Proceedings of 2021 4th International Conference on Civil Engineering and Architecture (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 201)

This book states that the proceedings gathers selected papers from 2021 4th International Conference on Civil Engineering and Architecture (ICCEA 2021), which was taken place in Seoul, South Korea, during July 10-12, 2021. The conference is the premier forum for the presentation of new advances and research results in the fields of theoretical, experimental, and practical civil engineering and architecture. And this proceedings from the conference mainly discusses architectural design and project management, environmental protection and spatial planning, design and analysis of building materials, and structural engineering and safety. And these materials can be useful and valuable sources for researchers and professionals working in the field of civil engineering and architecture. Conference Committees Preface Contents Geological Survey and Road Engineering Stability Analysis Using the Finite Element Method of a Slope in the Virgen de Fátima Sector of the San Juan de Lurigancho District of Lima, Peru 1 Introduction 2 Current State of Knowledge 3 Tools 3.1 Geotechnical Study 3.2 Software Dips 3.3 Rocdata V3 3.4 Phase2 4 Geological Description of the Study Area 5 Methodology 5.1 Kinematic Analysis 5.2 Numerical Analysis for the Rock Slope 6 Results and Discussion 7 Conclusions References The Environmental Performance of Earth Construction Systems in Jordan’s Mediterranean Climatic Zone 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Results and Analysis 4 Conclusions References Measuring the Impact of Pedestrian Flow on Vehicle Delays for a Proposed DLT Intersection with Two Displaced Left Turns in an Urban Commercial Area 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Methodology and Procedures 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Field Information 4.2 Calibration and Validation of the Model (First Scenario) 4.3 Modeling of the Second and Third Scenarios 4.4 Vehicle Delays 5 Conclusions and Future Research References Identification of Black Spots on Bekasi City Roads 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 The Definition of Traffic Accident-Causing Factors 2.2 The Definition of Black Spot 2.3 Collision Diagram 2.4 Accident Rate and Fatality Rate 3 Method 3.1 The Frequency Method 3.2 The Equivalent Property Damage Only (EPDO) Method 4 Data Collection 4.1 Primary Data 4.2 Secondary Data 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References The Vibration Attenuation Properties of Locally Resonant Track Bed for Subway Engineering 1 Introduction 2 Model and Method 2.1 Calculation Model 2.2 Improved Plane Wave Expansion 2.3 Frequency Response Calculation 3 Band Gap Property 3.1 Band Structure 3.2 Transmission Spectra 3.3 Time Domain Analysis 4 LRTB Design and Application 4.1 Parameter Analysis 4.2 Design Flow Chart 5 Conclusions References Vibration Analysis on a Railway Bridge Structure 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results and Conclusion 3.1 Train Characteristic as a Load 3.2 The Natural Frequency 3.3 Acceleration and Velocity 3.4 Conclusion References Investigation on Effective Charging Time of Electro-Osmotic Consolidation for Marine Clayey Soils 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Analysis 2.1 Water Discharge 2.2 Water Discharge Rate 2.3 Current and Normalized Current 2.4 Undetermined Coefficient q(tj) 3 Conclusions References Earthquake Engineering Cost Study of Construction of a 10-Storey Building in Different Seismic Zones According to Modern Seismic Codes 1 Introduction 2 Structure Description 3 Analysis of Results 4 Conclusions References Importance of Shear Wall to Control Deflection and Drift of RC Buildings for Different Earthquake Zones with Respect to Aspect Ratio 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Sample Selection 2.2 Structural Modeling 2.3 Drift and Deflection Limit (BNBC 2020 Art 1.5.6) 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Shear Wall Orientation 3.2 Control of Deflection and Drift for Different Seismic Zones and B/L Ratios 3.3 Failure Pattern with Respect to Aspect Ratio and Different Seismic Zones 3.4 Failure Pattern with Respect to Aspect Ratio and Different B/L Ratios 