Proceedings of the 10th Asian Mining Congress 2023: Roadmap for Best Mining Practices vis-à-vis Global Transformation (Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences)

Rising concern about climate change and strong societal expectations with increasing complexities of mineral deposits being mined, call for more innovative exploration and exploitation technologies with higher productivity and recovery including eco-friendly strategies and policies in place for long term sustainability of the mineral Industry. It is now ardently necessary to identify and define the best mining practices addressing societal needs. In view of these, The Mining, Geological and Metallurgical Institute of India (MGMI), established way back on 16th January 1906, and one of the oldest institutions of this kind in the world, is organizing the 10th Asian Mining Congress (AMC) during November 06-09, 2023 in Kolkata, India with the Theme, “Roadmap for Best Mining Practices vis-à-vis Global Transformation”. The AMC and International Mining Exhibition (IME), held concurrently, are flagship international events organized by MGMI biennially since its centenary year. This series have provided ample opportunities to all stakeholders including practicing engineers, machinery manufacturers, planners, regulators, academicians, scientists and policy makers, for sharing their knowledge, experience and expertise and exhibit their products that can benefit the mining and mineral industries not only in the Asian region but also globally. This proceeding of 10th AMC contains the articles written by eminent persons and stalwarts in their respective domains. It is a collection of contemporary articles narrating recent advancements in mining sector. Preface Organisation Contents Exploration, Estimation, Geostatistics and Hydrogeology Geostatistics in Exploration and Mining 1 Introduction 2 Why Geostatistics 3 Geostatistics in Practice 3.1 Geological Domaining 3.2 Sample Value Compositing 3.3 Exploratory Data Analysis 3.4 Semi-variography 3.5 Block Model 3.6 Block Kriging 3.7 Mineral Inventory and Grade-Tonnage Relations 4 Geostatistical Simulation 5 Machine Learning Geostatistics 6 Test Case – An Iron Ore Deposit E 7 Conclusions References Prediction of Water Inflow in a Proposed Underground Coal Mine of the Rajgamar Dipside (South of Phulakdih Nala) in Chattisgarh, India 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Geological Set Up of the Area 3.1 Stratigraphy 3.2 Lithology 3.3 Structure 3.4 Weathering Characteristics 4 Hydrogeology of the Area 4.1 Surface Drainage 4.2 Aquifer Characteristics 5 Prediction of Water Inflow in the Proposed Underground Coal Mine 5.1 Water Inflow in Underground Excavations 5.2 The Governing Equation and Water Inflow 5.3 Water Inrush in Underground Excavations 6 Conclusions References Reserve Estimation Through Conventional Method and Computer-Aided Software: A Comparative Case Study 1 Introduction 2 Case Study 2.1 Regional Geology 2.2 Pit Design for the Financial Year 2021–22 2.3 Actual Pit Profile Through Laser Scanner 3 Reserve Estimation 3.1 Cross-Sectional Method 3.2 DTM to DTM method 4 Result and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Non-Gaussian Copula Simulation: A New Approach to Recoverable Reserve Estimation in Indian Open-pit Copper Deposit 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Case study 4 Conclusion References Mine Planning and Production Mass Production Technologies for Underground Coal Mining in India: Status, Challenges, and Prospects 1 Introduction 2 Status of Mass Production Technologies in Indian Coal Mines 2.1 Longwall Technologies 2.2 Continuos Miners Technology 2.3 Highwall Technology 3 Challenges of Implementing Mass Production Technologies 3.1 Increasing Depth 3.2 Natures of Seam Thickness 3.3 Mine Mechanization 4 Prospects of Mass Production Technologies in Indian Coal Mines 4.1 Potential Technologies for Deep Underground Mining 4.2 Indigenous Manufacturing of Mining Machinery 4.3 R&D Collaboration for Mine Life Cycle 5 Concluding Remarks References Sustainability of Underground Coal Mining in India Vis-a’-Vis Coal Mines Regulations, 2017 1 Introduction 2 Present Status and Challenges Ahead 2.1 Reserve 2.2 Conservation 2.3 Mine Boundary 2.4 Layout 2.5 Out Bye Transport of Coal 3 Important Safety and Health Issues 3.1 Adequacy of Ventilation 3.2 