Principles of virology Volume I. Molecular Biology

Principles of Virology is the leading virology textbook because it does more than collect and present facts about individual viruses. Instead, it facilitates an understanding of basic virology by examining the shared processes and capabilities of viruses. Using a set of representative viruses to present the complexity and diversity of a myriad of viruses, this rational approach enables students to understand how reproduction is accomplished by known viruses and provides the tools for future encounters with new or understudied viruses. This fully updated edition represents the rapidly changing field of virology. A major new feature is the inclusion of 26 video interviews with leading scientists who have made significant contributions to the field of virology. Applicable courses: undergraduate courses in virology and microbiology as well as graduate courses in virology and infectious diseases. Principles of Virology, 4th Edition About the pagination of this eBook Volume I: Molecular Biology Copyright Page Dedication Page Contents Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors Part I: The Science of Virology Chapter 1: Foundations Luria’s Credo Why We Study Viruses Viruses Are Everywhere Viruses Can Cause Human Disease Viruses Infect All Living Things Viruses Can Be Beneficial Viruses Can Cross Species Boundaries Viruses “R” Us Viruses Are Unique Tools To Study Biology Virus Prehistory Viral Infections in Antiquity The First Vaccines Microorganisms as Pathogenic Agents Discovery of Viruses The Definitive Properties of Viruses The Structural Simplicity of Virus Particles The Intracellular Parasitism of Viruses Viruses Defined Cataloging Animal Viruses The Classical System Classification by Genome Type: the Baltimore System A Common Strategy for Viral Propagation Perspectives References Chapter 2: The Infectious Cycle Introduction The Infectious Cycle The Cell The Architecture of Cell Surfaces The Extracellular Matrix: Components and Biological Importance Properties of the Plasma Membrane Cell Membrane Proteins Entering Cells Making Viral RNA Making Viral Proteins Making Viral Genomes Forming Progeny Virus Particles Viral Pathogenesis Overcoming Host Defenses Cultivation of Viruses Cell Culture Embryonated Eggs Laboratory Animals Assay of Viruses Measurement of Infectious Units Efficiency of Plating Measurement of Virus Particles and Their Components Viral Reproduction: the Burst Concept The One-Step Growth Cycle Initial Concept One-Step Growth Analysis: a Valuable Tool for Studying Animal Viruses Systems Biology Perspectives References Part II: Molecular Biology Chapter 3: Genomes and Genetics Introduction Genome Principles and the Baltimore System Structure and Complexity of Viral Genomes DNA Genomes RNA Genomes What Do Viral Genomes Look Like? Coding Strategies What Can Viral Sequences Tell Us? The Origin of Viral Genomes The “Big and Small” of Viral Genomes: Does Size Matter? Genetic Analysis of Viruses Classical Genetic Methods Engineering Mutations into Viral Genomes Engineering Viral Genomes: Viral Vectors Perspectives References Chapter 4: Structure Introduction Functions of the Virion Nomenclature Methods for Studying Virus Structure Building a Protective Coat Helical Structures Capsids with Icosahedral Symmetry Other Capsid Architectures Packaging the Nucleic Acid Genome Direct Contact of the Genome with a Protein Shell Packaging by Specialized Viral Proteins Packaging by Cellular Proteins Viruses with Envelopes Viral Envelope Components Simple Enveloped Viruses: Direct Contact of External Proteins with the Capsid or Nucleocapsid Enveloped Viruses with an Additional Protein Layer Large Viruses with Multiple Structural Elements Bacteriophage T4 Herpesviruses Poxviruses Giant Viruses Other Components of Virions Enzymes Other Viral Proteins Nongenomic Viral Nucleic Acid Cellular Macromolecules Perspectives References Chapter 5: Attachment and Entry Introduction Attachment of Virus Particles to Cells General Principles Identification of Receptors for Virus Particles Virus-Receptor Interactions Entry into Cells Uncoating at the Plasma Membrane Uncoating during Endocytosis Membrane Fusion Movement of Viral and Subviral Particles within Cells Virus-Induced Signaling via Cell Receptors Import of Viral Genomes Into the Nucleus Nuclear Localization Signals The Nuclear Pore Complex The Nuclear Import Pathway Import of Influenza Virus Ribonucleoprotein Import of DNA Genomes Import of Retroviral Genomes Perspectives References Chapter 6: Synthesis of