Proceedings of China SAE Congress 2020: Selected Papers (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 769)

"These proceedings gather outstanding papers presented at the China SAE Congress 2020, held on Oct. 27-29, Shanghai, China. Featuring contributions mainly from China, the biggest carmaker as well as most dynamic car market in the world, the book covers a wide range of automotive-related topics and the latest technical advances in the industry. Many of the approaches in the book will help technicians to solve practical problems that affect their daily work. In addition, the book offers valuable technical support to engineers, researchers and postgraduate students in the field of automotive engineering."-- Back cover Contents A Brief Overview on Ion Current Detecting Technology of Gasoline Engines and Its Application Potential in FSAE 1 Introduction 2 Principle of Ion Current Detection 2.1 The Mechanism of Ion Current Formation 2.2 Resistive Ion Current Measuring System 2.3 Capacitive Ion Current Measuring System 3 Development of Ion Current Detection Technology in Gasoline Engine 3.1 Misfire Detection 3.2 Engine Load Detection 3.3 Knock Diagnosis 3.4 Combustion Phase Detection 3.5 Closed-Loop Control of Combustion Based on Ion Current 4 Application Potential of Ion Current Detection Technology in FSAE 4.1 Application Analysis of Ion Current Detection Technology in Racing Gasoline Engine 4.2 Analysis of the Application Prospect of Ion Current Detection Technology in FSAE 5 Conclusion References Study on Structure Optimization of Muffler of Formula Student Racing Car 1 Introduction 2 One-Dimensional Flow Combustion Model Construction 3 Design of Straight-Through Impedance Compound Muffler 3.1 Simulation Setup Calibration 3.2 Structure Design 3.3 Practical Test 4 Design of Split Type Impedance Compound Muffler 4.1 Exhaust System Layout 4.2 Expansion Chamber Design 4.3 Main Muffler Structure Optimization 4.4 Exhaust Noise Test 5 Conclusion References Suspension Design of Formula Racing Vehicle with Roll Independent Control Function 1 Introduction 2 Dynamics Design of Suspension Without Heave Shock Absorber 2.1 Ride Rate Matching with Ride Damping 2.2 Spring Selection 2.3 Angular Stiffness Matching with Roll Damping 3 Dynamic Design of Suspension with Heave Shock Absorber 3.1 Establishment of Simplified 1/2 Vehicle Model 3.2 Simulation Verification 4 Conclusion References Design of Anti-Lock Braking System for FSAE Racing Vehicle Based on New Slip Ratio Observation Method 1 Introduction 2 The Principle of Anti-Lock Braking System 3 Control Strategy of Anti-Lock Braking System 3.1 Determination Methods of Slip Ratio 3.2 Control Logic and Process 4 Establishment of Joint Simulation Model of VI-Grade and Simulink 4.1 Establishment of Control Model of Anti-Lock Braking System 4.2 Establishment of Racing Model and Racetrack Model 5 Co-Simulation Results of VI Grade and Simulink 5.1 Open Loop Linear Braking 5.2 Simulation Condition of Closed-Loop High-Speed Obstacle Avoidance Track 6 Conclusion References Structural Design and Performance Research of Ventilated Brake Discs for Racing Cars 1 Introduction 2 Design of Ventilated Brake Disc Structure 2.1 Design Objectives 2.2 Structural Design Requirements 2.3 Structural Design Plans 3 Simulation Calculation and Analysis 3.1 Establishment of CFD Model 3.2 CFD Comparative Analysis 4 Test Verification 4.1 Ventilation Test of Brake Disc 4.2 Road Test 5 Summary References Optimal Design of Air Intake System of FSCC Triumph Engine 1 Introduction 2 Intake System Design 2.1 Determination of Engine Speed 2.2 Air Intake Arrangement Form 2.3 Determination of the Volume of the Plenum 2.4 Determination of the Length of the Intake Manifold 3 Engine Model Established 3.1 Triumph 675R Engine Parameters 3.2 Establishment of One-Dimensional Thermodynamic Model 