Proceedings of the 10th Hydrogen Technology Convention, Volume 1: WHTC 2023, 22-26 May, Foshan, China (Springer Proceedings in Physics, 393)

This open access book highlights the latest advances in fundamental research, technologies and applications of hydrogen energy and fuel cells. In recent years, energy conversion between electricity and hydrogen energy has attracted increasing attention as a way to adjust the load of the grid. This book discusses and exchanges cutting-edge findings and technological developments in fields such as new proton exchange membrane electrolyzers, new electrode materials and catalysts, renewable energy, off-grid/grid-connected water electrolysis for hydrogen production, key materials and components of fuel cells, high-temperature solid oxide water electrolysis, energy storage technologies and research, CO2 hydrogenation to methanol, nitrogen to ammonia and other applications with industrial potential. The main topics of the proceedings include: 1) Policies and strategies for hydrogen energy and fuel cells; 2) Advanced proton exchange membranes, electrodes and catalyst materials for water electrolysis; 3) Advanced hydrogen compression, storage, transportation and distribution technologies; 4) Safety and related standards; 5) Manufacture and R&D of key materials and components of fuel cells and stack systems. Preface Contents Analysis and Treatment of Gas Pulsation in the Pipeline of a Hydrogen Diaphragm Compressor 1 Introduction 2 Calculation Method of Gas Pulsation 2.1 Plane Wave Theory 2.2 Limitation of Pipeline Pressure Pulsation 3 Acoustic Analysis 3.1 Pipeline from Primary Exhaust to Secondary Intake 3.2 Secondary exhaust pipeline 4 Study on pulsation suppression 4.1 Pulsation suppression scheme of interstage pipeline 4.2 Pulsation Suppression Scheme of 2nd-Stage Exhaust Pipeline 5 Conclusions References Airworthiness Design and Verification Analysis of Unconventional Thermodynamic Cycle Hydrogen Aero-Turbine Engines 1 Introduction 2 Unconventional Thermodynamic Cycle Hydrogen Power Scheme 3 Unconventional Thermodynamic Cycle Airworthiness Compliance Design and Verification 3.1 Design of Pre-cooling Device for Compressor Flow Path 3.2 Turbine Cooling Gas Pre-cooling Device Airworthiness Compliance Design 3.3 Unconventional Thermodynamic Cycle System Airworthiness Compliance Verification Ideas 3.4 Potential Special Conditions 4 Conclusion and Outlook References Numerical Investigation of Combustion Characteristics of the Port Fuel Injection Hydrogen-Oxygen Internal Combustion Engine Under the Low-Temperature Intake Condition 1 Introduction 2 Model Establishment and Validation 2.1 Geometric Model and Boundary Conditions 2.2 Selection of Mathematical Models 2.3 Experimental Setup and Model Validation 3 Result and Discussion 3.1 Combustion Analysis 3.2 Engine Performance 4 Conclusion References Mechanical Behavior and Failure Analysis of Diaphragm in Diaphragm Compressor for Hydrogen Refueling Station 1 Introduction 2 Fault Cases 3 Failure Analysis of the Diaphragm 3.1 Static Structure Analysis 3.2 Dynamic Analysis 4 Conclusions References Global Trends in PEM Electrolyzer Research Based on Published Articles 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Data Collection 2.2 Data Analyses 3 Results 3.1 Publication and Citation 3.2 Publication and Citation 3.3 Authors 3.4 Journals 3.5 Keywords 4 Discussion 4.1 Countries and Authors 4.2 The Changing of Keywords 4.3 Recent Research Trends 5 Conclusion References The Preparation of Iridium-Based Catalyst with Different Melting Point-Metal Nitrate and Its OER Performance in Acid Media 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 2.1 Catalysts Preparation 2.2 Physical Characterization 2.3 