Probiotic Research in Therapeutics : Volume 2: Modulation of Gut Flora: Management of Inflammation and Infection Related Gut Etiology

Volume 1 sheds new light on role of gut dysbiosis in cancer and immunological diseases and their clinical manifestations. Contributions in the volume discuss about the gut microbiota as a therapeutic target and the role of probiotics in its management. The volume explores application of probiotics in the treatment of various cancers viz. colorectal, gastric, lung, and breast cancer and immunological diseases. The volume comprises of chapters from expert contributors organized into various important themes which include, introduction, relationship between gut microbiota and disease condition, mechanisms involved, clinical and in vivo status, conclusion and future directions. This is a highly informative and carefully presented book, providing recent and innovative insight for scholars and researchers with an interest in probiotics and its applications in cancer and immunological diseases. Volume 2: In a normal physiological state, several bacteria are present in the human gut that is essential to maintain the normal to healthy gastrointestinal function. Disturbances in this "normal flora" lead to gut inflammation and infection. This volume explores the potential of probiotics, the healthy bacteria, to manage gut-related diseases including gastrointestinal cancers, ulcerative colitis, H. pylori infections, and diarrhea; vaginosis; oral health; airway inflammation; and atopic dermatitis. The concept of designer probiotics, edible vaccines and future scope of research in the field is also presented. The animal models used for studying the benefits of probiotics in gut inflammation are described for beginners. Volume 3: Recent research in science establishes a direct relation between human gut and skin. Several species of live microbes inhabit the human skin and intestines which far outnumbers the mammalian cells in the human body. Research interest of Nextgen scientists is focused on beneficially harnessing this microbial population to address skin disorders like acne, rosacea, eczema, premature aging, and skin cancer which are established to be a result of skin-microbiome dysbiosis. This volume highlights evidence-based endeavours of the scientific community in this sector. Currently there is no concrete literature which gives a detailed vision on the relationship between gut microbiota and skin related disorders. This volume is an attempt to put together available data in the area and demonstrate usefulness of probiotics as a new therapeutic option for management of these skin diseases which currently show poor prognosis, high cost of treatment and compromised quality of life of the patient. Volume 4: Humans have numerous microorganisms residing in the body, especially in the gut, far exceeding the human body's normal mammalian cells. Recent research links the gut microbiome, the population of microorganisms living in the gastrointestinal tract, with brain diseases. This volume explores the concept and possibility of its extension to manage a galaxy of CNS diseases, including Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, Autism spectrum disorders, depression, insomnia, and chronic fatigue syndrome. This volume elaborates about communication channels between gut and brain via the vagus nerve, short-chain fatty acids including omega acids, and other inflammasomes. In contrast to the available books on the topic, this title is more versatile and endeavors to bring together scientific pre-clinical, and clinical claims on the probable psychobiotic implication of probiotic therapy. The book will appeal similar to the general public, students, experienced researchers, and academicians. It is endeavored to address an aspect of probiotic usage beyond gut disorders. We hope that it would be helpful to people studying the human nervous system and related conditions with their treatments Foreword by J. V. Yakhmi Foreword by U. C. Banerjee Preface Contents About the Editors 1: Gut Bacterial Dysbiosis and Its Clinical Implications 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Development of Gut Microbiota 1.3 Composition of Gut Microbiota and Factors Causing Dysbiosis 1.4 Clinical Implications of Dysbiosis 1.4.1 Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) 1.4.2 Obesity 1.4.3 Diabetes Mellitus 1.4.4 Colorectal Cancer 1.4.5 Irritable Bowel Syndrome 1.4.6 Atherosclerosis 1.4.7 NAFLD 1.4.8 Coeliac Disease 1.4.9 Rheumatoid Arthritis 1.4.10 Asthma 1.4.11 Multiple Sclerosis 1.4.12 Aging 1.4.13 Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes 1.5 Diet and Microbiome Interplay 1.6 Strategies to Alleviate Dysbiosis 1.7 Conclusion References 2: Probiotic Based Interventions for Improving Intestinal Health 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Probiotics Market Size, Share, and Trend Analysis 2.3 What Are Probiotics? 