3.3 Analysis of the Influence of Intake Manifold Length on Engine Power 3.4 Optimization of Plenum Volume of the Intake System 4 Flow Simulation of Inintake System 4.1 Modeling and Meshing of Intake System 4.2 Solve Settings 4.3 Simulation Results and Analysis 4.4 Final Design of Intake System 5 Summary References Application of Strake Structure in Aerodynamic Design of Formula Racing 1 Introduction 2 Summary of Vortex 2.1 Vortex 2.2 Strakes and the Leading-Edge Vortex 2.3 Strakes and Y250 Vortex 3 Simulation of the Basic Parameters of the Strakes 3.1 Taking the Angle of Attack as the Independent Variable 3.2 Taking Slenderness Ratio as Independent Variable (Fixed the Area) 3.3 Take Wings’ Area as Independent Variable (Fixed the Slenderness Ratio) 4 The Use of Strakes in FSC Design 4.1 Purpose of Design 4.2 Construction of the Simulation Model 4.3 Simulation Test 5 Summary References Matching and Testing of Turbocharger Based on FSC Racing Engine 1 Introduction 2 Matching of Turbocharger with Engine 2.1 Matching Requirements for Engine and Turbocharger 2.2 Target Performance Parameters of Turbocharged Engine 2.3 Selection and Matching Calculation of Turbocharger 3 Establishment of Simulation Model 3.1 Introduction to GT-Power Simulation Software 3.2 Establishment of Engine Simulation Model 3.3 Supercharged Engine Simulation Model 4 Simulation Calculation and Analysis of Turbocharged Engine 4.1 Analysis of Matching Results Between Engine and Turbocharger 4.2 Dynamic Analysis of Turbocharged Engine 5 Bench Test and Demonstration of Turbocharged Engine 5.1 Construction of Engine Test Platform 5.2 Measurement and Acquisition of Test Parameters 5.3 Analysis of Test Results of Turbocharged Engine 6 Conclusion References Design of FSAE Formula Racing Car Frame and Finite Element Analysis 1 Introduction 2 Design of FSAE Racing Parameters 2.1 FSAE Car Size Parameters 2.2 Estimation of FSAE Racing Mass Parameters 2.3 Determination of FSAE Racing Performance Parameters 3 Design of FSAE Frame 3.1 Selection of FSAE Frame Form 3.2 Specification Selection of Frame Steel Pipe 3.3 Structural Design of FSAE Frame 4 Ergonomics Verification of FSAE Racing Car Frame 5 Strength Check of Frame Based on ANSYS 5.1 Frame Bending Condition Analysis 5.2 Analysis of Emergency Braking Condition 5.3 Analysis of Frame Rapid Turning Condition 5.4 Modal Analysis of Frame 6 Conclusion References Optimization Design of the Intake System Based on an Engine for FSC 1 Introduction 2 Exordium 2.1 Status of CFD 2.2 Research Content of This Paper 2.3 Simulation Method 2.4 Purpose and Significance 3 One-Dimensional Engine Model Building 3.1 One-Dimensional Flow in a Four-Stroke Reciprocating Piston Gasoline Engine 3.2 Basic Parameters of Target Engine 3.3 BOOST One-Dimensional Model Building 3.4 BOOST One-Dimensional Model Verification 4 Intake System Simulation 4.1 Influence of Intake System on the Intake System 4.2 Design of Intake Manifold 4.3 Design of Inlet Pressure Stabilizing Plenum 4.4 Intake Manifold Design 5 Conclusion References Estimation of Vehicle Centroid Side Angle Based on Neural Network 1 Introduction 2 Vehicle Sideslip Angle 3 Vehicle Dynamic Model 4 Theoretical Basis of Neural Network 4.1 Artificial Neuron Model 4.2 Neural Networks in Parameter Identification 5 Use Neural Network to Identify Vehicle Sideslip Angle 5.1 Model 5.2 Get the Sample 5.3 Simulation and Training 5.4 Results of Identification 5.5 Conclusion and Analysis 6 The Future Work References Real-Time Motion Planning and Control for a Formula Student Driverless Car 1 Introduction 2 Boundary Detection 3 Motion Planning 3.1 Curvature Optimization 3.2 Velocity Profile Generation 4 Control 4.1 Vehicle Model 4.2 Online-MPC 4.3 Offline-MPC 5 Experiments 6 Conclusion References Control Strategy for Handling Stability of a Four-Wheel Drive Formula Student Electric