Environment 3.3 Fire 3.4 Arduous Travel 3.5 Surface Constraint 3.6 Training 4 Selection of Method of Mining 5 Cost of Production 6 Conclusion Dump Slope Stability Rating and Risk Assessment in Opencast Coal Mines: A Case Study 1 Introduction 2 Field Study 2.1 Geo-Mining Conditions 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Risk Assessment of Dump Failure 3.2 DSR 3.3 Triggered Action Response Plan 4 Conclusion References Understanding Runout Behavior of Overburden Dump: Insights for Buffer Zone Design in Open Pit Coal Mines 1 Introduction 2 Material and Method 2.1 Experimental Setup 2.2 Material 2.3 Method 3 Result 3.1 Variation in the Runout Characteristics at Constant d50 of Coarse Proportion and Varying Fines Proportion 3.2 Variation in the Runout Characteristics at Constant Fines Proportion and Varying d50 of Coarse Proportion 3.3 Effect of F/C Ratio on Mobility Characteristics OB Dump Debris 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Bridging Efficiency and Safety: A Case Study of Extraction of Thick Coal Seam Having Low Incubation Period Using Continuous Miner 1 Introduction 2 Description of the Study Area 2.1 Geology 3 Floor Bearing Capacity for Suitability of Introduction of CM 4 Extraction Methodology 5 Numerical Modelling Study 5.1 Estimation of Factor of Safety of Coal Pillars/Ribs by Numerical Modelling 5.2 Support Design 6 Instrumentation Plan 7 Field Implementation 8 Conclusion References Performance of Mechanised Depillaring Operations with SDL and Continuous Miner Technology - A Comparative Study 1 Introduction 2 Mining Method 2.1 Semi Mechanisation (SDL/LHD) 2.2 Mass Production Technology (Continuous Miner) 2.3 Development 2.4 Depillaring 2.5 Split and Fender Method 2.6 Nevid Method 2.7 Comparative Study between SDL and Continuous Miner Technology 3 Conclusion References AI/ML Applications and Smart Mining AI-Based New Tool for Semi-Automatic Interpretation of Reflection Seismic Data 1 Introduction 2 Application of Seismic Meta-attributes for Delimitation of Faults and Fluid Migration 2.1 Parihaka Prospect for Fault Geometry in Taranaki Basin (TB) off NZ 2.2 Indo-Gangetic Peripheral Foreland Basin for Fluid Migration 3 Conclusion References Machine Learning Based Prediction of Spontaneous Combustion Susceptibility of Coal using its Intrinsic Properties: A Safe Smart and Sustainable Mining of Coal Approach 1 Introduction 2 Sample Collection and Experimental Determination of Properties 3 Modeling Analysis and Results 3.1 Clustering with High-Dimensional Data 3.2 Machine Learning Techniques to Model the Relationship Between Intrinsic Properties of Coal and Susceptibility Index Wop 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Machine Learning Applications: Coal Fire Prediction Using Graham’s Ratio 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Materials and Methods 3.1 Dataset 3.2 Data Pre-processing 3.3 Adaboost Classification 4 Result and Discussion 5 Conclusion References An Approach for Implementation of IoT Enables Smart Environmental Monitoring and Strata Monitoring System for Underground Coal Mines 1 Introduction 1.1 Digital-Mine System 1.2 Mine Environment Monitoring 1.3 Strata Monitoring 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Environment Monitoring 2.2 Strata Monitoring 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Strata Monitoring System 4 Conclusion References Vision Enhancement System for Foggy Weather in Opencast Mines 1 Introduction 2 System Description 3 Image Processing Software 4 System Modules 4.1 Camera 4.2 Proximity Warning Device 4.3 Global Navigation Satellite System 4.4 Advanced Analytics with Artificial Intelligence 4.5 Navigation in Foggy Weather 4.6 Wireless Networking 4.7 Fleet Management Module 4.8 Anti-collision Laser Light 4.9 Other Accessories 5 Conclusions References Interpretable Predictions: Machine Learning Approaches to Understand Slope Stability in the Presence of Joint Networks 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Dataset Preparation 2.2 Generalized Hoek and Brown Failure Criterion 2.3 Understanding Important Input Features and Output Variables 2.4 Supervised Regression Algorithms 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Machine Learning Techniques for Predicting Health Risk of Mining Vehicle Operators Subjected to Whole-Body Vibration 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) 