Proceedings of the 10th Hydrogen Technology Convention, Volume 3: WHTC 2023, 22-26 May, Foshan, China (Springer Proceedings in Physics, 395)

These proceedings highlight the latest advances in fundamental research, technologies and applications of hydrogen energy and fuel cells. In recent years, energy conversion between electricity and hydrogen energy has attracted increasing attention as a way to adjust the load of the grid. These conference records discuss and exchange cutting-edge findings and technological developments in fields such as new proton exchange membrane electrolysers, new electrode materials and catalysts, renewable energy, off-grid/grid-connected water electrolysis for hydrogen production, key materials and components of fuel cells, high-temperature solid oxide water electrolysis, energy storage technologies and research, CO2 hydrogenation to methanol, nitrogen to ammonia and other applications with industrial potential. The main topics of the proceedings include: 1) Policies and strategies for hydrogen energy and fuel cells; 2) Advanced proton exchange membranes, electrodes and catalyst materials for water electrolysis; 3) Advanced hydrogen compression, storage, transportation and distribution technologies; 4) Safety and related standards; 5) Manufacture and R&D of key materials and components of fuel cells and stack systems. Preface Contents Contributors Numerical Research on the Impact of Sloshing Frequencies of a Liquid Hydrogen Tank Under Massive Heat Leakage Conditions 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Models 2.1 Calculation Models 2.2 Tank Model 2.3 Mesh and Model Validation 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Review of Liquid Hydrogen Leakage: Factors and Safety Measures 1 Introduction 1.1 Development of Hydrogen Energy 1.2 Liquid Hydrogen Safety 2 Influence Factors 2.1 Key Experiments 2.2 Open Environment 2.3 Specific Scenarios 3 Safety Measures 3.1 Simulation on Measures 3.2 Risk Assessment on Measures 3.3 New Technologies 4 Summary and Outlook References Study on the Poisoning and Fine-Powdering Resistance Mechanism of SiO2-Coating on La-Ni Hydrogen Storage Alloy 1 Introduction 2 Experiment 2.1 Sample Preparation 2.2 Structure Characterization 2.3 Sample Test Conditions 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Poisoning Resistance Performance of La-Ni/SiO2 Composite 3.2 Fine-Powdering Resistance Performance of La-Ni/SiO2 Composite 4 Conclusions References Study on Energy Management Strategy for Reducing Equivalent Hydrogen Consumption in a Combined Heat and Power System Based on PEMFC 1 Introduction 2 System Model 2.1 System Description 2.2 Mathematical Model 2.3 Electric and Thermal Load 3 Energy Management Strategy 3.1 Compound FLC Strategy 3.2 Genetic Algorithm Optimized FLC Strategy 3.3 Pontriagin Minimum Principle Optimization Strategy 4 Result and Discussions 5 Conclusions References A New Perspective on the Influence of the Electrolytic Bubbles on the Pressure Drop in the Vertical Pipe Flow 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Setup 3 Model 4 Results 5 Conclusion References Capacity Optimization Method for Off-Grid Photovoltaic Hydrogen Production System Based on Improved Honeybadger Algorithm 1 Foreword 2 System Mathematical Model 2.1 Photovoltaic Power Generation Model 2.2 Energy Storage Battery Model 2.3 Alkaline Electrolyzer Model 3 Capacity Optimization Method 3.1 Energy Management Strategies 3.2 Objective Function 3.3 Constraint Condition 3.4 Honeybadger Algorithm with Reverse Learning and Cauchy Mutation 4 Computational Analysis 5 Conclusion References Design of PEMFC Stack Intelligent Diagnosis System Based on Improved Neural Network 1 Introduction 2 Model and Fault 2.