Car 1 Introduction 2 Speed Estimation Algorithm 2.1 Correction of Wheel Speed Signal 2.2 Speed Estimation Algorithm Based on Kalman Filter 3 Direct Yaw Moment Control Algorithm 3.1 Motion Tracking Layer 3.2 Torque Distribution Layer 3.3 Slip Rate Control Layer 4 Simulation Verification of Vehicle Control Algorithm 4.1 Simulation Verification of Vehicle Speed Estimation Algorithm 4.2 Simulation Verification of Direct Yaw Moment Control Algorithm 5 Real Vehicle Verification 5.1 Linear Acceleration Test 5.2 Snake-Shaped Winding Pile Test 6 Conclusions References Optimal Design of FSAE Racing Engine Intake System 1 Introduction 2 Design of Intake System 2.1 Design of Intake Mode 2.2 Intake System Components 3 Determination of Intake System Parameters 3.1 Determination of Intake Pipe Parameters 3.2 Determination of Intake Manifold Length 3.3 Optimization of the Intake Uniformity 3.4 Determination of the Intake Plenum Chamber 3.5 Combined Simulation of Intake and Exhaust System 4 Conclusions References Drive Control Strategy Design for FSEC Racing Car 1 Introduction 2 Drive Control Strategy Design 2.1 Analysis of Coupling Between Different Control Strategies 2.2 Design of the PAS 2.3 EDCS Design Based on SMC 2.4 TCS Design Based on SMC 3 Simulation Analysis of Drive Control Strategy 3.1 Simulation Analysis of the EDCS 3.2 Simulation Analysis of the TCS 3.3 Simulation Analysis of Overall Performance of Drive Control Strategy 4 Analysis of Test Data 5 Conclusion References The Generalization Ability of the Tire Model Based on Bayesian Regularized Artificial Neural Network 1 Introduction 2 Bayesian Regularization Method 3 Model Variables 4 Fitting Configuration 5 Trained Models 6 Conclusions References Optimal Design of the Frame of Baja Racing Car for College Students 1 Introduction 2 Frame Design and Modeling 2.1 Frame Design Goals 2.2 Structural Form and Material Selection of the Frame 2.3 Establishment of CAD Model of the Frame 3 Mechanical Analysis of the Frame 3.1 Strength Analysis of the Frame 3.2 Stiffness Analysis of the Frame 4 Frame Optimization 4.1 Structure Improvement 4.2 Material Improvement 4.3 Comparison of Various Working Conditions Before and After Structural Optimization 4.4 Modal Analysis of the Frame 5 Conclusion References Driverless Electric Formula Car Horizontal and Vertical Coordinated Control Method 1 Introduction 2 Driverless Electric Formula Car Architecture and System Modeling 2.1 Driverless Electric Formula Racing Architecture 2.2 Modeling of Driverless Electric Formula Racing System 3 Horizontal and Vertical Coordinated Control Strategy 3.1 Horizontal Controller 3.2 Longitudinal Controller 3.3 Coordination Controller 3.4 Analysis of Racing Conditions 3.5 Coordinated Controller Design 3.6 Expected Vehicle Speed Generation 4 Simulation Experiment Verification 5 Conclusion References Reduce the Heat Pump System Noise by Decreasing the Refrigerant Pulsation 1 Introduction 2 Noise Analysis of Directly Heat Pump 3 Refrigerant Pulsation Analysis 4 Results Validation 5 Conclusions References Research on Influence of Exterior Components of Truck on the Rainproof 1 Introduction 2 Physical Experiment and Simulation Model 2.1 Road Test Research Method 2.2 Computational Fluid Dynamics Research Methods 3 Road Test and Simulation Results Analysis 3.1 Analysis of Road Test Results 3.2 Analysis of Simulation Results 4 Improvement Scheme and Result Analysis 5 Conclusion References Aerodynamic Optimization of Tail-Board in Heavy-Duty Truck Based on Approximate Model and Non-smooth Surface 1 Introduction 2 Modeling of the Heavy-Duty Truck 2.1 Geometric Model of Heavy-Duty Truck 2.2 The Parametric Description of Tail-Board 2.3 Mesh Generation 2.4 Turbulence Model and Boundary Condition 2.5 The Wind Tunnel Test Validation 3 Optimum Design of Tail-Board of Heavy-Duty Truck Model 3.1 Design