Problems of Geocosmos―2022: Proceedings of the XIV Conference and School (Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences)

Problems of Geocosmos conference proceedings series provide a snapshot of current research in a broad area of Earth Sciences carried out in Russia and elsewhere. Themes covered include solar physics, physics of magnetosphere, ionosphere and atmosphere, solar-terrestrial coupling links, seismology and geodynamics, paleomagnetism and rock magnetism, as well as cross-disciplinary studies. The proceedings are carefully edited, providing a panoramic outlook of a broad area of Earth Sciences. The readership includes colleague researchers, students and early career scientists. The proceedings will help the readers to look at their research fields from various points of view. Problems of Geocosmos conferences are held by Earth Physics Department, St. Petersburg University bi-annually since 1994. It is one of the largest forums of this kind in Russia/former Soviet Union attracting up to 200 researchers in Earth and magnetospheric physics. Preface Contents Ozone Layer Dynamics Is There a Relationship Between Quasi-Biennial Atmospheric Variations and Changes in Temperature and Total Ozone in Antarctica? 1 Introduction 2 Initial Data 3 Data Processing Method 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Atmospheric Chemical Composition Response to Energetic Electron Precipitations 1 Introduction 2 Model Description 2.1 Parameterized Model 2.2 Ion Chemistry Model 3 Results 4 Conclusions References Analysis of Factors Affecting the Interannual Variability of Antarctic Ozone 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Result 4 Conclusion References FTIR Measurements of Stratospheric Gases at the St. Petersburg Site 1 Introduction 2 Measurements of Trace Gases 2.1 FTIR Data 2.2 Analysis of Time Series 2.3 Comparison with ACE-FTS Measurements 3 Analysis of Ozonosphere 3.1 Role of Chlorines in Ozone Destruction 3.2 Study of Ozonosphere over St. Petersburg with FTIR-method 4 Conclusions References Paleo-, Environmental, and Rock Magnetism Section of the Asha Series (Southern Urals)—Basu or Zigan Formation? 1 Introduction 2 The State of Paleomagnetic Knowledge of the Ediacaran in the Southern Urals 3 Object and Methods of Paleomagnetic Study 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions References First Paleomagnetic Record of the Matuyama-Brunhes Transition in the Loess-Paleosol Series of Tajikistan 1 Introduction 2 Geological Setting and Methods 2.1 Object of the Study 2.2 Methods 3 Results 3.1 Magnetic Mineralogy 3.2 Natural Remanent Magnetization 3.3 Paleomagnetic Directions 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Magnetic Viscosity of Suevites from the Zhamanshin Impact Crater 1 Introduction 2 Structure and Phase Composition of Zhamanshin Suevites 3 Magnetic Viscosity in TEM Soundings 4 Laboratory Measurements of Impulse Response 4.1 Laboratory Setup for Measuring Impulse Response 4.2 Results 5 Frequency Dependence of Magnetic Susceptibility 6 Magnetic Hysteresis and Remanence Acquisition Measurements 7 Theoretical Modeling of Magnetic Characteristics 8 Conclusion References Iterative Feature Selection with Redundancy Accounting for the Neural Network Solution of Inverse Problems of Magnetotelluric Sounding 1 Introduction 2 Problem Statement 2.1 Parameterization Scheme 2.2 Data 3 Methods of Solving the Inverse Problem 3.1 The Use of Neural Networks 3.2 Description of the Iterative Feature Selection Algorithm 3.3 Application of the Iterative Feature Selection Algorithm 4 Results of Solving the Inverse Problem 5 Conclusions References Visual Statistics of the Total Geomagnetic Field Power 1 Introduction 2 Evolution and Statistics of