling 2.2 SLAM Situated on Extended Kalman Filter 2.3 The Matrix of State Error Covariance 3 Matrix Diagonalization 3.1 Covariance Matrix Diagonalization by Means EKF-Based SLAM 3.2 Covariance Expansion by Methods for Decorrelation 4 Results of Simulation and Discussions 5 Conclusion References Development of a Logistics Autonomous Mobile Robot (EasyBot) 1 Introduction 2 Related Works 2.1 Line Following Technique 2.2 Potential Field Method 2.3 Q-Learning Method 2.4 Fuzzy Logic Control Method 3 Robot Development 3.1 Hardware Development 3.2 Software Development 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Improved Line Following Algorithm Testing 4.2 Ultrasonic Sensor Range Test 4.3 Load and Speed Test 4.4 Night Mode Test 5 Conclusion References Adaptive-Somersault MRFO for Global Optimization with an Application to Optimize PD Control 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Adaptive-Somersault Manta Ray Foraging Optimization Algorithm 3 Experimental Setup 3.1 Benchmark Functions 3.2 Control Scheme for Flexible Manipulator 4 Result and Discussion 4.1 Benchmark Function 4.2 Control Response of the Flexible Manipulator 5 Conclusion References Power Systems and Sustainable Energy Solving Combined Economic and Emission Load Dispatch Using Cohesive Meta-heuristic Approach 1 Introduction 2 Formulation of Combined Economic and Emission Load Dispatch 2.1 Economic Load Dispatch 2.2 Emission Minimization 2.3 Combined Economic and Emission Load Dispatch 2.4 Constraints 3 Cohesive Meta-heuristic Approach 3.1 Barnacles Mating Optimizer 3.2 Moth Flame Optimizer 3.3 Grey Wolf Optimizer 3.4 Cohesive Approach for CEELD Solution 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Harmonic Elimination Simulation of Seven Level Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter Based on Newton Raphson Method 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Mathematical Models of Switching Angle for Dryer System Inverter 2.2 Third and Seventh Order Harmonic Elimination 2.3 Fifth and Seventh Order Harmonic Elimination 3 Simulation and Experimental Validation 3.1 Simulation Result for 36 Vdc Output Inverter 3.2 Experimental Result for 36 Vdc Output Inverter 4 Conclusion References Improving the Effect of Non-uniform Thermal Distribution and Electrical Mismatch for PV Panel During Partial Shading Condition 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Effect of Temperature and Irradiance 2.2 Effect of Bypass Diode Configuration 3 Methodology 3.1 Mathematical Modelling of a PV Module 3.2 Modelling the PV Module with Shading Pattern 3.3 Performance Assessment of a PV Module 4 Result and Discussion 4.1 Under Uniform Irradiance 4.2 Under PSC 4.3 Summary 5 Conclusion References Development of Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-Based Model to Predict Electricity Production from Food Waste Biogas System 1 Introduction 2 Data Collection 2.1 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia Domestic Residuals 3 Development of Artificial Neural Network 4 Results and Analysis 4.1 Food Waste in Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia 4.2 Biogas Production 4.3 Electricity Production 5 Conclusion References Statistical Evaluation of Wind Speed Data for Power Generation at Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria 1 Introduction 2 Material and Method 2.1 Data Collection 2.2 Weibull Distribution Parameter 2.3 Power Density of the Wind 2.4 Instrumentation 2.5 Small to Medium Commercial Wind Turbine (WES-30) 3 Results and Analysis 4 Conclusion References Distribution Network Reconfiguration for Transmission Loss Minimization and Voltage Profile Improvement Using Salp Swarm Optimization Algorithm 1 Introduction 2 The ORPD Problem Formulation 2.1 Objective Function 2.2 Equality Constraints 2.3 Inequality Constraints 3 Salp Swarm Algorithm 3.1 Salp Modelling 3.2 PSO and SSA ORPD Implementation 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 IEEE 30 Bus Test System 4.2 Case 1: Analysis Based on the Number of Search Agents 4.3 Case 2: Variation of Loading Factor and Transmission Losses Without Line Outages 4.4 Case 3: Variation of Loading Factor and Transmission Losses with Line Outages 4.5 Case 4: Effect of Variation of Number of Iteration on Line Losses 5 Conclusion References Inactivation of Mucose on Bread by Using Plasma Jet 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Experimental Setup and Procedure 2.2 Image Evaluation 3 Results 4 Conclusion References Hot Spots Identification for Global Solar Energy Potential: A Future Perspective 1 Introduction 2 Global RE Statistics 2.1 Solar Energy Statistics 2.2 Geographical Analysis 3 Solar Hot Spots 4 Conclusions References Comparison Between Online and Offline Power Converter Simulation Using Low-Cost Microcontroller for Active Power Filter 1 Introduction 2 Active Power Filter