Problem Formulation 3.2 Constructing the Kriging Model 3.3 Optimization Process 3.4 Optimized Method 4 Optimization Results Based on Approximate Model 5 Attaching Non-smooth Surface on Tail-Board 5.1 Effects of Installing the Tail-Board on Pressure and Velocity 5.2 Effects of Installing the Tail-Board on Streamline 5.3 Effects of Installing the Tail-Board on Velocity 6 Conclusion References Study on Compiling Method of Durability Spectrum of Broadband Random Vibration 1 Introduction 2 Research Background 3 Development of Broadband Random Vibration Spectrum 3.1 Basic Procedure 3.2 Calculation of Fatigue Damage Spectrum (FDS) Based on Lalanne 3.3 PSD Spectrum Calculation Based on Lalanne 3.4 Verifying Vibration Duration Te 4 IPB Caliper Vibration Test 5 Conclusion References Truck User Load Definition Method and Application 1 Introduction [1–3] 2 Establish the Usage Model 2.1 Establish the Factor Mode 2.2 User Information Collection 2.3 Establish the Usage Model 3 Measurement Campaign and Data Analysis 3.1 Plan Measurement Campaign 3.2 Measurement Campaign and Data Analysis 4 User Feature Definition and Data Extrapolation 4.1 User Feature Definition 4.2 Data Extrapolation 5 User Load Definition and Application 5.1 Typical User Load Definition 5.2 Associated Proving Ground Application 6 Conclusion and Outlook 6.1 Conclusion 6.2 Outlook References Test and Research of Commercial Vehicle Advanced Emergency Braking Pedestrian System 1 Introduction 2 Evaluation Method of Commercial Vehicle AEBSPed 2.1 Types and Characteristics of Commercial Vehicle AEBSPed Sensors 2.2 Test Procedures 3 Test and Analysis of Commercial Vehicle AEBSPed 3.1 Test Equipment and AEBS Technical Scheme and Other Relevant Information 3.2 Test Result Analysis 4 Conclusion References Analysis of Cracking Reason and Optimization Design of the Heat Shield for an Automobile Exhaust Pipe 1 Introduction 2 Problem Description 3 Cause Analysis 3.1 Weld Penetration Analysis 3.2 Fracture Analysis 4 Cause Investigation of Crack 4.1 Temperature Field Analysis 4.2 Modal Analysis 4.3 Vibration Analysis 4.4 Thermo-solid Coupling Analysis 5 Heat Shield Optimization Analysis 6 Test Verification 7 Conclusion References Optimization Design of Transmission Housing Stiffener Based on Fem 1 Introduction 2 Overview of Transmission Housing 3 Finite Element Analysis of Transmission Housing 3.1 Strength Finite Element Analysis 3.2 Modal Finite Element Analysis 4 Optimization Design of Stiffeners 4.1 Optimization Design Scheme 4.2 Calculation of Stiffener Optimization Scheme 5 Conclusions References Simulation Research on Control Method of Chassis Misuse Failure Chain 1 Introduction 2 Basic Concepts of Suspension Strength Design 3 Simulation of Whole Vehicle Misuse 3.1 Tire Model 3.2 Vehicle Model 3.3 Summary 4 Failure Chain Control 4.1 Buckling Failure of Structure 4.2 Elastic–Plastic Failure of Structure 4.3 Design of Torsional Load Failure Chain 4.4 Design of Longitudinal Overload Failure Chain 4.5 Design of Vertical Overload Failure Chain 4.6 Summary 5 Conclusion References Failure Analysis and Improvement of High Voltage Cable of Electric Vehicle Based on Pseudo Damage Equivalence 1 Introduction 2 Acceleration Theory Based on Frequency Domain 2.1 Fatigue Damage Spectrum (FDS) 2.2 Shock Response Spectrum (SRS) 2.3 Extreme Response Spectrum (ERS) 3 Road Spectrum Collection of Users’ Public Pavement 4 Acceleration and Check of Public Road Signal 4.1 Acceleration of Public Road Signal 4.2 Check of Bench Driving Spectrum 5 Bench Test Verification and Failure Analysis 5.1 Bench Test Verification 5.2 Analysis of Fault Causes 6 Improvement and Verification of High Voltage Cable Scheme 6.1 Improvement of Joint Structure 6.2 Improvement of Layout 6.3 Verification of Improvement Scheme 7 Summary and Prospect References Research on Simulation Method for Head-Type