Principles & Practice of Physics 1-2

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Check with the seller prior to purchase. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Based on his storied research and teaching, Eric Mazur's Principles & Practice of Physics builds an understanding of physics that is both thorough and accessible. Unique organization and pedagogy allow you to develop a true conceptual understanding of physics alongside the quantitative skills needed in the course. New learning architecture: The book is structured to help you learn physics in an organized way that encourages comprehension and reduces distraction. Physics on a contemporary foundation: Traditional texts delay the introduction of ideas that we now see as unifying and foundational. This text builds physics on those unifying foundations, helping you to develop an understanding that is stronger, deeper, and fundamentally simpler. Research-based instruction: This text uses a range of research-based instructional techniques to teach physics in the most effective manner possible. The result is a groundbreaking book that puts physics first, thereby making it more accessible to you to learn. MasteringPhysics® works with the text to create a learning program that enables you to learn both in and out of the classroom. This program provides a better teaching and learning experience for you. Here's how: Personalize learning with MasteringPhysics: MasteringPhysics provides you with engaging experiences that coach them through physics with specific wrong-answer feedback, hints, and a wide variety of educationally effective content. Build an integrated, conceptual understanding of physics: Gain a deeper understanding of the unified laws that govern our physical world through the innovative chapter structure and pioneering table of contents. Encourage informed problem solving: The separate Practice Volume empowers you to reason more effectively and better solve problems. Principles of Physics 1 Cover 1 Brief Contents 4 About the Author 5 To the Student 6 To the Instructor 7 Acknowledgments 11 Detailed Contents 13 Chapter 1: Foundations 20 1.1 The scientific method 21 1.2 Symmetry 23 1.3 Matter and the universe 25 1.4 Time and change 27 1.5 Representations 28 1.6 Physical quantities and units 33 1.7 Significant digits 36 1.8 Solving problems 39 1.9 Developing a feel 42 Chapter Glossary 46 Chapter 2: Motion in One Dimension 47 2.1 From reality to model 48 2.2 Position and displacement 49 2.3 Representing motion 51 2.4 Average speed and average velocity 53 2.5 Scalars and vectors 58 2.6 Position and displacement vectors 60 2.7 Velocity as a vector 64 2.8 Motion at constant velocity 65 2.9 Instantaneous velocity 67 Chapter Glossary 71 Chapter 3: Acceleration 72 3.1 Changes in velocity 73 3.2 Acceleration due to gravity 74 3.3 Projectile motion 76 3.4 Motion diagrams 78 3.5 Motion with constant acceleration 82 3.6 Free-fall equations 85 3.7 Inclined planes 88 3.8 Instantaneous acceleration 89 Chapter Glossary 93 Chapter 4: Momentum 94 4.1 Friction 95 4.2 Inertia 95 4.3 What determines inertia? 99 4.4 Systems 100 4.5 Inertial standard 105 4.6 Momentum 106 4.7 Isolated systems 108 4.8 Conservation of momentum 113 Chapter Glossary 119 Chapter 5: Energy 120 5.1 Classification of collisions 121 5.2 Kinetic energy 122 5.3 Internal energy 124 5.4 Closed systems 127 5.5 Elastic collisions 131 5.6 Inelastic collisions 134 5.7 Conservation of energy 135 5.8 Explosive separations 137 Chapter Glossary 139 Chapter 6: Principle of Relativity 140 6.1 Relativity of motion 141 6.2 Inertial reference frames 143 6.3 Principle of relativity 145 6.4 Zero-momentum reference frame 149 6.5 