the Power P 3 Statistics and Characteristic Timescales 4 Discussion and Conclusion References Seismology and Geodynamics Inhomogeneity of the Earth’s Inner Core Boundary from the Characteristics of Pre-critical Reflected Waves: Numerical Models and Observations 1 Introduction 2 Data 3 Method 3.1 Basics of the Approach 3.2 Characteristics of Model 3.3 Computational Effectivity 3.4 Types of Interfaces 4 Simulation Results 4.1 Hilbert Envelopes 4.2 PKiKP Model Amplitudes 4.3 Wavelet Analysis 4.4 Heterogeneities in the Lower Part of the Liquid Core 5 Discussion 6 Conclusions References Quality Factor of the Kola Peninsula Central Part (Fennoscandian Shield) from the Seismic Records of the Earthquake in the Khibiny Intrusion on March 5, 2022 1 Introduction 1.1 Data 1.2 Velocity Models 1.3 Parameters of Event 2 Q-Factor on the Base of Spectrum 2.1 Method of Spectral Inversion 2.2 Results 3 Q-factor on the Base of Radiative 3D 3.1 Method 3.2 Results 4 Discussion and Conclusions References Influence of Watering of Khibiny Mountains on the Earthquake-Size Distribution 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Method 3 Results 4 Discussion of the Results 5 Conclusion References Comparative Analysis of Seismicity and Tectonics of the Territory of Armenia 1 Introduction 2 Seismotectonics and Faults Model 3 Focal Mechanism 4 Conclusions References The Application of Surface Wave Tomography in Engineering Geophysical Surveys at Water Areas 1 Introduction 2 Field Experiment 2.1 The Data Acquisition 2.2 Wavefield Analysis 2.3 Data Processing 2.4 Obtained Results, Comparison of MASW and SWT 2.5 On the Optimization of the Observation System and Stability of the Result 3 Discussion 4 Conclusions References Deep Structure and Dynamics of the Issyk-Ata Fault (Northern Tien Shan) 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Geological Structure 2.2 Research Methods and Data 3 Analysis and Discussion of Results 4 Conclusions References Experimental Modeling of the Uplift of a Primitive Part of the Mantle Block with a Nearby Stronger Block of Rocks 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Technique 2.1 Similarity 2.2 Experimental Setup 3 Experiment, Its Results and Discussion 3.1 Experiment No. 1 3.2 Experiment No. 2 3.3 Experiment No. 3 3.4 Results and Its Discussion 4 Conclusion References Meteorological Response of Kamchatka Seismicity 1 Introduction 2 Data, Physical Background, and Processing 3 Results 4 Discussion and Conclusion References Solar-Terrestrial Physics Magnetic Barrier in Front of Exoplanets Interacting with Stellar Wind 1 Introduction 2 Model Equations and Statement of Problem 2.1 Normalized Equations 3 Numerical Method 4 Outflow of the Atmospheric Particles 5 MHD Model of Stellar Wind Flow 6 Results of MHD Calculations 7 Conclusion References Helium Abundance Variability at Different Spatial Scales Inside the ICME 1 Introduction 2 Large-Scale Helium Abundance Behavior 3 Medium-Scale Helium Abundance Behavior 4 Conclusion References How the Magnetospheric Activity Depends on IMF Equatorial Components 1 Introduction 2 Motivation for the Study 3 Results 3.1 AL Index and Dipole Tilt Seasonal Variations 3.2 Symmetric and Asymmetric Parts of Averaged index 4 Discussion 5 Conclusions References Energetic Electron Injection and Precipitation as Seen from RCM Bubble Simulation 1 Introduction 2 Simulation Results 2.1 Simulation Setup 2.2 Energetic Electron Acceleration Associated with the Bubble Development 2.3 Ionospheric View of Injection and Drifting Electron Cloud 3 Summary References Energetic Electrons Precipitation into the Earth’s Atmosphere During Magnetic Storm on 1–5 February 2015 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Data 3 