of Pedestrian Protection 1 Introduction 2 Head Injury Criteria 3 Structural Simulation 3.1 Analysis of Geometric Influence 3.2 Analysis of Mesh Size 4 Simulation Settings 4.1 Analysis of Shell Elements Types 4.2 Analysis of Solid Elements Types 4.3 Analysis of Contact 4.4 Analysis of Time Step 5 Analysis of Subsystem Modeling 5.1 Analysis of Lock 5.2 Analysis of Hinges 5.3 Analysis of Bolts 5.4 Analysis of Air Braces 5.5 Analysis of Heat Shield 5.6 Analysis of Wipers 5.7 Analysis of Adhesives 5.8 Analysis of Edges of Hood 6 Analysis of Material Model Application 7 Conclusion References Research on Measurement Method of Adaptive Driving Beam 1 Introduce 2 ADB System 3 Vehicle PRC Regulation Standard Testing Method 3.1 Testing Requirement of Vehicle PRC Regulation Standard 3.2 Detection Angle, Automatically Be Turned off Environment Light Testing 3.3 Detection Distance Testing 4 Research on ADB Testing Scenes and Method 4.1 Detection Distance for Pedestrian Testing 4.2 Detection for Electric Bicycle Testing 4.3 The Minimum Activating Speed of ADB System Testing 4.4 ADB Activating Under Street Light Testing 5 Conclusion References Optimal Design of Rear Floor Structure Based on Cracking of Spot-Welds 1 Introduction 2 Problem Description 3 Analysis Cracking of Spot-Welds 3.1 The Arrangement of Spot-Welds 3.2 Parts Structure and Force Transfer Path 3.3 Influence of Different Materials and Thickness on Spot-Welds 3.4 Influence Analysis of Welding Quality and Dimensional Tolerance 4 CAE Analysis 4.1 Performance Analysis of the Dynamic Stiffness of Rear Suspension Mounting 4.2 Analysis of Fatigue Durability Performance 5 Solutions and Verification 5.1 Solutions 5.2 CAE Verification 6 Road Verification of Vehicle 7 Conclusion References Lightweight Research of the Body Rear Structure Based on Crashworthiness and Maintenance Economy 1 Introduction 2 Crashworthiness and Maintenance Economy 2.1 Condition Introduction of Crashworthiness and Maintenance Economy 2.2 Maintenance List and Target 3 Finite Element Simulation Analysis 3.1 Finite Element Model 3.2 Analysis Results 4 Problem Analysis 4.1 Rear End Panel Avoidance Space 4.2 Connection Structure of Rear Anti-Collision Beam 5 Structural Scheme Design 6 Analysis of Optimized Scheme 7 Conclusions References Crashworthiness Characteristics and Structural Optimization of Electric Vehicles’ Side Pole Impact 1 Introduction 2 Characteristics of EV’s Side Pole Impact 3 Structural Optimization Method 3.1 Equivalent Sub-Model Methods 3.2 Static Topology and Dynamic Sub-Model Combination Method 3.3 Increase the Number of Section Corners 4 Structure Optimization of Side Pole Collision for an EV 4.1 Analysis of Initial Plan’s CAE Results 4.2 Structure Optimization 4.3 Optimized Scheme Vehicle Verification 5 Conclusion References Study on Simhydraulics Modeling and Controlling of New Active Hydro-Pneumatic Inerter-Based Suspension System 1 Introduction 2 Structure and Principle of AHPIS 3 AHPIS Model 3.1 Passive Suspension Model 3.2 Active Suspension Model 4 LQG Controller Design of AHPIS 5 Co-simulation of AHPIS 6 Conclusion References Correlation Study on Vehicle Dynamics Handling Performance Parameters 1 Introduction 2 Factor Analysis (FA) 2.1 Advanced Statistics Method for Data Mining 2.2 Factor Analysis 3 Interpretation of Test Data 3.1 CRCS Test 3.2 OC Test 3.3 FR Test 3.4 SR Test 4 Conclusion References Vehicle State Observation Based on the Combined Estimation Method 1 Introduction 2 The Nonlinear Vehicle Model 3 The Vehicle State Estimation 4 Simulation and Analysis 5 Conclusion References Research on Control Method of Four-Wheel-Independent-Driving System Based on X-by-Wire Chassis 1 Introduction 2 Dynamic Vehicle Models 3 Control Strategy 3.1 Motion Control Layer 3.2 Tire Force Distribution Layer 3.3 Executive Layer 4 Simulation Results 4.1 Step Steer