Galilean relativity 152 6.6 Center of mass 156 6.7 Convertible kinetic energy 161 6.8 Conservation laws and relativity 164 Chapter Glossary 166 Chapter 7: Interactions 167 7.1 The effects of interactions 168 7.2 Potential energy 171 7.3 Energy dissipation 172 7.4 Source energy 175 7.5 Interaction range 177 7.6 Fundamental interactions 179 7.7 Interactions and accelerations 183 7.8 Nondissipative interactions 184 7.9 Potential energy near Earth’s surface 187 7.10 Dissipative interactions 190 Chapter Glossary 194 Chapter 8: Force 195 8.1 Momentum and force 196 8.2 The reciprocity of forces 197 8.3 Identifying forces 199 8.4 Translational equilibrium 200 8.5 Free-body diagrams 201 8.6 Springs and tension 203 8.7 Equation of Motion 207 8.8 Force of gravity 210 8.9 Hooke’s law 211 8.10 Impulse 213 8.11 Systems of two interacting objects 215 8.12 Systems of many interacting objects 217 Chapter Glossary 220 Chapter 9: Work 221 9.1 Force displacement 222 9.2 Positive and negative work 223 9.3 Energy diagrams 225 9.4 Choice of system 227 9.5 Work done on a single particle 232 9.6 Work done on a many-particle system 235 9.7 Variable and distributed forces 239 9.8 Power 242 Chapter Glossary 244 Chapter 10: Motion in a Plane 245 10.1 Straight is a relative term 246 10.2 Vectors in a plane 247 10.3 Decomposition of forces 250 10.4 Friction 253 10.5 Work and friction 254 10.6 Vector algebra 257 10.7 Projectile motion in two dimensions 259 10.8 Collisions and momentum in two dimensions 261 10.9 Work as the product of two vectors 262 10.10 Coefficients of friction 267 Chapter Glossary 272 Chapter 11: Motion in a Circle 273 11.1 Circular motion at constant speed 274 11.2 Forces and circular motion 278 11.3 Rotational inertia 281 11.4 Rotational kinematics 283 11.5 Angular momentum 288 11.6 Rotational inertia of extended objects 293 Chapter Glossary 299 Chapter 12: Torque 300 12.1 Torque and angular momentum 301 12.2 Free rotation 304 12.3 Extended free-body diagrams 305 12.4 The vectorial nature of rotation 307 12.5 Conservation of angular momentum 312 12.6 Rolling motion 316 12.7 Torque and energy 321 12.8 The vector product 323 Chapter Glossary 326 Chapter 13: Gravity 327 13.1 Universal gravity 328 13.2 Gravity and angular momentum 333 13.3 Weight 336 13.4 Principle of equivalence 339 13.5 Gravitational constant 344 13.6 Gravitational potential energy 345 13.7 Celestial mechanics 348 13.8 Gravitational force exerted by a sphere 353 Chapter Glossary 355 Chapter 14: Special Relativity 356 14.1 Time measurements 357 14.2 Simultaneous is a relative term 360 14.3 Space-time 364 14.4 Matter and energy 369 14.5 Time dilation 374 14.6 Length contraction 379 14.7 Conservation of momentum 383 14.8 Conservation of energy 387 Chapter Glossary 392 Chapter 15: Periodic Motion 393 15.1 Periodic motion and energy 394 15.2 Simple harmonic motion 396 15.3 Fourier’s theorem 398 15.4 Restoring forces in simple harmonic motion 400 15.5 Energy of a simple harmonic oscillator 404 15.6 Simple harmonic motion and springs 408 15.7 Restoring torques 412 15.8 Damped oscillations 415 Chapter Glossary 418 Chapter 16: Waves in One Dimension 419 16.1 Representing waves graphically 420 16.2 Wave propagation 423 16.3 Superposition of waves 428 16.4 Boundary effects 430 16.5 Wave functions 435 16.6 Standing waves 440 16.7 Wave speed 443 16.8 Energy transport in waves 445 16.9 The wave equation 448 Chapter Glossary 451 Chapter 17: Waves in Two and Three Dimensions 452 17.1 Wavefronts 453 17.2 Sound 455 17.3 Interference 458 17.4 Diffraction 464 17.5 Intensity 467 17.6 Beats 470 17.7 Doppler effect 473 17.8 Shock waves 478 Chapter Glossary 481 Chapter 18: Fluids 482 18.1 Forces in a fluid 