RNA from RNA Templates Introduction The Nature of the RNA Template Secondary Structures in Viral RNA Naked or Nucleocapsid RNA The RNA Synthesis Machinery Identification of RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerases Sequence Relationships among RNA Polymerases Three-Dimensional Structure of RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerases Mechanisms of RNA Synthesis Initiation Capping Elongation Template Specificity Unwinding the RNA Template Role of Cellular Proteins Paradigms for Viral RNA Synthesis (+) Strand RNA Synthesis of Nested Subgenomic mRNAs (−) Strand RNA Ambisense RNA Double-Stranded RNA Unique Mechanisms of mRNA and Genome Synthesis of Hepatitis Delta Satellite Virus Why Are (−) and (+) Strands Made in Unequal Quantities? Do Ribosomes and RNA Polymerases Collide? Cellular Sites of Viral RNA Synthesis Origins of Diversity in RNA Virus Genomes Misincorporation of Nucleotides Segment Reassortment and RNA Recombination RNA Editing Perspectives References Chapter 7: Reverse Transcription and Integration Retroviral Reverse Transcription Discovery Impact The Process of Reverse Transcription General Properties and Structure of Retroviral Reverse Transcriptases Other Examples of Reverse Transcription Retroviral DNA Integration Is a Unique Process The Pathway of Integration: Integrase-Catalyzed Steps Integrase Structure and Mechanism Hepadnaviral Reverse Transcription A DNA Virus with Reverse Transcriptase The Process of Reverse Transcription Perspectives References Chapter 8: Synthesis of RNA from DNA Templates Introduction Properties of Cellular RNA Polymerases That Transcribe Viral DNA Some Viral Genomes Must Be Converted to Templates Suitable for Transcription Transcription by RNA Polymerase II Regulation of RNA Polymerase II Transcription Common Properties of Proteins That Regulate Transcription The Cellular Machinery Alone Can Transcribe Viral DNA Templates Viral Proteins That Govern Transcription of Viral DNA Templates Patterns of Regulation The Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Tat Protein Autoregulates Transcription The Transcriptional Cascades of DNA Viruses Entry into One of Two Alternative Transcriptional Programs Transcription of Viral Genes by RNA Polymerase III The VA-RNA I Promoter Regulation of VA-RNA Gene Transcription Inhibition of the Cellular Transcriptional Machinery Unusual Functions of Cellular Transcription Components A Viral DNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Perspectives References Chapter 9: Replication of DNA Genomes Introduction DNA Synthesis by the Cellular Replication Machinery Eukaryotic Replicons Cellular Replication Proteins Mechanisms of Viral DNA Synthesis Lessons from Simian Virus 40 Replication of Other Viral DNA Genomes Properties of Viral Replication Origins Recognition of Viral Replication Origins Viral DNA Synthesis Machines Resolution and Processing of Viral Replication Products Exponential Accumulation of Viral Genomes Viral Proteins Can Induce Synthesis of Cellular Replication Proteins Synthesis of Viral Replication Machines and Accessory Enzymes Viral DNA Replication Independent of Cellular Proteins Delayed Synthesis of Structural Proteins Prevents Premature Packaging of DNA Templates Inhibition of Cellular DNA Synthesis Viral DNAs Are Synthesized in Specialized Intracellular Compartments Limited Replication of Viral DNA Genomes Integrated Parvoviral DNA Can Replicate as Part of the Cellular Genome Different Viral Origins Regulate Replication of Epstein-Barr Virus Limited and Amplifying Replication from a Single Origin: the Papillomaviruses Origins of Genetic Diversity in DNA Viruses Fidelity of Replication by Viral DNA Polymerases Inhibition of Repair of Double-Strand Breaks in DNA Recombination of Viral Genomes Perspectives References Chapter 10: Processing of Viral Pre-mRNA Introduction Covalent Modification during Viral Pre-mRNA Processing Capping the 5' Ends of Viral mRNA Synthesis of 3' Poly(A) Segments of Viral mRNA Splicing of Viral Pre-mRNA Alternative Processing of Viral Pre-mRNA Editing of Viral mRNAs Export of RNAs from the Nucleus The Cellular Export Machinery Export of Viral mRNA Posttranscriptional Regulation of Viral or Cellular Gene Expression by Viral Proteins Temporal Control of Viral Gene Expression Viral Proteins Can Inhibit Cellular mRNA Production Regulation of Turnover of Viral and Cellular mRNAs in the Cytoplasm Regulation of mRNA Stability by Viral Proteins mRNA Stabilization Can Facilitate Transformation Production and Function of Small RNAs That Inhibit Gene