Manoeuvre 4.2 Emergency Braking on μ-Split Road 4.3 Double Lane Change with Failure of Actuators 5 Conclusion References Estimation of Sideslip Angle with Tire-Road Friction Adaptation Using Nonlinear Observability Theory 1 Introduction 2 Vehicle Model 3 Dual Estimation 4 Observability Analysis 4.1 Observability Matrix 4.2 Analysis Result 4.3 Connection to Tire Characteristics 4.4 Influence on the Sideslip Angle Estimation 5 Modified Algorithm 6 Test Results 7 Conclusion References Multi-objective Optimization of Vehicle Impact After-Shake Performance 1 Introduction 2 Mechanism Analysis 3 Objective Evaluation Criterion 4 Dynamic Simulation Model 4.1 Model Development 4.2 Model Validation 5 Simulation 5.1 Susceptibility Analysis 5.2 Approximate Model Establishment and Precision Analysis 5.3 Multi-objective Optimization 6 Evaluation and Physics Test 6.1 Subjective Evaluation 6.2 Physics Test 7 Conclusion Appendix References Driving State Estimation of Distributed Drive Electric Vehicle Based on Federal-Cubature Kalman Filter 1 Introduction 2 Vehicle Estimation Model 2.1 Distributed-Drive Electric Vehicle Dynamics Model 2.2 Calculation of Lateral Forces 3 Design of Vehicle Driving State Estimation Algorithm 3.1 Principle of Vehicle Driving State Estimation 3.2 Vehicle Driving State Estimation Algorithm 4 Simulation Verification 5 Conclusion References Study on Assist Characteristic of Commercial Vehicle EPS System Based on Lateral Acceleration 1 Introduction 2 Design of Assist Characteristic of EPS System Based on Lateral Acceleration 2.1 Determination of Steering Resistance Torque 2.2 Determination of Driver’s Ideal Hand Torque 2.3 Design of Assist Characteristic Based on Lateral Acceleration 2.4 Design of EPS Control Strategy Based on Lateral Acceleration 3 Co-simulation Test 3.1 Construction of Co-simulation Model 3.2 Steering Portability Test 3.3 Test of Steering Transient Response 3.4 Performance Analysis of EPS System in Central Steering Area 4 Conclusion References Fatigue Life Analysis of Frame Based on Measured Load Spectrum 1 Introduction 2 Load Spectrum Test of Frame and Shock Absorber 2.1 Crack Location and Improvement Scheme of Frame 2.2 Load Spectrum Test Process 3 Load Spectrum Analysis of Frame and Shock Absorber 3.1 Load Spectrum Analysis of Frame Longitudinal Beam 3.2 Load Spectrum Analysis of Shock Absorber 3.3 Load Spectrum of Frame Fatigue Simulation Analysis 4 Fatigue Life Analysis of FEMFAT 4.1 Static Analysis of HyperMesh 4.2 Fatigue Characteristic Parameters of Materials 4.3 Time Series Load Excitation Spectrum 4.4 Fatigue Life Analysis of Frame 5 Conclusions References Research on Test and Evaluation System of Semi-trailer Tractor Based on Subjective and Objective Evaluation 1 Preface 2 Construction of the Evaluation System 2.1 Research and Determination of Performance Indexes 2.2 Performance Index of Driving Safety 2.3 Performance Index of Economy and Transportation Efficiency 2.4 Performance Index of Handling Comfort 2.5 Performance Index of Subjective Experience 3 Test Vehicles and Equipment 3.1 Analysis and Determination of Test Vehicles 3.2 Main Test Equipment 4 Test Results and Analysis 4.1 Objective Test 4.2 User Research 4.3 Subjective Evaluation 5 Vehicle Evaluation 5.1 Weight 5.2 Scoring Criteria 5.3 Evaluation Results 6 Conclusion References Contrastive Study on Path Tracking Control Methods for Commercial Vehicles 1 Introduction 2 Optimal Preview Control for Path Tracking 2.1 Optimal Preview Control Principle 2.2 Selection of Preview Distance 2.3 Simulation Analysis of Optimal Preview Control Strategy 3 Model Predictive Control for Path Tracking 3.1 Establishment of Prediction Model 3.2 Constraint Establishment 3.3 Design of Objective Function 3.4 Simulation Analysis of Model Predictive Control Strategy 4 Comparison of MPC Strategy and Optimal Preview Control