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System Model 2.2 Feasibility Verification of the Model 2.3 Fault Simulation 3 Diagnostic Algorithm Design 3.1 Diagnostic Algorithm Flow 3.2 Neural Network Structure 3.3 Genetic Algorithm 4 Analysis of Simulation Results 5 Conclusion References An Optimal Dispatch Method for the Hydrogen-Electric Coupled Energy Microgrid 1 Introduction 2 Optimal Dispatch Method of HEMG 3 Case Study 4 Conclusion References Marine Scheme and Experimental Study of Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier Technology 1 Introduction 2 LOHC Technology Marine Scheme 2.1 Basic Principle of LOHC Technology 2.2 Characteristics of LOHC Technology 2.3 Typical LOHC and Marine Use Scheme 3 Experimental Study on a Typical Organic Liquid Dehydrogenation Device 3.1 Hydrogen Storage Efficiency Test of Organic Liquid 3.2 Hydrogen Discharge Test of Organic Liquid Dehydrogenation Unit 3.3 Operation Matching Test Between Dehydrogenation Unit and Fuel Cell 4 Conclusion References Research on Sampling and Analysis Methods for Trace Particulate in Hydrogen Fuel 1 Research Status 2 Standards for Particulate Measurement in Hydrogen Fuel 3 Scheme for Particulate Sampling and Analysis in Hydrogen Fuel 3.1 On-line Sampling Point 3.2 Off-line Sampling Point 3.3 Source Analysis of Trace Particulate in Hydrogen Fuel 4 Conclusion References IrNi Nanoparticles as Highly Efficient Electrocatalysts Towards the Oxygen Evolution Reaction in an Acidic Medium 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 2.1 Synthesis of IrNi Alloy Catalytic Materials 2.2 Characterization of the Catalysts 2.3 Performance Test of IrNi Material Under a Three-Electrode System 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Estimation of the Volume Flow Rate at the Anode Side of Hydrogen Fuel Cells 1 Introduction 2 The Theoretical Model of Single Voltage for Fuel Cells 3 Methods for Estimation of Volume Flow of Hydrogen 3.1 Perspective 1: The Number of Electrons Transferred in an Electrochemical Reaction 3.2 Perspective 2: The Energy Conversion Between Chemical Energy and Electrical Energy 4 Sensitivity Analysis 5 Conclusion References The Energy Consumption Method Based on Synthetic Optimization of Speed and Power Allocation for Fuel Cell-Battery Hybrid Tramway 1 Introduction 2 Modeling of the Fuel Cell Hybrid Train 2.1 Dynamic Model of the Fuel Cell Hybrid Train 2.2 Topology of Fuel Cell Hybrid System 3 Energy Consumption Method Based on Synthetic Optimiza-Tion of Speed and Power Allocation 3.1 The Description and Objective of Synthetic Optimization 3.2 Pseudospectral Method 4 Results and Analysis 5 Conclusion References Research on Safety Management Mode of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Demonstration Operation Based on Intrinsic Safety Control 1 Introduction 2 Characteristics and Difficulties in Safe Production of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Demonstration Operation 2.1 New Technologies and Equipment for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles 2.2 Many Departments Were Involved in Demonstration Operations 2.3 The Demonstration Operation Environment is Subject to Frequent Changes 2.4 Insufficient Applicability of Safety Management System 3 Analysis Method for Intrinsic Safety Management Strategy 3.1 Analysis of Safety Risk of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles 3.2 Analysis on Safety Responsibility Attribution of Demonstration Operation Organization Model 3.3 Analysis of the Impact of the External Environment on Demonstration Operations of Fuel Cell Vehicles 3.4 Developing of Intrinsic Safety Management Strategy 4 Strategies for Strengthening Intrinsic Safety Control of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Operations 4.1 Technical Safety Management Strategy for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles 4.2 Implementation Strategy for Safety Responsibilities of Demonstration Operation Participants 4.3 Security Management Strategy for the Operational Environment 4.4 Intrinsic Safety Management Strategy 5 Research on Intrinsic Safety Management Strategy 6 Conclusions References Study on the Effect of Hydrogen Doping Ratio on the Operating Characteristics of Hydrogen-Rich Gas Turbine 1 Introduction 2 Gas Turbine Variable Operating Conditions Modeling 2.1 Calculation Model of Multi-stage Axial Flow Compressor with Variable Working Conditions 2.2 Calculation Model of Multi-stage Axial Flow Compressor with Variable Working Conditions 2.3 Axial Flow Turbine Variable Working Condition Calculation Model 2.4 Unit Performance Evaluation Index 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Model Validation 3.2 Effect of Hydrogen Blending Ratio on the Full-Load