Expression Small Interfering RNAs, Micro-RNAs, and Their Synthesis Viral Micro-RNAs Viral Gene Products That Block RNA Interference Perspectives References Chapter 11: Protein Synthesis Introduction Mechanisms of Eukaryotic Protein Synthesis General Structure of Eukaryotic mRNA The Translation Machinery Initiation Elongation and Termination The Diversity of Viral Translation Strategies Polyprotein Synthesis Leaky Scanning Reinitiation Suppression of Termination Ribosomal Frameshifting Bicistronic mRNAs Regulation of Translation during Viral Infection Inhibition of Translation Initiation after Viral Infection Regulation of eIF4F Regulation of Poly (A)-Binding Protein Activity Regulation of eIF3 Interfering with RNA Stress-Associated RNA Granules Perspectives References Chapter 12: Intracellular Trafficking Introduction Assembly within the Nucleus Import of Viral Proteins for Assembly Assembly at the Plasma Membrane Transport of Viral Membrane Proteins to the Plasma Membrane Sorting of Viral Proteins in Polarized Cells Disruption of the Secretory Pathway in Virus-Infected Cells Signal Sequence-Independent Transport of Viral Proteins to the Plasma Membrane Interactions with Internal Cellular Membranes Localization of Viral Proteins to Compartments of the Secretory Pathway Localization of Viral Proteins to the Nuclear Membrane Transport of Viral Genomes to Assembly Sites Transport of Genomic and Pregenomic RNA from the Nucleus to the Cytoplasm Transport of Genomes from the Cytoplasm to the Plasma Membrane Perspectives References Chapter 13: Assembly, Exit, and Maturation Introduction Methods of Studying Virus Assembly and Egress Structural Studies of Virus Particles Visualization of Assembly and Exit by Microscopy Biochemical and Genetic Analyses of Assembly Intermediates Methods Based on Recombinant DNA Technology Assembly of Protein Shells Formation of Structural Units Capsid and Nucleocapsid Assembly Self-Assembly and Assisted Assembly Reactions Selective Packaging of the Viral Genome and Other Components of Virus Particles Concerted or Sequential Assembly Recognition and Packaging of the Nucleic Acid Genome Incorporation of Enzymes and Other Nonstructural Proteins Acquisition of an Envelope Sequential Assembly of Internal Components and Budding from a Cellular Membrane Coordination of the Assembly of Internal Structures with Acquisition of the Envelope Release of Virus Particles Assembly and Budding at the Plasma Membrane Assembly at Internal Membranes: the Problem of Exocytosis Release of Nonenveloped Viruses Maturation of Progeny Virus Particles Proteolytic Processing of Structural Proteins Other Maturation Reactions Cell-to-Cell Spread Perspectives References Chapter 14: The Infected Cell Introduction Signal Transduction Signaling Pathways Signaling in Virus-Infected Cells Gene Expression Inhibition of Cellular Gene Expression Differential Regulation of Cellular Gene Expression Metabolism Methods To Study Metabolism Glucose Metabolism The Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation Lipid Metabolism Remodeling of Cellular Organelles The Nucleus The Cytoplasm Perspectives References Appendix: Structure, Genome Organization, and Infectious Cycles Adenoviruses Arenaviruses Coronaviruses Filoviruses Flaviviruses Hepadnaviruses Herpesviruses Orthomyxoviruses Paramyxoviruses Parvoviruses Picornaviruses Polyomaviruses Poxviruses Reoviruses Retroviruses Rhabdoviruses Togaviruses Glossary Index Volume II: Pathogenesis and Control Copyright Page Dedication Page Contents Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors Chapter 1: Infections of Populations: History and Epidemiology Introduction to Viral Pathogenesis A Brief History of Viral Pathogenesis The Relationships between Microbes The First Human Viruses Identified and the Role of Serendipity New Techniques Led to the Study of Viruses as Causes of Disease Viral Epidemics in History Epidemics Shaped History: the 1793 Yellow Fever Epidemic in Philadelphia Tracking Epidemics by Sequencing: West Nile Virus Spread to the Western Hemisphere The Economic Toll of Viral Epidemics in Agricultural Organisms Population Density and World Travel as Accelerators of Viral Transmission Zoonotic Infections and Viral Epidemics Epidemiology Fundamental Concepts Tools of Epidemiology Surveillance Parameters That Govern the Ability of a Virus To Infect a Population Environment Host Factors Perspectives References Chapter 2: Barriers to Infection Introduction An Overview of Infection and Immunity A Game of Chess Played by Age-Old Masters Initiating an Infection