483 18.2 Buoyancy 488 18.3 Fluid flow 490 18.4 Surface effects 494 18.5 Pressure and gravity 501 18.6 Working with pressure 506 18.7 Bernoulli’s equation 510 18.8 Viscosity and surface tension 513 Chapter Glossary 519 Chapter 19: Entropy 520 19.1 States 521 19.2 Equipartition of energy 524 19.3 Equipartition of space 526 19.4 Evolution toward the most probable macrostate 528 19.5 Dependence of entropy on volume 533 19.6 Dependence of entropy on energy 538 19.7 Properties of a monatomic ideal gas 542 19.8 Entropy of a monatomic ideal gas 545 Chapter Glossary 547 Chapter 20: Energy Transferred Thermally 548 20.1 Thermal interactions 549 20.2 Temperature measurement 553 20.3 Heat capacity 556 20.4 PV diagrams and processes 560 20.5 Change in energy and work 566 20.6 Isochoric and isentropic ideal gas processes 568 20.7 Isobaric and isothermal ideal gas processes 570 20.8 Entropy change in ideal gas processes 574 20.9 Entropy change in nonideal gas processes 578 Chapter Glossary 580 Chapter 21: Degradation of Energy 581 21.1 Converting energy 582 21.2 Quality of energy 585 21.3 Heat engines and heat pumps 589 21.4 Thermodynamic cycles 594 21.5 Entropy constraints on energy transfers 599 21.6 Heat engine performance 602 21.7 Carnot cycle 606 21.8 Brayton cycle 608 Chapter Glossary 611 Chapter 22: Electric Interactions 612 22.1 Static electricity 613 22.2 Electrical charge 614 22.3 Mobility of charge carriers 617 22.4 Charge polarization 621 22.5 Coulomb’s law 625 22.6 Forces exerted by distributions of charge carriers 629 Chapter Glossary 633 Chapter 23: The Electric Field 634 23.1 The field model 635 23.2 Electric field diagrams 637 23.3 Superposition of electric fields 638 23.4 Electric fields and forces 641 23.5 Electric field of a charged particle 645 23.6 Dipole field 646 23.7 Electric fields of continuous charge distributions 648 23.8 Dipoles in electric fields 653 Chapter Glossary 657 Chapter 24: Gauss’s Law 658 24.1 Electric field lines 659 24.2 Field line density 661 24.3 Closed surfaces 662 24.4 Symmetry and Gaussian surfaces 664 24.5 Charged conducting objects 667 24.6 Electric flux 671 24.7 Deriving Gauss’s Law 673 24.8 Applying Gauss’s Law 675 Chapter Glossary 681 Chapter 25: Work and Energy in Electrostatics 682 25.1 Electric potential energy 683 25.2 Electrostatic work 684 25.3 Equipotentials 686 25.4 Calculating work and energy in electrostatics 690 25.5 Potential difference 693 25.6 Electrostatic potentials of continuous charge distributions 699 25.7 Obtaining the electric field from the potential 701 Chapter Glossary 703 Chapter 26: Charge Separation and Storage 704 26.1 Charge separation 705 26.2 Capacitors 707 26.3 Dielectrics 711 26.4 Voltaic cells and batteries 713 26.5 Capacitance 716 26.6 Electric field energy and emf 719 26.7 Dielectric constant 722 26.8 Gauss’s law in dielectrics 726 Chapter Glossary 728 Chapter 27: Magnetic Interactions 729 27.1 Magnetism 730 27.2 Magnetic fields 732 27.3 Charge flow and magnetism 734 27.4 Magnetism and relativity 737 27.5 Current and magnetism 742 27.6 Magnetic flux 744 27.7 Moving particles in electric and magnetic fields 746 27.8 Magnetism and electricity unified 750 Chapter Glossary 753 Chapter 28: Magnetic Fields of Charged Particles in Motion 754 28.1 Source of the magnetic field 755 28.2 Current loops and spin magnetism 756 28.3 Magnetic dipole moment and torque 758 28.4 Ampèrian paths 761 28.5 Ampère’s law 765 28.6 Solenoids and toroids 768 28.7 Magnetic fields due to currents 771 28.8 Magnetic field of a moving charged particle 774 Chapter Glossary 777 Chapter 29: Changing Magnetic Fields 778 29.1 Moving conductors in magnetic fields 779 29.2 Faraday’s law 781 29.3 Electric