2.2 ISO 2631-1:1997 3 Field Study 4 Vibration Measurement 5 Results and Discussion 6 Conclusion References Numerical Modelling and Applications FLAC 3D Modeling for Excavation Activity in an Underground Marble Quarry in Ambaji (Gujarat - India) 1 Introduction 2 Geological and Lithological/Structural Features 3 Geomechanical Data 4 Constitutive Model 5 In-Situ Stresses and Boundary Conditions 6 Development of Underground Excavation and Estimation of the Safety Factor of the Pillars 7 Reinforcement Design 8 Downward Excavation 9 Conclusions References An Investigation on Optimal and Safe Design of Highwall Mining Panel Beneath Jointed Overburden Strata Using Discrete Element Modelling 1 Introduction 2 Basics of Highwall Mining 3 Advantages of Highwall Mining 4 Advancements in Highwall Mining 5 Stability of Highwall Panel 5.1 Empirical Formulae 6 Methodology 7 3D Modelling 8 Model Development 9 Results and Discussion 10 Conclusion References Numerical Modeling of Split-Set Friction Bolt 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Modelling Procedure 3 Effect of Bolt Length and Bolt Diameter 4 Field Validation 5 Conclusion References Mine Waste Management Utilization of Fly-Ash in the Backfilling of Void in Underground Mines 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Method 2.1 Fly Ash 2.2 Lime 2.3 Methods of Mine Backfilling 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Filling of Mine Void with Fly Ash Lime Slurry Through Pump 4 Conclusions References Underground Mine Backfilling Transition in Sukinda, Odisha: Present and Future 1 Introduction 2 Sand Based Backfill 2.1 Physico-Chemical Properties 2.2 UCS of Backfill Specimens 2.3 Water Drainage Characteristics 3 Coal Ash Based Backfill 3.1 Physical Properties 3.2 Chemical Properties 3.3 UCS of Backfill Specimens 3.4 Water Drainage Characteristics 4 Future Backfill Materials 4.1 Slag 4.2 Chromite Tailings 4.3 Overburden 5 Future Backfill Technology in Sukinda 6 Conclusions 7 Data Availability Statement References Coal Gasification and Coal Bed Methane Gasification of High-Ash Indian Coal and Agro-Industry Biomass Waste in Oxy-Blown Bubbling Pressurized Fluidized Bed Gasifier 1 Introduction 2 Feedstock and Methodology 2.1 Feedstock 2.2 Experimental Setup 2.3 Working Methodology 2.4 Syngas Analysis 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Significance of Temperature on Syngas Composition in 1.5 TPD BPFBG Pilot Plant 3.2 Significance of ER on Carbon Conversion Efficiency, Cold Gas Efficiency, and Calorific Value of Generated Syngas in 1.5 TPD BPFBG Pilot Plant 3.3 Steam Importance in Controlling Gasifier Temperature and Enhancing Syngas Quality 4 Conclusions References Syngas Cleaning Technologies in Gasification Process for Downstream Applications 1 Introduction 2 Syngas Cleanup 3 Impurities Removal Techniques from Syngas 4 Techniques for Removal of Organic Impurities 5 Conclusion References Refracturing in CBM Wells: A Case Study 1 Introduction 2 Objectives 3 Treatment Methods 4 Production Diagnosis 5 Results and Discussion 6 Conclusions References Mine Health Safety and Environment Reliable Intrinsically Safe Circuit Design Specifications for Oil Fields and Coal Mines 1 Introduction 2 Overview of Effective Sources of Ignition 3 Intrinsic Safety Ex ‘i’ and Assessment Methodology 4 Factors Affecting Reliability of Intrinsic Safety 4.1 Environmental Influences 4.2 Rating of Components 4.3 Current Limiting Resistor (CLR) 4.4 External Connections and Separation Distances 4.5 More Parallel Zener Diode 5 Experiments and Results 6 Conclusion References Microbial and Biosorbent-Mediated Hexavalent Chromium Removal from the Tailing Waters Released from Chromite Mines 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 A: Cr (VI) Reduction using Bacterial Isolates 2.2 B: Cr (VI) Removal Using Biosorbents Derived from Plant Biomasses 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 A: Cr (VI) Reduction Using Bacterial Isolates 3.2 B: Cr (VI) Removal Using Biosorbents Derived from Plant Biomasses 4 Conclusion References The Case for ISO 23875:2021 W/Amendment 1: 2022 as the Path to Hemm Protection from Respirable Crystalline Silica (Rcs) 1 Introduction 2 Scope 3 Conclusion 4 Normative References 5 End Notes Bibliography Enabling Net Zero Industrial Targets Through Decarbonizing Lubricant Life-Cycle 1 