Electrochemical Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Structural Characterizations 3.2 Electrochemical Characterizations 4 Conclusion References Development and Validation of a 100 kW-Class Fuel Cell System Controller for Passenger Cars 1 Introduction 2 FC System Integration 3 FC System Controller Development 4 FC System Performance Discussion 4.1 System Power and Efficiency 4.2 Stack Consistency 5 Conclusions References Dual-Layer Characteristic Temperature Model for AWES Dynamic Thermal Detection Based on IR 1 Introduction 2 Modeling Method 3 First-Layer Characteristic Temperature Model 3.1 Multi-Gaussian Distribution Analysis 3.2 First Layer CT Model Results 4 Second-Layer Characteristic Temperature Model 4.1 Regression Method 4.2 Second Layer CT Model Results 5 Conclusion References Process Simulation of Green Ammonia Production Via Sorption-Enhanced Gasification of Biomass 1 Introduction 2 Process Design and Simulation 2.1 Process Design 2.2 ASPEN Plus Simulation 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Mass Balance 3.2 Energy Balance 4 Conclusions References Optimization of Energy Management Control Strategy for Hydrogen-Electric Hybrid Train 1 Introduction 2 Train Configuration and Operation Mode 2.1 Train Configuration 2.2 Major Operation Mode 3 Energy Management Control Strategy Determination and Optimization 3.1 Proposal of Energy Management Control Strategy 3.2 Optimization of Energy Management Control Strategies 4 Simulation Verification 5 Summary and Prospect References Safety Technologies and Challenges of Hydrogen-Powered Rail Transport 1 Introduction 2 The Exploration of Hydrogen-Powered Rail Transport 3 Safety Risks of Hydrogen in Rail Transport 3.1 Failure of On-board Hydrogen Energy Devices 3.2 Lack of Safety Regulations for Hydrogen Vehicles 3.3 Inadequate Hydrogen Fire Prevention and Control Technology in Tunnels 4 Hydrogen-Powered Rail Transport Safety Technology 4.1 On-board Hydrogen Safety Technology 4.2 Related Hydrogen Safety Standards 4.3 Tunnel Hydrogen Explosion Prevention and Control 5 China's Hydrogen-Powered Rail Transport Challenges 5.1 On-board Hydrogen Device Research Needs to be More In-depth 5.2 Hydrogen Safety Regulations Need to be Improved 5.3 Hydrogen Rail Accident Rescue Technology Still Needs to be Improved 6 Conclusion References Research of Standard System on Fuel Cell Systems for Vehicles 1 Introduction 2 National and Local Policy Guidance on Fuel Cell System Standards 2.1 Purpose and Importance of Investigating Fuel Cell System Standards 2.2 National Policy Guidelines for Fuel Cell System Standards 3 Local Government Planning for Fuel Cell System Standards 3.1 A Four-Level Classification of Fuel Cell System Standards in This Paper 4 Domestic and Foreign Related Standards Statistics and Brief Analysis 4.1 Relevant National Standards Statistics and brief Analysis 4.2 Relevant Local Standards Statistics and Brief Analysis 4.3 Relevant Group Standards Statistics and Brief Analysis 4.4 Relevant International Standards Statistics and Brief Analysis 5 Conclusion and Outlook References Porous Heterogeneous Sulfide Nickel/Nickel Iron Alloy Catalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction of Alkaline Water Electrolysis at High Current Density 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Chemicals 2.2 Preparation of NM/NS 2.3 Preparation of NM/NS@Ni3Fe 2.4 Materials characterization 2.5 Electrochemical Characterization 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Study on Safety Risk of Railway Vehicle Hydrogen Refueling Station Based on T-S Fuzzy Fault Tree and Bayesian Network 1 Introduction 2 Basic Theory and Methods 2.1 Constructing Bayesian Networks Based on T-S Fuzzy Fault Trees 2.2 Node Description 2.3 T-S Fuzzy Fault Tree Inference