Successful Infections Must Modulate or Bypass Host Defenses Skin Respiratory Tract Alimentary Tract Urogenital Tract Eyes Viral Tropism Accessibility of Viral Receptors Host Cell Proteins That Regulate the Infectious Cycle Spread throughout the Host Hematogenous Spread Neural Spread Organ Invasion Entry into Organs with Sinusoids Entry into Organs That Lack Sinusoids Organs with Dense Basement Membranes Skin The Fetus Shedding of Virus Particles Respiratory Secretions Saliva Feces Blood Urine Semen Milk Skin Lesions Perspectives References Chapter 3: The Early Host Response: Cell-Autonomous and Innate Immunity Introduction The First Critical Moments of Infection: How Do Individual Cells Detect a Virus Infection? Cell Signaling Induced by Receptor Engagement Receptor-Mediated Recognition of Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns Cellular Changes That Occur Following Viral Infection Intrinsic Responses to Infection Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death) Other Intrinsic Immune Defenses The Continuum between Intrinsic and Innate Immunity Soluble Immune Mediators of the Innate Immune Response Overview of Cytokine Functions Interferons, Cytokines of Early Warning and Action Chemokines The Innate Immune Response Complement Natural Killer Cells Other Innate Immune Cells of Relevance to Viral Infections Perspectives References Chapter 4: Adaptive Immunity and the Establishment of Memory Introduction Attributes of the Host Response Speed Diversity and Specificity Memory Self-Control Lymphocyte Development, Diversity, and Activation All Blood Cells Derive from a Common Hematopoietic Stem Cell The Two Arms of Adaptive Immunity The Major Effectors of the Adaptive Response: B Cells and T Cells Diverse Receptors Impart Antigen Specificity to B and T Cells Events at the Site of Infection Set the Stage for the Adaptive Response Acquisition of Viral Proteins by Professional Antigen-Presenting Cells Enables Production of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Establishment of Inflammation Antigen-Presenting Cells Leave the Site of Infection and Migrate to Lymph Nodes Antigen Processing and Presentation Professional Antigen-Presenting Cells Induce Activation via Costimulation Presentation of Antigens by Class I and Class II MHC Proteins Lymphocyte Activation Triggers Massive Cell Proliferation The Cell-Mediated Response CTLs Lyse Virus-Infected Cells Control of CTL Proliferation Noncytolytic Control of Infection by T Cells Rashes and Poxes The Humoral (Antibody) Response Antibodies Are Made by Plasma Cells Types and Functions of Antibodies Virus Neutralization by Antibodies Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity: Specific Killing by Nonspecific Cells Immunological Memory Perspectives References Chapter 5: Mechanisms of Pathogenesis Introduction Animal Models of Human Diseases Patterns of Infection Incubation Periods Mathematics of Growth Correlate with Patterns of Infection Acute Infections Persistent Infections Latent Infections “Slow” Infections Abortive Infections Transforming Infections Viral Virulence Measuring Viral Virulence Alteration of Viral Virulence Viral Virulence Genes Pathogenesis Infected Cell Lysis Immunopathology Immunosuppression Induced by Viral Infection Oncogenesis Molecular Mimicry Perspectives References Chapter 6: Cellular Transformation and Oncogenesis Introduction Properties of Transformed Cells Control of Cell Proliferation Oncogenic Viruses Discovery of Oncogenic Viruses Viral Genetic Information in Transformed Cells The Origin and Nature of Viral Transforming Genes Functions of Viral Transforming Proteins Activation of Cellular Signal Transduction Pathways by Viral Transforming Proteins Viral Signaling Molecules Acquired from the Cell Alteration of the Production or Activity of Cellular Signal Transduction Proteins Disruption of Cell Cycle Control Pathways by Viral Transforming Proteins Abrogation of Restriction Point Control Exerted by the Rb Protein Production of Virus-Specific Cyclins Inactivation of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors Transformed Cells Must Grow and Survive Mechanisms That Permit Survival of Transformed Cells Tumorigenesis Requires Additional Changes in the Properties of Transformed Cells Inhibition of Immune Defenses Other Mechanisms of Transformation and Oncogenesis by Human Tumor Viruses Nontransducing Oncogenic Retroviruses: Tumorigenesis with Very Long Latency Oncogenesis by Hepatitis Viruses Perspectives References Chapter 7: Human Immunodeficiency Virus Pathogenesis Introduction