4 Future Scopes 5 Conclusion References Investigations of the Microstructure of the Contact Zone Between Bricks and Masonry Mixtures in Seismic Regions 1 Introduction 2 Proposed Methodology 3 Experiments and Results 4 Discussion References Numerical Study of the Tensile Experiments Modelling the Elongation Degree of Highly-Reinforced Extreme Edges of Seismic Walls for Studying the Transverse Buckling Phenomenon 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Research 2.1 Test Specimen Characteristics 2.2 Materials 2.3 Experimental Results 3 Analytical Research 3.1 Modeling of Test Specimens 3.2 Analytical Results 4 Analysis of Results 4.1 Analytical Versus Experimental Results 4.2 Analysis of Results 5 Conclusions References Concrete Structure Design and Performance Analysis Comparative Study on Dynamic Response of Square Section RC-Members and CFRP-Reinforced Members Under Unequal Transverse Impact Loading 1 Introduction 1.1 Research Significance 2 Experimental Overview 2.1 Dimensions and Static Design Values for Test Specimens 2.2 Test Devise, Loading, and Measurement Scheme 2.3 Material Properties 3 Details of Test 3.1 A Crack of Specimens Development 3.2 Failure States 4 Test Results and Discussion 4.1 Impact Time History Analysis 4.2 Lateral Deflection Time History 4.3 Relationship Between Impact Force - Lateral Deflection Curve 4.4 Effect of Number CFRP Layers 4.5 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Influence of Fiber on the Strength Characteristics of Fine-Grained Concrete 1 Introduction 2 Mainpart 3 Conclusion References Experimental Study on Concrete Spalling of Post-tensioned Concrete One-Way Slab 1 Introduction 2 Experiment Outline and Method 2.1 Materials 2.2 Specimens 2.3 Experiment Method 3 Experiment Result 3.1 Concrete Surface Temperature 3.2 Spalling Damage and Extent 4 Conclusions References Strength and Workability of Concrete Incorporating Silica Fume and Egg Shell Powder as Cement Replacement 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Cement and Aggregates 2.3 Silica Fume 2.4 Egg Shell Powder 2.5 Mix Design of Concrete 2.6 Methodology 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Workability 3.2 Compressive Strength 3.3 Splitting Tensile Strength 4 Conclusion References Performance Evaluation of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Glass Fiber (Gf) 2.2 Cement, Sand, and Aggregates 2.3 Preparation of Concrete Specimens 2.4 Curing Conditions 2.5 Parameter Examined 3 Results 3.1 Compressive Strength Test 3.2 Flexural Strength 3.3 Schmidt Rebound Hammer Test 3.4 Split Tensile Strength Test 3.5 Ultra-sonic Pulse Velocity 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Influence of the Use of Recycled Coarse Aggregates on the Compressive Strength for the Production of Concrete of 350 kg/cm2 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Materials, Instruments, and Methods 2.2 Procedure 3 Results 3.1 Sampling 3.2 Resume 4 Discussion 4.1 Comparison of Compressive Strength Between Conventional Concrete and Concrete with the Addition of Recycled Coarse Aggregate 4.2 Contrast the Results with Other Investigations 5 Conclusions References Implementation of 3D Concrete Printing Technology in Precast Concrete Mass Production Industry 1 Introduction 1.1 Objectives 2 Literature Review 2.1 Performance of Precast Concrete Industry 2.2 3D Printing Technology in Construction Industry 3 Methods 4 Data Collection 5 Result and Discussion 5.1 Numerical Results 5.2 Graphical Results 5.3 Proposed Improvements 6 Conclusion References The Effect of Biochar on Properties of Sulphate Resisting Concrete 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Mix Preparation 2.2 Casting and Curing 2.3 Compressive Strength Test 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Characteristics of Concrete Made with Treated Domestic Wastewater 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Program 2.1 Materials 2.2 Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Building Materials and Structural Engineering Corrosion Behavior of Hot-Dip Al Coating Contact with Concrete During Hardening Process of Concrete 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 2.1 Measurement of Open Circuit Potential (OCP) 2.2 The Corrosion Behavior of Hot-Dip Al Coating During the Hardening Process of Concrete 