Based on Bayesian Networks 3 Safety Risk Assessment of Rail Transit Hydrogen Refueling Stations Based on T-S Fuzzy Fault Trees and Bayesian Networks 4 Application Analysis 5 Conclusion References Design Method of the Hydrogen Liquefaction Process with Catalyst-Filled Heat Exchanger Model 1 Introduction 2 Hydrogen Liquefaction Process Model 2.1 Liquefaction Process Description 2.2 Simulation Method 3 Results 4 Conclusion References The Cracks Effect Analysis on In-Plane Diffusivity in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Catalyst Layer by Lattice Boltzmann Method 1 Introduction 2 Random Crack Domain Regeneration 3 Physical and Mathematical Model 3.1 Physical Description 3.2 Governing Equations 3.3 2D LBM Model Description 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Model Validation 4.2 IP Effective Transfer Properties Influenced by Cracks 5 Conclusions References Brief Review and Technical Insight of Liquefied Hydrogen Carriers Development 1 Background and Motivation 2 Classification of Liquid Hydrogen Carrier Tanks 3 State of the Art and Extrapolations of Hydrogen Tanks Boil off Ratio 3.1 Type-C Tank 3.2 Membrane Type Cargo Tank 4 BOG Handling System and Propulsion System 5 Conclusions References Influence of Blade Geometry on Performance of Hydrogen Vortex Blower in Fuel Cell System 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Simulation 2.1 Geometry Modelling 2.2 Mesh Generation 2.3 Solver Setup 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Internal Flow Simulation 3.2 Influence of Blade Parameters 4 Conclusions References Relationship Between Stress Distribution and Current Density Distribution on Commercial Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Part 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Influence of Different Structures on Stress Distribution 3.2 Relationship Between Stress Distribution and Current Density Distribution 3.3 Relationship Between Current Density Distribution and the Cell Overall Performance 4 Conclusions References Hydrogen Leakage Detection in Confined Spaces with Drift Suppression Based on Subspace Alignment 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Subspace Alignment Method (SAM) 2.2 The Proposed Framework 3 Experiments 3.1 Dataset 3.2 Experimental Results 4 Conclusion References Design of 10 L/s Liquid Hydrogen Pump with Integrated Inducer and Centrifugal Impeller 1 Preliminary Design of Integrated Impeller 1.1 Performance Parameters 1.2 Calculation and Boundary Conditions 1.3 Results of Preliminary Impeller Design 2 Optimization of the Integrated Impeller Structure 2.1 Optimization of the Axial Length 2.2 Optimization of the Outlet Angle 3 Results 4 Conclusion References Experimental Research on High-Pressure Hydrogen Leakage and Diffusion of Hydrogen Refueling Station 1 Introduction 2 Experimental System 2.1 Experimental System Design 2.2 Test Facility 3 Test Results 3.1 Horizontal Hydrogen Ejection Condition 3.2 Vertical Hydrogen Ejection Condition 4 Conclusions References Coupled Heat Transfer Characteristics of SiC High Temperature Heat Exchanger in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 1 Introduction 2 Structure and Operating Parameters of SOFC Air Preheater 3 Numerical Model 3.1 Radiative Transfer Equation 3.2 Optical Thickness 3.3 Radiation Heat Transfer Model 3.4 Grid Independence Study 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Radiation Model Comparison 4.2 Effect of Absorption Coefficient 5 Conclusions References Deep Neural Network for Prediction of Adsorbent Selectivity on Hydrogen Purification 1 Introduction 2 Mathematical Model 2.1 Langmuir Model for Calculating Adsorption Amount 2.2 Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory (IAST) for Calculating