fields accompany changing magnetic fields 782 29.4 Lenz’s law 783 29.5 Induced emf 788 29.6 Electric field accompanying a changing magnetic field 792 29.7 Inductance 794 29.8 Magnetic energy 796 Chapter Glossary 799 Chapter 30: Changing Electric Fields 800 30.1 Magnetic fields accompany changing electric fields 801 30.2 Fields of moving charged particles 804 30.3 Oscillating dipoles and antennas 807 30.4 Displacement current 813 30.5 Maxwell’s equations 817 30.6 Electromagnetic waves 820 30.7 Electromagnetic energy 825 Chapter Glossary 829 Chapter 31: Electric Circuits 830 31.1 The basic circuit 831 31.2 Current and resistance 833 31.3 Junctions and multiple loops 835 31.4 Electric fields in conductors 838 31.5 Resistance and Ohm’s law 843 31.6 Single-loop circuits 847 31.7 Multiloop circuits 852 31.8 Power in electric circuits 857 Chapter Glossary 860 Chapter 32: Electronics 861 32.1 Alternating currents 862 32.2 AC circuits 864 32.3 Semiconductors 868 32.4 Diodes, transistors, and logic gates 870 32.5 Reactance 876 32.6 RC and RLC series circuits 881 32.7 Resonance 888 32.8 Power in AC circuits 890 Chapter Glossary 893 Chapter 33: Ray Optics 894 33.1 Rays 895 33.2 Absorption, transmission, and reflection 896 33.3 Refraction and dispersion 899 33.4 Forming images 903 33.5 Snel’s law 910 33.6 Thin lenses and optical instruments 913 33.7 Spherical mirrors 920 33.8 Lensmaker’s formula 923 Chapter Glossary 925 Chapter 34: Wave and Particle Optics 927 34.1 Diffraction of light 928 34.2 Diffraction gratings 930 34.3 X-ray diffraction 933 34.4 Matter waves 937 34.5 Photons 938 34.6 Multiple-slit interference 942 34.7 Thin-film interference 947 34.8 Diffraction at a single-slit barrier 949 34.9 Circular apertures and limits of resolution 950 34.10 Photon energy and momentum 954 Chapter Glossary 958 Appendix 960 Appendix A: Notation 960 Appendix B: Mathematics Review 970 Appendix C: SI Units, Useful Data, and Unit Conversion Factors 976 Appendix D: Center of Mass of Extended Objects 980 Appendix E: Derivation of the Lorentz Transformation Equations 981 Solutions to Checkpoints 984 Credits 1046 Index 1048 Practice of Physics 1065 Cover 1065 Brief Contents 1068 Getting the Most Out of Practice 1069 Chapter 1: Practice Foundations 1070 Chapter Summary 1072 Review Questions 1074 Developing a Feel 1075 Worked and Guided Problems 1076 Questions and Problems 1079 Answers to Review Questions 1084 Answers to Guided Problems 1084 Chapter 2: Practice Motion in One Dimension 1085 Chapter Summary 1086 Review Questions 1087 Developing a Feel 1088 Worked and Guided Problems 1089 Questions and Problems 1095 Answers to Review Questions 1102 Answers to Guided Problems 1102 Chapter 3: Practice Acceleration 1103 Chapter Summary 1104 Review Questions 1105 Developing a Feel 1106 Worked and Guided Problems 1107 Questions and Problems 1111 Answers to Review Questions 1119 Answers to Guided Problems 1119 Chapter 4: Practice Momentum 1120 Chapter Summary 1121 Review Questions 1122 Developing a Feel 1123 Worked and Guided Problems 1124 Questions and Problems 1130 Answers to Review Questions 1137 Answers to Guided Problems 1137 Chapter 5: Practice Energy 1138 Chapter Summary 1139 Review Questions 1140 Developing a Feel 1141 Worked and Guided Problems 1142 Questions and Problems 1149 Answers to Review Questions 1154 Answers to Guided Problems 1154 Chapter 6: Practice Principle of Relativity 1155 Chapter Summary 1156 Review Questions 1158 Developing a Feel 1159 Worked and Guided Problems 1160 Questions and Problems 1166 Answers to Review Questions 1173 Answers to Guided Problems 1173 Chapter 7: Practice Interactions 1174 Chapter Summary 1175 Review Questions 1177 Developing a