2.4 Health Improvement by Using Probiotics 2.5 Probiotic Properties of Major Intestinal Bacteria 2.5.1 Probiotic Properties of Specific Strains in Genus Lactobacillus 2.5.2 Probiotic Properties of the Genus Bifidobacteria 2.5.3 Probiotic Properties of the Genus Yeast 2.6 Intestinal Microbiota Vs Health and Disease 2.7 Mechanism of Action of Specific Stains of Bacterial Probiotics 2.8 Therapeutic Effects of Probiotics 2.8.1 Acute Gastroenteritis 2.8.2 Inflammatory Bowel Disease 2.8.3 Probiotics in the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis 2.8.4 Probiotics for Allergic Asthma 2.8.5 Probiotics for Food Allergy and Food-Induced Anaphylaxis 2.8.6 Probiotics in Treatment of Candida Infection 2.8.7 Probiotics in Treatment of Colic Infection 2.8.8 Probiotics in Treatment Enteric Colitis 2.8.9 Probiotics in Treatment of H. pylori Infection 2.8.10 Probiotics in Treatment of Celiac Disease (CD) 2.8.11 Probiotics in Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis (UC) 2.8.12 Probiotic-Rich Foods for Gut Health 2.9 Conclusion References 3: Probiotics in the Prevention of Infant Infection 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Major Probiotics for Prevention of Infant Infections 3.2.1 Bifidobacterium 3.2.2 Lactobacillus 3.3 General Mechanism of Probiotics on Infant Body 3.3.1 Immunomodulation 3.3.2 Antimicrobial Action 3.3.3 Competitive Exclusions 3.4 Infant Infections/Diseases and Specific Probiotics for Their Treatment 3.4.1 Diarrhea 3.4.1.1 Acute Infectious Diarrhea (AID) 3.4.1.2 Nosocomial Diarrhea 3.4.1.3 Traveler ́s Diarrhea 3.4.1.4 Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea (AAD) 3.4.2 Helicobacter pylori Infection 3.4.3 Infant Colic 3.4.4 Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) 3.4.5 Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) 3.4.6 Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) 3.4.7 Constipation 3.4.8 Allergy 3.4.9 Asthma and Wheeze 3.5 Probiotic Infant Formula: Types, Viability, and Use 3.6 Role of Synbiotics in Infant Infections 3.6.1 Effect of Prebiotics Supplementation 3.6.2 Effect of Probiotics Supplementation 3.7 Cost, Safety, and Adverse Effects 3.8 Consumer Perception, Market Potential, and Challenges for Commercialization 3.9 Conclusions and Future Scope References 4: Animal Models for Probiotic Interventions Under Gut Inflammatory Conditions 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Gut Microbiota 4.3 Prebiotics and Probiotics 4.4 Relationship Between Gut Microbiota and Disease Condition 4.5 Mechanisms Involved in IBD 4.6 Inflammatory Conditions Related to Gut 4.7 Gut-Brain Microbiome Axis and IBD 4.8 Treatments Available 4.9 Preclinical Models Used to Study IBD 4.9.1 Spontaneous Models 4.9.2 Chemical Model: Inducible Colitis Models 4.9.3 Adoptive Transfer Models or Immune-Mediated Model 4.9.4 Genetically Engineered Models 4.9.4.1 Gene Knockout Models 4.9.4.2 Transgenic Mouse Models 4.9.5 Other Animal Models Used to Study Intestinal Inflammation 4.10 Clinical Status of Probiotic Interventions Studied Under Different Conditions 4.11 Conclusion References 5: Probiotics as Anti-Inflammatory Agents in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Gut Microbiota 5.3 Probiotics 5.4 Pathophysiology of the Disease 5.4.1 Inflammatory Bowel Disease 5.4.2 Irritable Bowel Syndrome 5.5 Probiotics: Mechanisms of Action 5.5.1 Inflammatory Bowel Disease 5.5.2 Irritable Bowel Syndrome 5.6 Biological Basis for Positive Action of Probiotics 5.6.1 Pathogen Resistance 5.6.2 Nutritional Process 5.6.3 Immune Process 5.6.4 Rectifying Contaminants 5.6.5 Drug Metabolism 5.6.6 Bile Acid Metabolism 5.7 Microbiology Based Theories 5.8 Probiotics for Treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases 5.8.1 Probiotics in IBS 5.8.2 Probiotics in IBD 5.9 Comparison of Probiotics with Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Placebo 5.10 Conclusion References 6: Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea and Update on Probiotics Recommendations 6.1 Overview 6.2 Probiotics: Relevance in Management of AAD 6.3 Diversity of Gut Microbiota and Dysbiosis 6.4 Clostridium difficile Infection: Mechanism of Action 6.5 Short Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA) Metabolism and AAD 6.6 Modulation of the Secretion of Electrolyte Secretion and Absorption Efficacy 6.7 Increase in the Concentration of Secondary Bile Acids 6.8 Augmenting the Intestinal Barrier Function 6.9 Modulation of Intestinal Immune Response 6.10 Conclusion References 7: Potential Correlation Between Homeostasis Control and Tumor Microenvironment Regulation of Probiotic as a Therapeutic Agent... 