Adsorption Amount 2.3 Selectivity Calculated by IAST and Extended Langmuir Equation 2.4 Deep Neural Network (DNN) for Selectivity 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Scheduling of Renewable Energy Hydrogen Production System Based on Two—Stage Distribution Robust Optimization 1 Introduction 2 H2-RES Structure and Model 3 The H2-RES Capacity Configuration Phase 4 The H2-RES Optimal Scheduling Phase 4.1 Flexible Electrical Load Model 4.2 Objective Function 4.3 Constraints 5 Two-Stage Robust Programming Model for H2-RES 6 Two-Stage Robust Model Solving Method 7 Case Analysis 7.1 Basic Data and Model Parameters 7.2 Analysis of Optimizing Static Configuration Stage 7.3 Flexible Electric Load Optimization Analysis 7.4 Optimized Dynamic Dispatching Operation Analysis 7.5 Hydrogen Load Supply Situation 8 Conclusion References Capacity Optimization of Hybrid Energy Storage System in Microgrid 1 Research Status 1.1 Research Status of Microgrid Capacity Optimization Configuration 1.2 Research Status of Hydrogen Energy Technology 2 Microgrid Structure and Modeling Research 2.1 Microgrid Structure 2.2 Distributed Power Model 3 Optimization Objectives and Constraints 3.1 Optimization Goals 3.2 Constraints 3.3 Comparison of Hydrogen Production Capacity and Gasoline Production Capacity 4 Simulation Results and Analysis 4.1 Introduction of HOMER Simulation Software 4.2 HOMER Software Principle and Evaluation Index 4.3 Microgrid System Modeling Based on HOMER Software 4.4 System Simulation Results and Analysis 4.5 Hydrogen’s Ability to Replace Gasoline and Reduce Carbon Emissions 5 Conclusion References Multivariate Based Alkaline Electrolyzer Digital Twin Model Construction 1 Introduction 2 Alkaline Electrolyzer Digital Twin Model Framework 2.1 Alkaline Electrolyzer Digital Twin Model Hierarchy 2.2 Mathematical Modeling Framework for Alkaline Electrolyzer 3 Alkaline Electrolyzer Digital Twin Model Construction 3.1 Alkaline Electrolyzer Mathematical Model Construction 3.2 Alkaline Electrolyzer 3D Model Construction 4 Simulation Study of Digital Twin Model of Alkaline Electrolyzer 4.1 Alkaline Electrolyzer Voltage Model Simulation Study 4.2 Simulation Study of Faraday Efficiency Model for Alkaline Electrolyzer 4.3 Model Simulation Study of Hydrogen Content in Oxygen 5 Conclusions References Construction and Simulation of Digital Twin Model and Electrolyzer Wide Power Adaptation Model for Alkaline Electrolytic Water Hydrogen Production 1 Introduction 2 Alkaline Electrolytic Water Digital Twin Framework 3 Model Construction 3.1 Mathematical Model of Alkaline Electrolyzer 3.2 Electrolytic Tank Wide Power Adaptation Model 4 Simulation and Analysis 4.1 Electrical Model Analysis 4.2 Alkaline Electrolytic Water to Hydrogen Wide Power Model Analysis 5 Conclusion References Penetration Behavior Analysis of Resin During the Impregnation Progress of Expanded Graphite Plates 1 Introduction 2 Experiment 3 Result and Discussion 3.1 Pore Characteristics of Graphite Plates and Resin Penetration Behavior 3.2 Penetration Behavior Analysis 4 Conclusion References Thermal Analysis and Optimization of Cold-Start Process of Alkaline Water Electrolysis System 1 Introduction 2 Model Description 2.1 Thermal Model 2.2 Electrochemical Model 2.3 Model Validation 3 Thermal Analysis 3.1 Cold-Start Process Analysis 3.2 Optimization for Faster Cold-Start 4 Conclusion References Effect of Flow Channel Blockage on the Scale-Up of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 1 Introduction 2 Modeling and Simulation 2.1 Physic Model 2.2 Numerical Model 2.3 Boundary Conditions 2.4 Numerical Solution Method 2.5 Mesh Independence Test 2.6 Model Validation 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Effect of the Block on the Performance