Operating Characteristics of Gas Turbines 3.3 Overall Operating Characteristics of Gas Turbine Under Partial Load 4 Conclusion References Modeling of a Stand-Alone Microgrid Based on Solar-Hydrogen Energy Systems for the Design of Energy Management Systems 1 Introduction 2 Stand-Alone Microgrid System 3 Modeling and Simulation 3.1 Photovoltaic System 3.2 Hydrogen Storage System 3.3 Lead-Acid Battery 3.4 Microgrid System Simulation 4 Conclusions References Coordinated Control Technology for Multi-stack Fuel Cell System 1 Introduction 2 A Coordinated Control Method for MFCS Considering System Operation Economy 3 Test Verification 4 Conclusion References Global Hydrogen Refueling Infrastructures Development Evaluation in 2022 1 Introduction 2 Global Hydrogen Refueling Infrastructures Evaluation 2.1 East Asian Countries Take the Top 3 Spots in the World for the Number of HRS in Operation 2.2 European HRS Construction Slows Down, Renewable Hydrogen Supplies Increase 2.3 North America Operated HRS Still Highly Concentrated in California 3 China’s Hydrogen Refueling Infrastructure Construction Situation 3.1 In Terms of Construction Form, Fixed HRS and Skid-Mounted HRS Go Hand in Hand 3.2 In Terms of Pressure Level, 35 MPa HRS Dominate the Market 3.3 In Terms of Refueling Capacity, HRS Starts to Move Towards Large Capacity 4 Development Evaluation of China’s Hydrogen Refueling Infrastructures 4.1 Characteristics of Development 4.2 Problems and Challenges 5 Recommendations References Grid-Connected PV-Hydrogen Systems Providing Secondary Frequency Regulation: Modeling, Controller Design and Verification 1 Introduction 2 PV-Hydrogen System Dynamic Modeling 2.1 PV-Hydrogen system structure 2.2 PV System Dynamic Model 2.3 Alkaline Electrolysis System Dynamic Model 3 PV-Hydrogen System Controller Design 3.1 PV System Control for Providing SFR 3.2 Electrolysis System Control for Providing SFR 3.3 Power Distribution Between PV and AEL Systems 4 Simulation and Experimental Results 4.1 Setup 4.2 PV System Parameters verification 4.3 AEL System Parameters verification 4.4 Frequency Regulation Results 5 Conclusion References Ortho- to Para-Hydrogen Spin Conversion Performance of Ho-Fe2O3 Catalytic at 77 K 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Methods 2.1 Material Synthesis 2.2 Materials Characterization 2.3 Low Temperature Catalytic Performance Test of the Catalyst 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusion References Optimal Scheduling for Integrated Hydrogen Production System Based on Exergy Analysis 1 Introduction 2 Problem Description and Thermodynamic Analysis 2.1 Problem Description 2.2 Modeling and Thermodynamic Analysis 3 Multi-objective Scheduling Optimization Model for IHPS 3.1 Objective Function 3.2 Operation Constraints 3.3 Multi-objective Processing 4 Case Studies 4.1 Multi-objective Optimal Scheduling Results and Comparative Analysis 4.2 Exergy Analysis of IHPS 5 Conclusion References Fault Diagnosis of PEMFC Stack Based on PSO-DBN 1 Introduction 2 PEMFC System and Operation Data 2.1 PEMFC System 2.2 System Operation Data 2.3 Feature Extraction 2.4 Fault Diagnosis 3 Example Analysis 3.1 PCA Dimensionality Reduction 3.2 Fault Diagnosis 4 Conclusion References Impact of Operational Parameters on Shutdown Characteristic of Industrial AWE Cell 1 Introduction 2 Problem Statement 3 Experimental Methods 3.1 Experimental System 3.2 Experimental Procedure 4 Experimental results 4.1 The Shutdown Characteristic of AWE Cell 4.2 Influence of Operating Current Density 4.3 The Influence of Electrode Material 4.4 The Influence of Temperature 5 Conclusion References Performance Analysis Based on Energetic and Exergetic Ecological Index of a High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Electrochemical Modeling of the HT-PEMFC 2.2 Ecological Analysis 2.3 Validation 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusions References Dynamically Fed Anion-Conducting Matrix-Based Water Electrolyzer References Thermal Insulation Simulation of Small Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 1 Introduction 2 Modeling Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Simulation Analysis Without Insulation Measures 3.2 Simulation Analysis with Thermal Insulation 3.3 Calculation of Required Heating Power for Thermal Balance 4 Conclusion References Investigation of the Effect of Operating Conditions on the Polarization Process of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Based on the Distribution of Relaxation Times Using Orthogonal Test Method 1 Introduction 2 Experiment 2.1 Experimental Equipment 2.2 Orthogonal Experimental Design 2.3 The Performance Characterization and Testing Means of PEMFC 2.4 Distribution of Relaxation Times 2.5 Range Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Polarization Curve 3.