2.3 Atmospheric Exposure Experiment 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Experimental Study on the Use of Plastic Waste as Natural Aggregate Replacement in Pervious Cement Concrete 1 Introduction 2 Materials 3 Experimental Methods 3.1 Compressive Strength 3.2 Void Ratio 3.3 Infiltration Rate 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Compressive Strength 4.2 Void Ratio 4.3 Infiltration Rate 5 Conclusions References Research on Optimal Design Strategy of Sport Building Facade in Cold Region Based on Intelligent Interaction 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Significance of Interactive Facades for Sports Buildings in Cold Region 4 Optimization of Intelligent Interactive Facades of Sports Buildings in Cold Region 4.1 The Improvement of the Aesthetic Taste in the Facade Form 4.2 Enhancement of Lighting and Ventilation of Facades 4.3 Enhancement of Energy Efficiency of Facades 5 Conclusions References Bond Load-Slip Behaviors of Strand Assemblies-in-Cement 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Test Program 4 Analysis and Discussion of Results 4.1 Compressive Tests of Cement Specimens 4.2 Bond Load/Stress and Slip Relationships 4.3 A Model of Bond Stress-Slip Curves 5 Conclusion References Dynamic Analysis of Bridge Pier Considering Hysteresis Characteristics of High Damping Rubber Bearings 1 Introduction 2 Dynamic Loading Test 2.1 Test Specimen and Apparatus 2.2 Test Method 2.3 Test Results 3 Dynamic Analysis 3.1 Hysteresis Model 3.2 Analysis Conditions 3.3 Analysis Results 4 Conclusions References Bending Analysis of Continuous Slab Plates in Two Directions 1 Introduction 2 Governing Equation of Plates and Its Analytical Solutions 3 Continuous Plate Over Rigid Support 3.1 Continuous Plate in One Direction 3.2 Continuous Plate in Two Directions 4 Numerical Application, Results and Discussions 5 Conclusions 5.1 Suggestions for Next Studies References Architecture and Environmental Engineering Utilisation of Organic Waste Materials as Biocover for Landfills 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Programme 2.1 Materials Used 2.2 Sample Preparation 2.3 Testing Programme 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Organic Content Test 3.2 Atterberg Limit Test 3.3 2.5 kg Standard Proctor Compaction Test 3.4 One-Dimensional Oedometer Consolidation Test 3.5 Unconsolidated Undrained Triaxial Test 4 Conclusion References Daylighting Comfort of Verandah in a Traditional House, Thailand 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Visual Comfort Evaluation 4 Methods 5 Results and Discussion 6 Conclusion References Vernacular Passive Strategies for Sustainable Houses in the Andean Ecuadorian Context 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Local Conditions Analysis 3.1 Climatology of the Andean Region 3.2 Comfort in the Andes—Principles for the Design of Bioclimatic Architecture 4 Vernacular Thermal Mass Performance 4.1 Properties of Non-stabilized Raw Earth Wall in Low Rise Construction 4.2 Thermal Performance Comparison of Rammed Earth Wall and Concrete Masonry 5 Results References Building Technology Sustainablism—New Vision 1 Introduction 1.1 Research Problem 1.2 Research Objectives 1.3 Research Methodology 2 Sustainable Development 2.1 Characteristics of Sustainable Development Processes 2.2 Sustainable Development Aligning with Architecture and Urbanism 3 Sustainable Architecture 3.1 Principles of Sustainable Architecture: 4 Modern Trends of Building Technology in Architecture from Sustainable VISION 5 Construction Technology Sustainablism—New Vision 5.1 Site Consideration 5.2 Design Consideration 5.3 Construction Consideration and “Building Technology Used”: (Fig. 9) 6 Results 7 Recommendations References Embodied Energy and Embodied GHG of Architectural Works on Low-Cost Apartment Construction in Indonesia 1 Introduction 2 Research Methodology 2.1 IO Table Analysis 2.2 Case Study 3 Result and Discussion 3.1 Embodied Energy and GHG of Architectural Works 3.2 Embodied Energy and GHG of Architectural Material 4 Conclusion References A BIM-Based Method for Building Energy Intensity (BEI) Evaluation 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Proposed BIM-BEI Prototype System 3.1 BIM Model and Analytical Spaces 3.2 Module 1: OTTV and RETV 3.3 Module 2: Occupancy, Lighting Power and Plug Load 4 Case Study 5 Results and Discussion 6 Conclusion References Urban Space Planning and Development Public Utilization of Rooftop Garden at Commercial Buildings in Hot and Humid Climate 1 Introduction 2 Description of the Studied Rooftop Garden 3 Research Methodology 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Observation Results 4.2 Questionnaire Survey Results 5 Conclusion References Chronological Development of Physical Planning of Hospital in Bangladesh 1 Historical Review 2 Changing Needs 3 Advancement of Medical Science 4 Technological Advancement 5 Disease Related Planning of Hospital 6 Morphological Analysis 7 Newer Components 8 Role of an Architect 9 Conclusion References Reinterpretation of the Identity of East-European Cities’ Riverside Territories (on the Example of the Historical Center of Uzhhorod, Ukraine) 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Results 3.1 Functional Structure Analysis 3.2 Analysis of the Visual-Landscape Connections 3.3 Analysis of the Territory’s Accessibility 3.4 Cultural Value Analysis 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Classifying Essential Morphological Characteristics to Understanding Urbanity in the Old Town of Chiang Mai 1 Introduction 2 Research Methodology 2.1 Urban Morphological Analysis 2.2 Urban Morphological Classification 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Urban Morphological Characteristics 3.2 Result of the Spatial Integration Analyze 4 Conclusion References Integrated Space in Low-Income Housing in Kuala Lumpur 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Low-Income Housing 3 Methodology 4 Analysis and Discussion 4.1 Description of Basic Terminologies 4.2 ‘Integration’ of Rooms in the Floor Plan 5 Conclusion References Application of UAV-Based Oblique Photography in Architectural Design: The Case of Mengyuan Resort Hotel in Yunnan, China 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Application 3.1 Site Condition 3.2 Equipment Selection and Route Design 3.3 Image Processing 3.4 Data Analyzing 3.5 Modeling and Design Results 4 Conclusion References A Classification Urban Precinct Ventilation Zones Using Key Indicators of Spatial Form: Case Study in Bangkok 1 Introduction 2 Research Methodology 3 Results 4 Discussion and Conclusion References Updating Healthy City Variables for the Post-pandemic Era Using Delphi Method 1 Introduction 2 Research Process 3 Results 4 Conclusions References The Association of Neighbourhood Aesthetics with Physical Activity in Gated and Non-gated Neighbourhoods in Developing Countries 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Results 3.1 Comparison of Perceived Aesthetics and PoPA in Gated and Non-gated Neighbourhoods 3.2 Association Between Perceived Aesthetics and PoPA in Gated and Non-gated Neighbourhood 4 Discussion and Conclusions References Urban Transformation Processes in Post-industrial Agglomerations (on the Example of Drohobych Agglomeration in Ukraine) 1 Introduction 2 Material and Research Methods 3 Results 4 Conclusions References Management of Flood Risk with Spatial Planning in the Sri Lankan Context 1 Introduction 1.1 Increasing of Flood Damage with the Intensification of Urban Development in Sri Lanka 1.2 Flood Management Towards Flood Risk 2 Research Objectives and Methodology 3 Development of the Framework for Operationalization of Flood Risk Management 3.1 Selection of Case Study Area 3.2 Increasing of Flood Risk in Panadura Urban Area 3.3 Current Flood Risk Management Practices 4 Development of the Framework for Operationalization of Flood Risk Management 4.1 Conceptualization of Flood Risk in the Planning Process 4.2 Flood Risk Assessment 4.3 Flood Risk Management Policies 4.4 Participatory Tools for Land and Water Integration 5 Conclusion References Project Construction and Management VPL Prototypes for Determining Disassembly Parameters of BIM Models 1 Introduction 2 VPL Prototypes for Determining Disassembly Parameters 3 Case Study—BIM Elements’ Parameters for Selective Disassembly 3.1 Example 1 - Disassembly Part Type, Disassembly ID, Connected Components, and Connected Fasteners 3.2 Example 2 – Motion Constraints 4 Conclusions References Accuracy of Digital Photogrammetric Survey from Aerial Images for Architectural Documentation