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Types of GI Cancer, Associated Risk Factors, Diagnosis and Treatment 7.2.1 Pancreatic Cancer 7.2.2 Liver Cancer 7.2.3 Stomach Cancer 7.2.4 Colorectal Cancer 7.2.4.1 CRC Stages Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Summary Staging System 7.3 Role of H. pylori in Gastrointestinal Cancer 7.4 Key Elements of Humans in Response to H. pylori Induced Gastric Cancer 7.5 How Probiotics Interrupt Gastrointestinal Cancers 7.5.1 Mechanisms of Probiotics Altering the Onset of GI Cancer 7.5.1.1 Carcinogens Replacement by the Probiotics 7.5.1.2 Competitiveness with the Pathogenic Microflora 7.5.1.3 Probiotics to Improve Host Immune System 7.5.1.4 Effects on Apoptosis and Tissue Differentiation 7.5.2 Variety of Probiotic Microorganisms Showcase Anticancerous Action Towards GI or Colon Cancer 7.5.2.1 Probiotics in Colon Cancer 7.5.2.2 Breast Cancer 7.5.2.3 Bladder Cancer 7.5.2.4 Other Cancers 7.6 Conclusion References 8: An Update on the Probiotic Usage in Bacterial Vaginosis 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Prevalence and Diagnosis 8.3 The Microflora 8.3.1 Normal Microbiota 8.3.2 BV Microbiota 8.3.3 Biofilms 8.3.4 Vaginal Homeostasis 8.4 Immune Response in BV 8.5 Factors Associated with BV 8.5.1 Menstrual Cycle and Reproductive Age 8.5.2 Sexual Activity, Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI), and Other Urinogenital Infections 8.5.3 Ethnicity and Demographic Diversity 8.5.4 Other Factors 8.6 Treatment 8.6.1 Conventional Antibiotic Treatment 8.6.1.1 Antibiotic Resistance and Failure to Reduce Pregnancy Complications 8.6.2 Alternate Treatment Strategies 8.6.3 Probiotic Administration Modulates BV Niche and Might Reduce Recurrence Rates 8.7 Conclusion References 9: Indigenous Probiotic Lactobacillus Strains to Combat Gastric Pathogen Helicobacter pylori: Microbial Interference Therapy 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Probiotic Microorganisms 9.3 Mode of Action of Probiotics 9.4 Substances Produced by Probiotics that Inhibit or Kill H. pylori 9.5 Competition for Colonization 9.6 Effects on Mucosal Barrier 9.6.1 The Pre-Epithelial Barrier 9.6.2 The Epithelial Barrier 9.6.3 The Subepithelial Barrier 9.7 Influence on Immunity and Inflammation 9.8 Future Perspective References 10: Designing Probiotics and Its Clinical Applications 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Next or Second-Generation Probiotics (Bacterial Therapeutics) 10.1.2 Disadvantages of Traditional Probiotics 10.2 Designer Probiotics in Enteric Diseases and Disorders 10.3 Designer Probiotics in Immunity Related Diseases and Disorders 10.4 Designer Probiotics with Antimicrobial Peptides 10.5 Designer Probiotics as a Target Specific Tumor Knockout Therapy 10.6 Designer Probiotics in HIV Infection 10.7 Safety Concern of Designer Probiotics 10.8 Future Perspective 10.9 Conclusion References 11: Probiotic Interventions for Oral Health 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Mechanisms Involved 11.3 Clinical Effects 11.3.1 Probiotics and Dental Caries 11.3.2 Probiotics and Periodontal Disease 11.3.3 Probiotics and Peri-Implant Diseases 11.3.4 Probiotics and Oral Medicine 11.3.4.1 Oral Candidiasis 11.3.4.2 Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers (RAU) 11.3.4.3 Halitosis (Bad Breath) 11.3.5 Probiotics and Maxillofacial Surgery 11.4 Future Trends 11.5 Conclusions References 12: Probiotics Targeting Enteric Infections 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Most Notorious Enteric Pathogens 12.2.1 Vibrio Cholerae 12.2.2 Clostridium difficile 12.2.3 Escherichia coli 12.2.4 Salmonella 12.3 Treatments of Enteric Infections 12.3.1 Probiotics 12.3.2 Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics 12.3.3 Probiotics Targeting Enteric Infections 12.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Research Needs References 13: Probiotics for Allergic Airway Infection and Inflammations 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Probiotics 13.1.2 Benefits of Probiotics 13.1.3 How Probiotic Function for Immune System? 13.2 Role of Probiotics in Allergic Airway Infection 13.3 The Rationale behind the Mechanism of Probiotics for Allergy 13.3.1 Host Factors 13.4 Allergy Prevention Studies with Probiotics 13.5 Recent Advances: Clinical and In Vivo Status 13.6 Safety Considerations and Contraindications 13.7 Future Directions References 14: Probiotics as Edible Vaccines 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Probiotics in Mucosal Immune Response 14.3 Concept of Edible Vaccines 14.4 Probiotics as Edible Vaccines 14.4.1 Advantages of Probiotics as Edible Vaccines 14.5 Industrial and Clinical Outlook 14.5.1 Edible Vaccines-Strategies of Production 14.5.2 Formulation Aspects in Designing Probiotics as Edible Vaccine 14.5.3 Probiotics as Targeted Oral Vaccines 14.6 Challenges Associated with Probiotics as Edible Vaccines 14.7 CRISPR-Cas System (a Prospect in Designing Probiotics as Edible Vaccines) 14.8 Conclusion References 15: Probiotics for Atopic Dermatitis 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Relationship between Gut Microbiota and Atopic Dermatitis 15.3 Mechanism Involved 15.3.1 Immunologic Pathway 15.3.2 Metabolite Pathway 15.3.3 Neuroendocrine Pathway 15.3.4 Immunomodulatory Effect 15.3.5 Protection of the Mucosal Surface against Pathogens by Standardisation of the Microbial Composition 15.3.6 Metabolic Effect 15.4 Clinical and In-Vivo Status 15.5 Conclusion References