of PEMFC 3.2 Effect of the Block on the Performance of the Fuel Cell Scale-Up 3.3 Net Power Density 4 Conclusion References Research on Space Regenerative Fuel Cell System and Comprehensive Energy Utilization Technology 1 Introduction 2 Energy Utilization Modes 3 Integrated Energy System Solution 3.1 Power Generation Function 3.2 Gas Supply and Pressure Regulation Function 3.3 Gas Regeneration and Control 3.4 Water Regeneration and Purification 3.5 Temperature and Humidity Control Function 3.6 Ventilation and Purification Function 3.7 Environmental Monitoring Function 3.8 Information Processing and Control Function 4 Regenerative Fuel Cell Energy System 4.1 Power Generation Function 4.2 Efficient Utilization of Hydrogen and Oxygen 4.3 Product Water Recovery 4.4 Hydrogen and Oxygen Production by Water Electrolysis 4.5 Hydrogen and Oxygen Purification 5 Summary References Compatibilization of Carbon/Polymer Composites: Molecular Dynamics Simulation 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Compatibility Parameters 2.2 Model and Simulation Details 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 3.1. Screening of Resin Type 3.2 The Effect of Functional Groups 4 Conclusion References Design of Charging Station System for Underwater High Energy Density Oxyhydrogen Fuel Cell 1 Introduction 2 Analysis of Factors Affecting Energy Density of Charging Station 2.1 Theoretical Analysis of Energy Allocation 2.2 Theoretical Analysis of Weight Proportion 2.3 Design Principles for Improving Energy Density 3 Design of Hydrogen and Oxygen Fuel Cell Charging Station System 3.1 Maximum Configuration Structure Design of Hydrogen and Oxygen Fuel 3.2 Hydrogen and Oxygen Fuel Cell and Its Auxiliary System Design 3.3 Standard Pressure Chamber Design 4 Calculation of Energy Density of Charging Station System 5 Conclusion References Study on Configuration and Control Strategy of Electrolyzers in Off-Grid Wind Hydrogen System 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Multi-electrolyzers and Historical Data of Wind Turbine 2.2 Assumptions for the Alkaline Electrolyzer 2.3 Configurations and Control Strategy of the Electrolyzers 2.4 Equal Load Strategy 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Comparison and Analysis of System Performance Under Different Configurations 4 Conclusion References Study on the High-Performance Catalyst for Sulfuric Acid Decomposition in the IS Cycle 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Preparation of Catalyst 2.2 Analytical Instruments 2.3 Catalytic Activity Test 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Characterization of Catalysts 3.2 Catalytic Activities of Catalysts 3.3 Scale-Up Production and Stability Study of Pt/TiO2-850 4 Conclusion References Modeling and Simulation of PEMFC Supply System with Oxygen and Air Mixing 1 Introduction 2 Structure and System Model Building 2.1 Introduction of Topology of Cathode Gas Supply System 2.2 Voltage Model of the PEMFC 2.3 Modeling the Gas Situation in the Stack 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Comparative Performance Analysis of New Topologies 3.2 The Analysis of System Performance at Different Oxygen Excess Ratios 3.3 The Analysis of System Performance at Different Molar Fraction of Oxygen at the Cathode Inlet 4 Conclusion References Electrolysis Visualization and Performance Evaluation Platform for Commercial-Sized Alkaline Water Electrolyzer 1 Introduction 2 Electrolysis Visualization and Test Platform 3 Experiment 3.1 Experiment Setup 3.2 Experiment Procedure 4 Result Discussion 4.1 Flow Behavior in the Blank Electrolyzer 4.2 The Influence of Flow Rate for Blank Electrolyzer 4.3 Influence of Different Geometries 5 Conclusion References Design of Membrane Electrode