Strategy 4.1 Comparison of Path Tracking Effect of Commercial Vehicles with Different Loads 4.2 Comparison of Path Tracking Effect with Different Adhesion Coefficient 5 Conclusion References Model-Based Development and OBD Calibration for Heavy-Duty Applications 1 Introduction and Motivation 2 Model-Based Engine and EAT Development for Future Regulations 2.1 Validation of the Baseline EAT Model 2.2 Investigated EAT Layouts 2.3 Simulation Results 3 Holistic System Optimization Approach 3.1 EAT Layout Comparison 4 Model-Based Calibration and Series Development 4.1 Data-Based Approach 4.2 Physical Model-Based Approach 5 Model-Based OBD Calibration 5.1 Boost Pressure Diagnostics 5.2 EGR Flow Diagnostics 6 Virtual Field-Testing 6.1 Step 1: Data Analysis, Cycle Generation and Objective Assessment 6.2 Step 2: Evaluation and Physical-Based Root Cause Containment 6.3 Step 3: Definition and Validation 7 Summary and Conclusion References A Study on Roller Bench Test and Its Method of Simulating RDE Test Condition on Real Road 1 Introduction 2 Selection of Base Vehicle and Verification Model 3 Test Equipment and Layout 4 Establishment of RDE Emission Test Conditions Simulated by Roller Bench 4.1 Selection and Determination of RDE Basic Driving Route 4.2 Determination of RDE Condition of Roller Bench Simulating Actual Road Emission 5 Verification and Emission Optimization of Roller Bench Under Simulated RDE Conditions 5.1 Verification of Roller Bench Under Simulated RDE Conditions 5.2 Validation of Extended Models 5.3 Calibration Optimization Based on Simulation of DFTC-RDE 6 Conclusion References Study on the Charging Station Layout of Electric Car Sharing Mode 1 Introduction 2 Mixed Integer Programming Model (MIP) 3 Single Objective (Profits of Operator) Optimization Model 4 The Real Example of Anting 4.1 Original Selection of Candidate Stations 4.2 Calculation of Service Requirements 4.3 Calculation of Vehicle Parameters 4.4 Calculation of Other Parameters 5 Results and Conclusion References Research of Perforated Panel Muffler for Twin Screw Air Compressor Applied in Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle 1 Introduction 2 Noise Characteristics of Air Compressor 2.1 Air Compressor Structure 2.2 Noise Characteristic 3 Model and Simulation 3.1 Different Aperture of Perforated Panel 3.2 Different Perforation Rates of Perforated Panel 3.3 Different Perforated Panel Thickness 3.4 The Optimization Design 4 Experimental Study 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Different Running Speeds 5.2 Different Discharge Pressure 6 Conclusion References Research on an Thermal Management System and Its Control Strategy for Electric Vehicles 1 Preface 2 Thermal Management System Structure of EV 2.1 Thermal Management Structure of Power Battery 2.2 Thermal Management Structure of the Passenger Compartment 2.3 Thermal Management System Assembly 3 Control Logic of Thermal Management System 3.1 CAN Network Topology and Schematic Diagram 3.2 Operating Conditions and Control Strategies of Thermal Management System 4 Optimize Energy Saving Control Strategy 4.1 Optimization of Internal and External Gas Control in Winter Heating 4.2 Control Strategy of EXV 4.3 Control Strategy of e-Pump 5 Conclusion References Modelling the Comprehensive Effects of the Factors Influencing the Driving Range of BEVs Based on Real World Data 1 Introduction 2 Data Collection and Processing 3 Fixed Effects Modelling Analysis 4 Results 4.1 Data Distribution Analysis 4.2 Modelling Analysis of DDPSOC 5 Discussions References Analysis on Key Performance of Fuel Cell Vehicle Under Different Driving Cycles 1 Preface 2 Research Scheme 2.1 Driving Condition Selection 2.2 Test Vehicle Selection 2.3 Data Acquisition and Test Plan 3 Key Performance Impact Analysis 3.1 Economic Analysis 3.2 Durability Analysis 3.3 Reliability Analysis 