Feel 1178 Worked and Guided Problems 1179 Questions and Problems 1186 Answers to Review Questions 1191 Answers to Guided Problems 1192 Chapter 8: Practice Force 1193 Chapter Summary 1194 Review Questions 1196 Developing a Feel 1197 Worked and Guided Problems 1198 Questions and Problems 1205 Answers to Review Questions 1213 Answers to Guided Problems 1213 Chapter 9: Practice Work 1214 Chapter Summary 1215 Review Questions 1216 Developing a Feel 1217 Worked and Guided Problems 1218 Questions and Problems 1226 Answers to Review Questions 1232 Answers to Guided Problems 1233 Chapter 10: Practice Motion in a Plane 1234 Chapter Summary 1235 Review Questions 1237 Developing a Feel 1238 Worked and Guided Problems 1239 Questions and Problems 1248 Answers to Review Questions 1256 Answers to Guided Problems 1257 Chapter 11: Practice Motion in a Circle 1258 Chapter Summary 1259 Review Questions 1260 Developing a Feel 1261 Worked and Guided Problems 1262 Questions and Problems 1269 Answers to Review Questions 1277 Answers to Guided Problems 1277 Chapter 12: Practice Torque 1278 Chapter Summary 1279 Review Questions 1281 Developing a Feel 1282 Worked and Guided Problems 1283 Questions and Problems 1290 Answers to Review Questions 1299 Answers to Guided Problems 1300 Chapter 13: Practice Gravity 1301 Chapter Summary 1302 Review Questions 1303 Developing a Feel 1304 Worked and Guided Problems 1305 Questions and Problems 1311 Answers to Review Questions 1316 Answers to Guided Problems 1316 Chapter 14: Practice Special Relativity 1317 Chapter Summary 1318 Review Questions 1320 Developing a Feel 1321 Worked and Guided Problems 1322 Questions and Problems 1330 Answers to Review Questions 1335 Answers to Guided Problems 1335 Chapter 15: Practice Periodic Motion 1336 Chapter Summary 1337 Review Questions 1340 Developing a Feel 1341 Worked and Guided Problems 1342 Questions and Problems 1347 Answers to Review Questions 1354 Answers to Guided Problems 1354 Chapter 16: Practice Waves in One Dimension 1355 Chapter Summary 1356 Review Questions 1358 Developing a Feel 1359 Worked and Guided Problems 1360 Questions and Problems 1365 Answers to Review Questions 1371 Answers to Guided Problems 1371 Chapter 17: Practice Waves in Two and Three Dimensions 1372 Chapter Summary 1373 Review Questions 1374 Developing a Feel 1375 Worked and Guided Problems 1376 Questions and Problems 1380 Answers to Review Questions 1385 Answers to Guided Problems 1385 Chapter 18: Practice Fluids 1386 Chapter Summary 1387 Review Questions 1389 Developing a Feel 1390 Worked and Guided Problems 1391 Questions and Problems 1397 Answers to Review Questions 1405 Answers to Guided Problems 1406 Chapter 19: Practice Entropy 1407 Chapter Summary 1408 Review Questions 1410 Developing a Feel 1411 Worked and Guided Problems 1412 Questions and Problems 1416 Answers to Review Questions 1423 Answers to Guided Problems 1423 Chapter 20: Practice Energy Transferred Thermally 1424 Chapter Summary 1425 Review Questions 1427 Developing a Feel 1428 Worked and Guided Problems 1429 Questions and Problems 1435 Answers to Review Questions 1441 Answers to Guided Problems 1441 Chapter 21: Practice Degradation of Energy 1442 Chapter Summary 1443 Review Questions 1446 Developing a Feel 1447 Worked and Guided Problems 1448 Questions and Problems 1453 Answers to Review Questions 1460 Answers to Guided Problems 1461 Chapter 22: Practice Electric Interactions 1462 Chapter Summary 1463 Review Questions 1464 Developing a Feel 1465 Worked and Guided Problems 1466 Questions and Problems 1469 Answers to Review Questions 1477 Answers to Guided Problems 1477 Chapter 23: Practice The Electric Field 1478 Chapter Summary 1479 Review