Assembly with Non-precious Metal Catalyst for Self-humidifying Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 2.1 Preparation of Fuel Cell 2.2 Performance Evaluation and Electrochemical Measurements 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Effect of Fe-N-S-C Loading on Cell Performance 3.2 Effect of Ionomer and Catalyst Ratios on Cell Performance 3.3 Effect of Relative Humidity on Cell Performance 3.4 Effect of Inlet Pressure on Cell Performance 3.5 Durability of Fuel Cell with Non-precious Metal Catalyst 4 Conclusions References Capacity Optimization of a Renewable Energy System Coupled with Large-Scale Hydrogen Production and Storage 1 Introduction 2 Mathematical Model of the Hybrid Energy System 2.1 Solar Power System 2.2 Electrolyzer 2.3 Hydrogen Tank 2.4 Compressor 3 Objective Functions, PSO Algorithm, and Constraints 3.1 Objective Functions 3.2 PSO Algorithm 3.3 Constraints 4 Results and Discussions 5 Conclusion References High Efficiency Fuel Cell Stack and Key Technologies of Power Module 1 Introduction 1.1 Technology Overview 2 Fuel Cell Stack and Power Module 2.1 Membrane-Electrode Assembly 2.2 Fuel Cell Stack 2.3 Fuel Cell Power Module 3 Power Module and AGV References Effect of Fan Parameters on Forced-Convection Open-Cathode Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 1 Instruction 2 Experimental 2.1 Experimental Setup 2.2 Test Conditions 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Effect of Different Fan on Stack Performance 3.2 Effect of Fan Duty Ratio on Stack Temperature and Performance 4 Conclusion References Strategic Analysis of Hydrogen Energy Policies and Technology Layout in Major Countries 1 Introduction 2 Overview of the Development of Hydrogen Energy Industry 2.1 Global Hydrogen Energy Supply 2.2 Global Hydrogen Energy Demand 2.3 Global Hydrogen Engineering 3 Strategic Analysis of Hydrogen Energy Policy 3.1 Analysis of Global Hydrogen Energy Strategic Planning 3.2 Analysis of Hydrogen Energy Policies in Major Countries 4 Strategic Analysis of Hydrogen Energy Technology 4.1 Analysis of Global Hydrogen Energy Technology Layout 4.2 Analysis of Hydrogen Energy Technology in Major Countries 5 Summary and Outlook References Study on Optimization Operation of Micro-energy Network Considering Electro-ammonia Conversion 1 Introduction 1.1 MEG Structure 2 Refined Models for Electrogas and Electroammonia Conversion 2.1 MEG Structure 2.2 Electroammonia Conversion Model 3 Solution of Electric Heating Integrated Energy System 3.1 Objective Function 3.2 Constraint Condition 3.3 Solution Method 4 Example Analysis 5 Conclusion References Enhancement of Acidic HER by Fe Doped CoP with Bimetallic Synergy 1 Introduction 2 Experiment Section 2.1 Chemicals 2.2 Preparation of Co1−xFexLDH/MWCNTs 2.3 Preparation of Co1−xFexP/MWCNTs 2.4 Electrochemical Measurements 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References An Optimal Energy Management Strategy for a Hybrid Train 1 Introduction 2 Efficient Energy Management Strategies Based on Dynamic Programming Algorithms 2.1 General Formulas for Dynamic Programming 2.2 Equation Establishment and Constraint Implementation Method 3 Simulation Validation and Comparative Analysis 3.1 Simulation Model Construction 3.2 Simulation Results and Comparison 4 Conclusion References H-Mg Bond Weakening Mechanism of Graphene-Based Single-Atom Catalysts on MgH2(110) Surface 1 Introduction 2 Computational Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Performance of H-Mg Bond Length of Pure MgH2 and MgH2/SACs-TM 3.2 Electron Localization Function of Pure MgH2 and MgH2/SACs-TM 3.3 Charge Density Difference of MgH2/SACs-TM 3.4 Crystal Orbital Hamilton Population of Pure MgH2 and MgH2/SACs-TM 4 Conclusion References Author Index