4 Conclusion References Research on Control Strategy of Steer-by-Wire System for the In-Wheel Motor Electric Vehicle Based on Double Fuzzy Control 1 Introduction 2 The Wire-Controlled Differential Speed Steering Control Principle 3 By-Wire Steering Fuzzy Control Strategy Design 4 Simulation and Result Analysis 5 Real Vehicle Test 6 Result References Reinforcement Learning Energy Management for Hybrid Electric Tracked Vehicle with Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient 1 Introduction 2 Energy Management Problem Formulation 2.1 Vehicle Configuration and Modelling 2.2 Energy Management Problem Formulation 3 Algorithm 3.1 Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient 3.2 Online Updating Framework 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References A Facile Technique Towards the Fabricate Carbon Modified Cathode for Lithium Ion Batteries 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 2.1 Sample Preparation 2.2 Physical Characterization 2.3 Electrochemical Measurements 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusions References Drive Anti-slip Control Strategy Based on Multi-knowledge Base Fuzzy Control 1 Introduction 2 Vehicle Model 2.1 Vehicle Dynamics Model 2.2 Adhesion Coefficient Characteristics 3 Drive Anti-slip Control Strategy Based on Multi-knowledge Base Fuzzy Control 3.1 Control Scheme Architecture 3.2 Target Slip Rate Solver Based on Driver’s Intention 3.3 Knowledge Base Selector 3.4 Multi Knowledge Base Fuzzy Controller 3.5 Torque Arbiter 4 Simulation and Analysis 4.1 Simulation Parameters 4.2 Simulation Results 5 Conclusion References Estimation of Battery State of Charge Based on Improved Noise Adaptation Method 1 Introduction 2 Technology Research Status 3 Li-Ion Battery SOC Estimation Algorithm 3.1 Battery SOC and Ampere Hour Integral Method 3.2 SOC Estimation Based on Extended Kalman Filter Algorithm 3.3 Improved Noise Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter Algorithm 4 Experimental Object and Test Method 4.1 Experimental Object 4.2 Performance Test Method of Lithium-Ion Battery 5 Simulation and Verification 6 Conclusion References A Security Design Scheme for Remote Vehicle Control Function 1 Introduction 2 Threat Analysis of Remote Vehicle Control 2.1 Implementation of Remote Control Process 2.2 Risk Analyses of Remote Control 3 Remote Vehicle Control Design Scheme 3.1 Outside Vehicle Security Solution 3.2 Inside Vehicle Security Solutions 4 Conclusion References Path Following Method Based on Constrained Arc Fitting and Curvature Feedforward Control 1 Introduction 2 Vehicle Simulation Modeling 2.1 Vehicle Lateral Dynamic Model 2.2 Curvature Feedforward Control Model 3 Arc Fitting and Path Following Method 3.1 Calculation Method of Constrained Arc Fitting 3.2 Updating Method for Fitting Sample Points 4 Path Following Simulation Analysis and Real Vehicle Validation 4.1 Path Following Simulation Analysis 4.2 Path Following Real Vehicle Validation 5 Summary/Conclusions References Path Tracking of Intelligent Commercial Vehicles Based on Variable Weight Coefficient Multipoint Preview Control 1 Introduction 2 Optimal Preview Control 2.1 Optimal Preview Control Principle 2.2 Selection of Preview Distance 2.3 Simulation Analysis of Optimal Preview Control Strategy 3 Conclusion References Road Network Sensor Deployment Optimization Method for Road User Perception 1 Introduction 2 Sensor Deployment Optimization Method 2.1 Calculation of Detection Range Under the Influence of Curve Geometry 2.2 Sensor Deployment for Intersection 2.3 Optimization of Sensor Deployment on a Route 2.4 Proof of Optimality of the Optimization Method 2.5 Adjustment of Sensor Distribution on a Route 3 Case Study and Result Analysis 4 Discussion on Further Improvements 5 Conclusion References Intelligent Traffic Accident Detection System Usin