CSS حرفه‌ای برای وب‌سایت‌های پربازدید

Although web standards-based websites can scale effectively—and basic CSS will give you basic results—there are considerations and obstacles that high traffic websites must face to keep your development and hosting costs to a minimum. There are many tips and tricks, as well as down-to-earth best practice information, to make sure that everything runs quickly and efficiently with the minimum amount of fuss or developer intervention. Targeted at "high traffic" websites—those receiving over 10,000 unique visitors a day— Pro CSS for High Traffic Websites gives you inside information from the professionals on how to get the most out of your web development team. The book covers the development processes required to smoothly set up an easy-to-maintain CSS framework across a large-volume website and to keep the code reusable and modular. It also looks at the business challenges of keeping branding consistent across a major website and sustaining performance at a premium level through traffic spikes and across all browsers. Defensive coding is considered for sites with third-party code or advertising requirements. It also covers keeping CSS accessible for all viewers, and examines some advanced dynamic CSS techniques. What you’ll learn The value of process Making reusable, robust,and modular CSS How to maximize the performance of your site Integrating with third parties How to keep branding consistent Best practices for cross-browser and accessible CSS Dynamic CSS techniques Who this book is for This book is for Web developers building and maintaining premium, successful, high-traffic websites using web standards. This book will also help team leaders responsible for code that will be shared over multiple projects, as well as project managers with a high churn of contract staff. Table of Contents The Value of Process CSS Style Guide Fundamentals Frameworks and Integration Brand Implementation CSS and Accessibility Devices Performance Dynamic CSS Testing and Debugging Creating your CSS Appendix 1: CSS Standards Guide Appendix 2: Accessibilitiy Guidelines Appendix 3: Browser Support Guidelines Appendix 4: Development Process Cover Contents at a Glance Contents Foreword About the Authors About the Technical Reviewer Acknowledgments Preface Background Information Who Is This Book For? What Will I Learn? Why Is This Book Different From Others? Separation of Concerns Data Presentation Behavior Front-End Development Is Full of Exceptions The Value of Process The Team Getting Too Big for Your Boots High Staff Churn Rate Consistency Is More Important than Quality Tools Wikis Bug Reporting Task Management Bug Tracking and Task Management Source Control Diff Tools Resolving Conflicts Backup Online Backup Desktop Backup Prototyping Development Methodologies Waterfall Development Agile Development Summary CSS Style Guide CSS Style Guides CSS Formatting Singleversus Multiline Indenting Tabs versus Spaces Colons and Semicolons Commenting and CSS Metadata Existing Standards: CSSDOC File Info Table of Contents Sectioning Color Palettes Folder Paths Measurements Document Hacks and Bug Fixes Using a Template Class and ID Naming Semantics Accepted Characters Conventions Case Namespacing Reusable Classes CSS Namespaces Module Summary Fundamentals The Cascade: Origin, Importance, and Inheritance Origin and Importance Inheritance Inheritance and the Universal Selector Specificity Calculating Specificity The !important Declaration Namespacing and Specificity Using Your Tools Encoding Localization Browser-Specific CSS Hacks and Filters CSS Expressions Vendor-Specific Extensions Media Queries Conditional Comments When and How to Use Hacks “Safe” Hacks The Real World Server-Side User Agent Detection Some Examples of Browser Rendering Differences Quirks Mode The IE Box Model hasLayout Experimental CSS Summary Frameworks and Integration Frameworks Blueprint CSS 960 Grid System YUI 3 Grids Alternative Uses Reset Style Sheets Why Create Your Own Framework? Object Oriented CSS Object Oriented Programming OOCSS Overriding CSS Playing Nicely with Third-Party Code Defensive CSS Fragile CSS Metadata in CSS Summary Brand Implementation What Is a Brand? Brand Style Guides Guidelines Evolve Design Libraries Typography Image Replacement versus Flexibility Font-face Fallback Fonts Units Color Multiple Color Schemes Color Reference Dynamic Colors Fallback Colors Layout Grids Templates Themes Flexible CSS and Brand Evolution Summary CSS and Accessibility Impairment Problems Overview Partial Sightedness Blindness Colorblindness Motor Impairment Hearing Disabilities Cognitive Impairment Young Age Old Age Epilepsy Accessibility Guidelines What’s the Law? Assistive Technologies Screen Readers Hiding Content with CSS Keyboard-Only Users Other Assistive Devices Design and Layout Color Fonts and Units Web-fonts and Dyslexia User Customization Style Switchers WAI-ARIA Device and Environment Impairments Progressive Enhancement or Graceful Degradation? Can CSS3 Be Harmful? Graded Browser Support (GBS) Summary Devices Media Types all braille embossed handheld print projection screen speech tty tv Media Queries width height device-width device-height orientation aspect-ratio device-aspect-ratio color color-index monochrome resolution scan grid transform-2d transform-3d transition animation Modernizr Print Style Sheets Controlling Page Breaks Mobile Devices Another Website Use Media Queries to Target Mobile Devices Build an App Instead Other Devices Search Engine Optimization (SEO) Summary Performance The Payload—Worry About File Size Naming Conventions File Names Folder Structure Syntax Minifying Compression Apache Microsoft IIS (Internet Information Services) Content