Questions 1481 Developing a Feel 1482 Worked and Guided Problems 1483 Questions and Problems 1488 Answers to Review Questions 1495 Answers to Guided Problems 1495 Chapter 24: Practice Gauss’s Law 1496 Chapter Summary 1497 Review Questions 1499 Developing a Feel 1500 Worked and Guided Problems 1501 Questions and Problems 1507 Answers to Review Questions 1516 Answers to Guided Problems 1517 Chapter 25: Practice Work and Energy in Electrostatics 1518 Chapter Summary 1519 Review Questions 1521 Developing a Feel 1522 Worked and Guided Problems 1523 Questions and Problems 1529 Answers to Review Questions 1535 Answers to Guided Problems 1535 Chapter 26: Practice Charge Separation and Storage 1536 Chapter Summary 1537 Review Questions 1538 Developing a Feel 1539 Worked and Guided Problems 1540 Questions and Problems 1545 Answers to Review Questions 1550 Answers to Guided Problems 1551 Chapter 27: Pactice Magnetic Interactions 1552 Chapter Summary 1553 Review Questions 1555 Developing a Feel 1556 Worked and Guided Problems 1557 Questions and Problems 1563 Answers to Review Questions 1570 Answers to Guided Problems 1571 Chapter 28: Practice Magnetic Fields of Charged Particles in Motion 1572 Chapter Summary 1573 Review Questions 1575 Developing a Feel 1576 Worked and Guided Problems 1577 Questions and Problems 1584 Answers to Review Questions 1593 Answers to Guided Problems 1594 Chapter 29: Practice Changing Magnetic Fields 1595 Chapter Summary 1596 Review Questions 1597 Developing a Feel 1598 Worked and Guided Problems 1599 Questions and Problems 1607 Answers to Review Questions 1615 Answers to Guided Problems 1616 Chapter 30: Practice Changing Electric Fields 1617 Chapter Summary 1618 Review Questions 1619 Developing a Feel 1620 Worked and Guided Problems 1621 Questions and Problems 1627 Answers to Review Questions 1633 Answers to Guided Problems 1634 Chapter 31: Practice Electric Circuits 1635 Chapter Summary 1636 Review Questions 1638 Developing a Feel 1639 Worked and Guided Problems 1640 Questions and Problems 1648 Answers to Review Questions 1657 Answers to Guided Problems 1658 Chapter 32: Practice Electronics 1659 Chapter Summary 1660 Review Questions 1663 Developing a Feel 1664 Worked and Guided Problems 1665 Questions and Problems 1671 Answers to Review Questions 1679 Answers to Guided Problems 1680 Chapter 33: Practice Ray Optics 1681 Chapter Summary 1682 Review Questions 1685 Developing a Feel 1686 Worked and Guided Problems 1687 Questions and Problems 1694 Answers to Review Questions 1702 Answers to Guided Problems 1703 Chapter 34: Practice Wave and Particle Optics 1704 Chapter Summary 1705 Review Questions 1707 Developing a Feel 1708 Worked and Guided Problems 1709 Questions and Problems 1713 Answers to Review Questions 1719 Answers to Guided Problems 1720 Appendix 1722 Appendix A: Notation 1722 Appendix B: Mathematics Review 1732 Appendix C: SI Units, Useful Data, and Unit Conversion Factors 1738 Answers to Selected Odd-Numbered Questions and Problems 1742 Credits 1782 I've divided this text into a Principles book [part 1], which teaches the physics, and a Practice book [part 2], which puts the physics into practice and develops problem-solving skills--Author. [Part 1]. Principles -- [Part 2]. Practice. Eric Mazur, Harvard University ; with contributions from Catherine H. Crouch, Swarthmore College, Peter A. Dourmashkin, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. I've divided this text into a Principles book, which teaches the physics, and a Practice book, which puts the physics into practice and develops problem-solving skills--Section of To the instructor (page viii) The Practice book written by Eric Mazur and Daryl Pedigo.