in a Monuments: A Case Study of Wat Sing Sam Khok, Thailand 1 Introduction 1.1 Site Existing Context 2 Research Methodology 3 Results 4 Conclusions References A BIM-Based Method to Automate Material and Resources Assessment for the Green Building Index (GBI) Criteria 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Proposed BIM-MR Integration Prototype System 3.1 BIM Model and Cost Data 3.2 Revit Template 3.3 Dynamo Scripting and Excel Template 4 Case Study 5 Results and Discussion 6 Conclusion References Formulating Ph.D. Construction Management Research Question or Problem for Mixed Method (Qualitative and Quantitative) 1 Introduction 1.1 Studies and Reports that Addressed the Problem or Research Question 1.2 Significance of the Research to Particular Audiences 1.3 Recognize the Assumption 1.4 Methodology 2 Literature Review 3 Relevance Originality and Rigour of Research Question 4 Purpose Statement 5 Part A: Initial Junctures and Part B: Final Junctures of the Research Design Framework 6 Research Question Preparation 6.1 The Research Question or Problem Outline 6.2 Research Question or Problem Structure 6.3 Assessment of Research Question’s Formation 7 Conclusion References Use and Application of Symbolic Solar Lighting in Mayan and Inca Architecture: A Literary Review 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Mayan Solar Architecture 4 Inca Solar Architecture 5 Solar Knowledge Applied by the Mayan and Inca Cultures. Brief Explanation 6 Conclusions References The Performance of Multinational Foreign Labours at Construction Project in Klang Valley, Malaysia 1 Introduction 1.1 Construction Sector Contribution 1.2 Research Purpose 2 Research Methodology 2.1 Questionnaire Development 2.2 Data Sampling 2.3 Pilot Study 2.4 Data Collection 3 Findings 3.1 Influence Factors on the Performance of Multinational Foreign Labour 3.2 Effects of Multinational Foreign Labour Intake on the Project Performance 3.3 The Strategies to Improve the Performances of Construction Project Related to the Intake of Multinational Foreign Labour 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Investigating the Causes of Disputes from the Perspective of Project Characteristics 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Methodology 4 Research Analysis and Findings 4.1 Profile of Respondents 4.2 Causes of Disputes 4.3 Project Characteristics Which Influence on Disputes 4.4 Relationship Between Causes of Disputes and Project Characteristics 5 Conclusions References Post-pandemic Project Change Management Model: An Adaptable Framework Utilizing Levenberg–Marquardt Algorithm and Dynamic Causal Loop Diagram for Construction Innovation 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Description of the Data 2.2 Neural Network Modelling 2.3 Relative Importance Using Garson’s Algorithm 2.4 Parametric Analysis 2.5 Causal Loop Diagram and Project-Management Framework 2.6 Respondent’s Feedback 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Description of the Data 3.2 Neural Network Modelling 3.3 Relative Importance Using Garson’s Algorithm 3.4 Parametric Analysis 3.5 Causal Loop Diagram and Project-Management Framework 3.6 Respondent’s Feedback 4 Conclusion References Application of BIM Technology in the Formulation of Building Projects in Peru—2020 1 Introduction 2 Method 2.1 Type of Investigation 2.2 Procedures 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Ancient Architecture and Architectural History Expressions of Local Identity via Architectural Practice in UNESCO World Heritage Sites 1 Introduction 1.1 Cultural Heritage, Identities, and Creative Livelihoods 2 Research Methodology 3 Result of Research 3.1 Architecture as Cultural Heritage 3.2 Expressions of Local Identity Guidelines 3.3 Realization of Local Identity via Architectural Designs 4 Conclusion and Discussion References Sustainable Construction of Wetland Stilt House in Indonesia 1 Introduction 2 Methods 3 Literature Review 3.1 Wetlands Definition and Classification 3.2 Wetland Stilt House Construction 3.3 Indonesia Wetlands Stilt Houses 4 Synthesis 5 Conclusions References The Architecture of Dutch East Indies Colonial Quarantine Station in Onrust Island (1911–1933) 1 Introduction 1.1 Methods 2 Onrust Island Quarantine Station Architecture 3 Conclusions References Author Index