Experimental Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Formation of the Outer Radiation Belt: Adiabatic Effect and Stochastic Acceleration 1 Introduction 2 “Quasilinear” Diffusion Models of ORB Formation and Its Difficulties 3 No-Change Storms and Action of the Adiabatic Effect 4 Tverskaya’s Relation and Storm Time Plasma Pressure Maximum 5 Discussion and Conclusions References Numerical Testing of Sound Speed Recovery by BC-Method for Wave Sources of Dirichlet, Neumann and Cauchy Type 1 Introduction 2 Dirichlet Problem 3 The Idea of BC-Method 3.1 Blagoveschenskii Formulae 3.2 Wave Basis 3.3 Decomposition of Unity in Terms of Wave Basis 3.4 Algorithm of Wave Speed Recovering 4 Numerical Testing 4.1 Testing of Dirichlet Problem 4.2 Testing of Neumann Problem 4.3 Testing of Cauchy Problem 5 Conclusions References Comparison of ULF Wave Indices from Conjugate Magnetometer Arrays in Antarctica and Greenland 1 Introduction: ULF Wave Index 2 Construction of a Regional ULF Wave Index 3 Interhemispheric Properties of ULF Wave Indices 4 Theoretical Interpretation 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion 7 Data Availability References Various Mechanisms of ULF Wave–Electron Interaction: Case Studies 1 Introduction 2 Data Analysis 2.1 Case 1. The ULF Wave Generation by an Electron Cloud Spatial Gradient 2.2 Case 2. The ULF Wave Generation by an Electron Cloud as a Moving Source 3 Discussion and Conclusion References Monitoring of the Solar Flare Impact on the Ionosphere with VLF Radio Sounding and Magnetometers 1 Introduction 2 Observation Facilities 3 Typical Events 4 Discussion 5 Summary and Conclusions References Pulsating Auroras from Data of Fast Imaging Photometer in Verkhnetulomsky Observatory 1 Introduction 2 Instruments 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Estimation of Characterized Ionization Rates During Geomagnetic Disturbances with Kp = 4 Based on Balloon Observations 1 Introduction 2 Balloon Observation 3 Retrieval Ionization Rate from Balloon Observations 4 Discussion and Conclusion References Long-Term Variability of North Atlantic Storm Tracks: Possible Influence of Solar Activity and Cosmic Ray Variations 1 Introduction 2 Experimental Data and Their Analysis 2.1 The Analyzed Data 2.2 Temporal Variations of Storm Track Latitudes on a Secular Time Scale 2.3 Bidecadal and Multidecadal Variations of Storm Track Latitudes 3 Discussion of the Results 4 Conclusions References Possible Thunderstorm Flashes Measured by AURA-2 Detector on Board DEKART Satellite 1 Introduction 2 UV Detector AURA-2 3 Results of AURA-2 Detector Measurements 3.1 Measurement Session 13.09.2021 3.2 Measurement Session 09.12.2021 3.3 Flashes 4 Conclusions References Method for Detecting Anomalous Changes in the Speed of Arrival of Cosmic Rays to the Earth Using Machine Learning 1 Introduction 2 Method Description 3 Scheme of the Method Implementation 4 Results of the Method Application 5 Conclusions References The Mechanism of Thunderstorm Formation in Eruptive Clouds on the Example of Bezymyanny Volcano Eruptions 1 Introduction 2 Methods and Means for the Investigation 3 Data and Analysis 4 Lightning Activity of Eruptive Clouds 5 Models for Electric Structure Formation in an Eruptive Cloud 6 Conclusions References The Distant Response of the Earthquake Precursory Process in foF2 as Inferred from Data of Vertical Sounding Stations Tokyo, Wakkanai and Yamagawa, 1957–2020 1 Introduction 2 Data Used and the Method of Study 3 Discussion 4 Conclusions References Solar Activity and Viral Pandemics 1 Solar Activity and Viral Pandemics 1750–2020 2 The SARS-Cov-2 Pandemic at the Global Solar Minimum. Genogeographic Features 3 Effects of Vaccination: Genetics and Solar Activity 4 Conclusions References