Distribution Networks (CDNs) and Domains Having Fewer Requests Is More Important than File Size Domain Name Server (DNS) Lookup Connecting Sending Waiting Receiving Concatenation CSS Sprites Data URIs (Uniform Resource Indicators) Caching What Should We Cache? Versioning What About Offline Storage? Rendering and Parsing Changing Properties via JavaScript Animation Hardware Acceleration Summary Dynamic CSS CSS Extensions and Preprocessors LESS Variables Mixins Nested Rules Operations Color Functions Namespaces Commenting Importing Conclusion Sass Variables Nested Selectors Conditional Logic Looping Commenting Accessors Mixins Colors Importing Conclusion Evaluating Third-Party Technologies Serving CSS with Server-Side Technologies Continuous Integration (CI) Clever Build Scripts Caching Considerations Summary Testing and Debugging Fast Development Build Scripts that Concatenate CSS Build Scripts that Compress CSS Pages That Don’t Like to be Refreshed or Time Out Frequently Cached Files Internet Explorer Bugs Debugging Firebug (Firefox) Web Developer (Firefox or Chrome) Developer Tools (Internet Explorer 8) Web Inspector (Safari) Developer Tools (Chrome) Internet Explorer Developer Toolbar Opera Dragonfly Proxy Tools Fiddler Charles Testing Graded Browser Support Running Multiple Versions of Internet Explorer Emulating Other Devices Automatically Generating Screenshots Summary Creating Your CSS Igloo Refrigerator Parts Inc. Website Analyzing the Design The Grid Reusable Components The Color Palette Accessibility Concerns Communication Is Important Creating the CSS Commenting Units Baseline Styles Structure Typographic Defaults Global Elements Components and Reusable Classes One-offs Compromises Cross-browser Consistency Accessibility and Links Documentation and Design Library Summary CSS Standards Guide Igloo Refrigerator Parts Inc. CSS Standards Guide 1. Introduction and Conventions 2. Implementation 3. General Rules 4. Comments 5. Formatting 6. Naming 7. Typography 8. Color CSS Coding Standards References Accessibility Guidelines Igloo Refrigerator Parts Inc. CSS Accessibility Guidelines 1. Introduction and Conventions 2. General Rules 3. Typography 4. Links 5. Color Browser Support Guidelines Igloo Refrigerator Parts Inc. Browser Support Guidelines 1. Introduction and Conventions 2. General Rules 3. Avoiding Common Bugs 4. Hacks and Filters 5. Devices Development Process Igloo Refrigerator Parts Inc. Development Process The Team Iterations Stories Structure and Version Control Planning Meeting Stand-up Meeting Day-to-Day Development Tidy-up Meeting Retrospective Scheduling Warranty Index Symbols and Numerics A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Although web standards-based websites can scale effectively--and basic CSS will give you basic results--there are considerations and obstacles that high traffic websites must face to keep your development and hosting costs to a minimum. There are many tips and tricks, as well as down-to-earth best practice information, to make sure that everything runs quickly and efficiently with the minimum amount of fuss or developer intervention. Targeted at "high traffic" websites--those receiving over 10,000 unique visitors a day-- CSS for High Traffic Websites gives you inside information from the professionals on how to get the most out of your web development team. The book covers the development processes required to smoothly set up an easy-to-maintain CSS framework across a large-volume website and to keep the code reusable and modular. It also looks at the business challenges of keeping branding consistent across a major website and sustaining performance at a premium level through traffic spikes and across all browsers. Defensive coding is considered for sites with third-party code or advertising requirements. It also covers keeping CSS accessible for all viewers, and examines some advanced dynamic CSS techniques. What you'll learn The value of process Making reusable, robust, and modular CSS How to maximize the performance of your site Integrating with third parties How to keep branding consistent Best practices for cross-browser and accessible CSS Dynamic CSS techniques Who this book is for This book is for Web developers building and maintaining premium, successful, high-traffic websites using web standards. This book will also help team leaders responsible for code that will be shared over multiple projects, as well as project managers with a high churn of contract staff Although web standards-based websites can scale effectivelyand basic CSS will give you basic resultsthere are considerations and obstacles that high traffic websites must face to keep your development and hosting costs to a minimum. There are many tips and tricks, as well as down-to-earth best practice information, to make sure that everything runs quickly and efficiently with the minimum amount of fuss or developer intervention. Targeted at "high traffic" websitesthose receiving over 10,000 unique visitors a day Pro CSS for High Traffic Websites gives you inside information from the professionals on how to get the most out of your web development team. The book covers the development processes required to smoothly set up an easy-to-maintain CSS framework across a large-volume website and to keep the code reusable and modular. It also looks at the business challenges of keeping branding consistent across a major website and sustaining performance at a premium level through traffic spikes and across all browsers. Defensive coding is considered for sites with third-party code or advertising requirements. It also covers keeping CSS accessible for all viewers, and examines some advanced dynamic CSS techniques.