Proceedings of 2nd World Conference on Byproducts of Palms and Their Applications: ByPalma 2021, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Springer Proceedings in Materials, 19)

This book presents the selected papers presented at the 2nd World Conference on Byproducts of Palms and their Applications (ByPalma 2021), held as a virtual conference on September 28–30, 2021. The conference focused on the byproducts of palm plantations around the globe and their current and potential applications. It provided an interdisciplinary platform for leading academic scientists, researchers, artisans, entrepreneurs and industry professionals as well as palm growers to exchange recent developments, technologies, innovations, trends, concerns, challenges, and opportunities, related to palm by-products R&D, manufacturing, and crafts. As a reference, it will be of interest to students, scientists, engineers, government officials, and industrial practitioners. Preface Contents About the Editors Palm Byproducts Wood and Boards Physical and Mechanical Properties of Wood from Date Palms Related to Structure 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Vascular Bundles Properties 4 Conclusion References Mechanical Dewatering of Wet Oil Palm Lumber Prior to Press-Drying 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Research Approach 1.3 Research Goal 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Material Procurement and Sample Preparation 2.2 Mechanical Dewatering with a Roller Press 2.3 Thermo-Mechanical Dewatering with a Roller Press 2.4 Thermo-Mechanical Press-Drying in a Single-Daylight Press 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Reduction of the Moisture Content Achieved by Mechanical Dewatering in the Roller Press 3.2 Influence of Mechanical Dewatering on the Surface and Shape of the Boards 4 Discussion and Conclusions References Glued Laminated Timber from Oil Palm Timber – Beam Structure, Production and Elastomechanical Properties 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Oil Palm Wood Material 2.2 Calculation of Lamella Strength Class Limits 2.3 Strength Grading of the Boards 2.4 Production of Glued Laminated Timber (GLT) 2.5 Testing Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Fracture Patterns and Failure Description 3.2 Density 3.3 Bending Strength 3.4 Bending Stiffness 4 Conclusion References Effects of Density and Resin Content on Particleboard from Oil Palm Frond (OPF) 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussions 4 Summary References The Impact Response of Coconut Fibreboards with Corn Starch (CS), Tapioca Starch (TS) and Rice Flour (RF) as Natural Binders 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Palm Byproducts Polymeric Composites Processing and Alkali Treatment Impact Towards Oil Palm Frond Fibers Bulk Density and Wood-Plastic Composite Performance 1 Introduction 2 Material and Method 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Effect of Angle Ply on Tensile Strength of Unidirectional Glass/Epoxy and Arenga Pinnata/Epoxy Hybrid Composite Laminate 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Numerical Validation 2.2 Convergence Analysis 2.3 Modelling and Failure Analysis of Composite Laminates 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Bending Stress and Deformation Analysis of Nanosilica Filled Arenga Pinnata/Epoxy and Glass/Epoxy Polymer Composites 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Method 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Effect of Arenga Pinnata Fibre Volume Content to the Maximum Bending Stress and Maximum Deflection at Failure Load Condition of Different Fibre Ply Orientations 3.2 Effect of Nanosilica Addition on 25 Wt.% APFRP Composites to the Maximum Bending Stress and Maximum Deflection at Failure Load Condition of Different Fibre Ply Orientations 3.3 Maximum Bending Stress and Maximum Deflection of 25APFRP and 5NS-25APFRP Composites Compared to GFRP Composites 3.4 Comparison of Maximum Bending Stress Curve for 25 Vol.% of APFRP, 5 Wt.% Nanosilica of 25APFRP and Glass FRP 4 Conclusion References Palm Byproducts Cementitious Composites Physico-Mechanical Properties and Weathering Performance of Coconut Husk Fibre-Reinforced Composite Roofing Tiles Produced with Selected Cement Admixtures 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Methodology 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Proximate Analysis and Specific Gravity 3.2 Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Roofing Composite Tiles 3.3 Effects of Weathering on Physical Properties of Corrugated and Flat Roofing Tiles 4 Conclusion References Effects of Partial Replacement of Cement with Selected Polymers on Sorption and Mechanical Properties of Rattan Cane Fibre-Reinforced Composite Roofing Tiles 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Densities and Moisture Contents of Composite Roofing Tiles 4 Water Absorption and Thickness Swelling 5 Apparent Porosity 6 Moduli of Elasticity and Rupture 7 Conclusion References Effects of Selected Cement Admixtures and Accelerated Curing on Physico-Mechanical Properties of Coconut Husk Fibre-Reinforced Composite Roofing Tiles 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Specific Gravity and Moisture Contents of Raw Materials 3.2 Thermal Properties of Raw Materials 3.3 Bulk Density of Composite Roofing Tiles 3.4 Moisture Contents of the Composite Roofing Tiles 3.5 Water Absorption of Composite Roofing Tiles 3.6 Modulus of Rupture 3.7 Microstructural Analysis 4 Conclusion References Non-destructive Test Approach for Evaluating High Strength Concrete Incoporating with Palm Oil Fuel Ash 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Workability and Performance of High-Performance Concrete by Using Palm Oil Fuel Ash as a Cement Replacement Material 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Result and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Other Applications of Palm Byproducts Utilization of Oil-Palm Leaves for Making Innovative Products: A Comprehensive Review 1 Introduction 2 Products Made of Oil Palm Leaves 2.1 Particleboard 2.2 Sheathing Products 2.3 Comply Board 2.4 Insulation Board 2.5 Eco-Printing Products 3 Conclusion References A New Approach for Studying the Dyeability of Date Palm Residues Fabric with Sustainable Natural Dyes 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 2.1 Materials 2.2 Dyes Extraction Method 2.3 Dyeing and Mordanting Method 2.4 Colour Parameters 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Colour Shades of Date Palm Leaves Dyed with Natural Dyes 3.2 Colourimetric Properties of Unmordanted and Mordanted Dyed Leaves 3.3 Development of Prototype Products (Handicraft Hat) Dyed with Natural Dyes 4 Conclusions References Activated Carbon from Date Palm Rachis for Continuous Column Adsorption of o-Cresol 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 2.1 Chemical and Materials 2.2 Preparation of Activated Carbon 2.3 Characterization 2.4 Fixed-Bed Column Studied 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Characterization of Raw Material 3.2 Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon 3.3 Continuous Adsorption 4 Conclusion References