Introduction 1.1 Hazardous Waste Management Hierarchy 2 Used Oil (Lubricant) Hazardous Waste 2.1 Reducing Used Oil Wastage in the Mining Industry [4] 3 Conclusion References Critical Minerals The Impact of Recent Geopolitical Events on Supply of Critical Minerals for an Early GET 1 Introduction 2 The Impact of Covid 19 and the Russia-Ukraine War on Global GET 3 Some Positive Developments Helping GET in the Past Couple of Years 3.1 Accelerated Induction of Electrical Vehicles (EVs) 3.2 Increase in Production of Battery Metals and Improvements in Battery Technology 3.3 Some Recent Legislations in Developed Countries Supporting EV Induction 4 Different Critical Minerals List in Different Countries 5 Projection of Critical Minerals Needed for GET 6 The World's Efforts to Meet the Increased Critical Metal Needs 7 Indian Efforts to Ensure Supply of Critical Metals for the GET 8 Concluding Remarks References Design of Operators’ Cabins for Mineral Processing Plants Using Specially Fabricated Acoustic Material With Simple Expansion Chamber Structure 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Methods 2.3 Experimental Details 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Effect of SEC Length on SAC 3.2 Effect of SEC Length on STL 4 Conclusion References Mine Fire and Ventilation Design of an Effective Ventilation System for Deep Underground Coal Mines Affected by Spontaneous Heating and Fire Using Double Booster Fans – A Practical Approach 1 Introduction 2 Field Investigations 2.1 Specifics of the Study Site 2.2 Ventilation Investigation 3 Methodology 4 Result and Discussions 5 Field Validation and Discussion of Results 6 Conclusion Appendix -I Main fan performance study References Assessment and Control of Concealed Fire in Underground Coal Mine: A Case Study 1 Introduction 2 Background of the Problem 3 Spontaneous Heating Assessment and Control Methodology 4 Conclusions References Explosive and Blasting Strategic Planning and Guidelines to Control Dust and Post-Detonation Fumes Arising Due to Blasting in Opencast Coal Mines 1 Introduction 2 Sovereignty of the Problem 3 Present Scenario 4 Strategic Planning 5 Action Plan Flowchart 6 Suggestive Work Elements 7 Discussions References The Influential Role of Confinement, Charge Factor and Segmentation of Explosive Charge in a Blasting Round: A Perspective for the Blasting-Induced Ground Vibration Compliance 1 Introduction 1.1 About the Study Area 2 Blast-Induced Ground Vibrations 3 Role of Confinement of Explosive Charge in Blasting 3.1 Role of Maximum Charge Per Delay and Total Charge on Vibration Generation 3.2 Role of Charge Factor (Specific Charge) 3.3 Regulatory Framework and Vibration Standards 4 Experimental Works 5 Results and Analysis 6 Conclusion References Innovative Blast Design for Reduction of Boulder Generation in Opencast Excavations 1 Introduction 2 Site Details and Initial Observations During the Site Visit 3 Possible Reasons for Boulder Generation 4 Experimentation with the Possible Remedies to Reduce Boulder Generation 4.1 Experimentation with the Modification in the Firing Pattern 4.2 Experimentation with Pocket Charging and Satellite Hole Drilling and Blasting Pattern 5 Recommendations on Modified Blasting Patterns for Reduction of Boulder Generation 5.1 Recommendations on Drilling Pattern 5.2 Recommendations on Charging Pattern 5.3 Recommendations on Initiation Sequence and Delay Timings 6 Conclusions References Evaluation and Quantification of Textural Properties of a Rock and its Impact on Blast Induced Ground Vibrations 1 Introduction 2 Geology of Studied area 2.1 Experimental Site Details 3 Texture Coefficient 4 SEM Image Analysis 5 Physico-Mechanical Property of Rock and Blast Induced Ground Vibration (BIGV) 6 Result and Discussion 7 Conclusion References Controlled Blasting Within Danger Zone of 500 M From Dwelling Vis-À-Vis Production Enhancement-Problem and Challenges 1 Introduction 2 Case Study 2.1 Pachhwara (North) Coal Mine 2.2 Talabira II and III OCP 2.3 Chatti Bariatu Coal Mine Project 3 Problems and Challenges on Production Enhancement 4 Conclusion References A Comprehensive Analysis of the In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Response of a Masonry Wall Under Blast Loading Conditions in the Vicinity of Coal Mines 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusion References Author Index