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Distribution of Relaxation Times 3.3 Range Analysis 3.4 The Optimal Combination of Influence Factors 4 Conclusions References Development of 130 kW Self-Humidifying Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System 1 Introduction 2 PEMFC-Based Self-Humidifying System Design 2.1 Fuel Cell Stack Selection 2.2 Air Supply Subsystem Design 2.3 Hydrogen Supply Subsystem Design 2.4 Thermal Management Subsystem Design 3 System Integration 3.1 Experimental Activities 3.2 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References A Neural Network Based PEMFC Dynamic Model for Hardware-in-the-Loop Application 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Setup 3 Neural Network Based PEMFC Dynamic Model Architecture 3.1 Model Implementation 3.2 Network Training Options and Hyperparameters Optimization 4 Model Verification and Analysis 5 Conclusion References Hydrogen Energy Application in Rail Transit Under the “Double Carbon” Strategy: The State of the Art and Prospects 1 Introduction 2 Prognostic and Health Monitoring of PEMFC for Rail Transit 2.1 Multi-stack Fuel Cell Architecture 2.2 Prognostic and Health Monitoring 3 Energy Management Strategy for Rail Transit Hydrogen Hybrid System 3.1 Rule-Based Control Strategy 3.2 Optimization-Based Strategy 4 Conclusion and Prospect References Optimization of the Hollow Shaft in an Air Compressor Rotor for Hydrogen Fuel Cell 1 Introduction 2 The Influence of Hollow Aperture on Rotor Strength and Critical Speed 2.1 Calculation of Simple Hollow Shafts 2.2 The Influence of Hollow Aperture on Rotor Strength 2.3 The Influence of Hollow Aperture on Rotor Critical Speed 3 Optimization of Hollow Shaft Rotor 4 Calculation of Gas Foil Bearing-Rotor System and Test Verification 4.1 Dynamic Characteristic Curve of the Bearing 4.2 Critical Speed of the Optimized Rotor 4.3 Prototype Test 5 Conclusions References Numerical Simulation of a Two-Stage Centrifugal Air Compressor Cooling Structure for Hydrogen Fuel Cells 1 Introduction 2 Design of Air Compressor Cooling Structure 3 Control Equations and Assumptions 4 Numerical Calculation of Air Compressor Temperature Rise 4.1 Numerical Solution of Air Friction Loss 4.2 Numerical Calculation of Internal Flow in Volute 4.3 Numerical Calculation of Different Cooling Cases of Motor 5 Conclusion References PEMFC Seal Design and Optimization by Taking into Account of Gasket Shape Profile and Stack-Up Assembly Tolerance 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Tolerance Analysis and Numerical Simulation 3.1 Analysis of Assembly Tolerance Zones and Sealing Gasket Surface Profile Tolerance Zones 3.2 Material Properties 3.3 Assembly Model and Boundary Conditions for Sealing Analysis 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Roth Model 4.2 Influence of Assembly Errors on Leakage Rate and Tolerance Optimization 4.3 Influence of Profile of Gaskets Surface on Leakage Rate 5 Summary and Conclusion References Research on the Scale Coefficient in the Interface Leakage Rate Multi-scale Model and the Performance Study of the Gasket-BPP Sealing Interface in PEMFCs 1 Introduction 1.1 Macroscopic Study on the Performance of Sealing Interface 1.2 Leaking Study of Gasket-BPP Interface by Single-Scale Methods 1.3 Multi-scale Modeling of Gasket-BPP Interface Leakage Rate 2 Methods and Processes 2.1 Calculation of Gasket-BPP Interface Leakage Rate by Numerical Simulation 2.2 Research on the Scale Coefficient in the Multi-scale Model 2.3 The Prediction of the Gasket-BPP Sealing Interface Leakage Rate Based on the Multi-scale Model 3 Conclusions References Author Index