Worldwide Impact of AIDS HIV Is a Lentivirus Discovery and Characterization Distinctive Features of the HIV Reproduction Cycle and the Functions of Auxiliary Proteins The Viral Capsid Counters Intrinsic Defense Mechanisms Cellular Targets Routes of Transmission Modes of Transmission Mechanics of Spread The Course of Infection The Acute Phase The Asymptomatic Phase The Symptomatic Phase and AIDS Variability of Response to Infection Origins of Cellular Immune Dysfunction CD4+ T Lymphocytes Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Monocytes and Macrophages B Cells Natural Killer Cells Autoimmunity Immune Responses to HIV Innate Response The Cell-Mediated Response Humoral Responses Summary: the Critical Balance Dynamics of HIV-1 Reproduction in AIDS Patients Effects of HIV on Different Tissues and Organ Systems Lymphoid Organs The Nervous System The Gastrointestinal System Other Organs and Tissues HIV and Cancer Kaposi’s Sarcoma B Cell Lymphomas Anogenital Carcinomas Prospects for Treatment and Prevention Antiviral Drugs Confronting the Problems of Persistence and Latency Gene Therapy Approaches Immune System-Based Therapies Antiviral Drug Prophylaxis Perspectives References Chapter 8: Vaccines Introduction The Origins of Vaccination Smallpox: a Historical Perspective Large-Scale Vaccination Programs Can Be Dramatically Effective Vaccine Basics Immunization Can Be Active or Passive Active Vaccination Strategies Stimulate Immune Memory The Fundamental Challenge The Science and Art of Making Vaccines Inactivated or “Killed” Virus Vaccines Attenuated Virus Vaccines Subunit Vaccines Recombinant DNA Approaches to Subunit Vaccines Virus-Like Particles DNA Vaccines Attenuated Viral Vectors and Foreign Gene Expression Vaccine Technology: Delivery and Improving Antigenicity Adjuvants Stimulate an Immune Response Delivery and Formulation Immunotherapy The Quest for an AIDS Vaccine Formidable Challenges and Promising Leads Perspectives References Chapter 9: Antiviral Drugs Introduction Historical Perspective Discovering Antiviral Compounds The Lexicon of Antiviral Discovery Screening for Antiviral Compounds Computational Approaches to Drug Discovery The Difference between “R” and “D” Examples of Some Antiviral Drugs Approved Inhibitors of Viral Nucleic Acid Synthesis Approved Drugs That Are Not Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis Expanding Target Options for Antiviral Drug Development Entry and Uncoating Inhibitors Viral Regulatory Proteins Regulatory RNA Molecules Proteases and Nucleic Acid Synthesis and Processing Enzymes Two Success Stories: Human Immunodeficiency and Hepatitis C Viruses Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Polymerases Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Protease Inhibitors Human Immunodeficiency Virus Integrase Inhibitors Hepatitis C Virus Multifunctional Protein NS5A Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Fusion and Entry Drug Resistance Combination Therapy Challenges Remaining Perspectives References Chapter 10: Evolution Virus Evolution Classic Theory of Host-Parasite Interactions How Do Virus Populations Evolve? Two General Survival Strategies Can Be Distinguished Large Numbers of Viral Progeny and Mutants Are Produced in Infected Cells The Quasispecies Concept Sequence Conservation in Changing Genomes Genetic Shift and Genetic Drift Fundamental Properties of Viruses That Constrain and Drive Evolution The Origin of Viruses Host-Virus Relationships Drive Evolution DNA Virus Relationships RNA Virus Relationships The Protovirus Hypothesis for Retroviruses Lessons from Paleovirology Endogenous Retroviruses DNA Fossils Derived from Other RNA Viral Genomes Endogenous Sequences from DNA Viruses The Host-Virus “Arms Race" Perspectives References Chapter 11: Emergence The Spectrum of Host-Virus Interactions Stable Interactions The Evolving Host-Virus Interaction The Dead-End Interaction Common Sources of Animal-to-Human Transmission The Resistant Host Encountering New Hosts: Ecological Parameters Successful Encounters Require Access to Susceptible and Permissive Cells Population Density, Age, and Health Are Important Factors Experimental Analysis of Host-Virus Interactions Learning from Accidental Infections Expanding Viral Niches: Some Well-Documented Examples Poliomyelitis: Unexpected Consequences of Modern Sanitation Smallpox and Measles: Exploration and Colonization Notable Zoonoses Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: Changing Climate and Animal Populations Severe Acute and Middle East Respiratory Syndromes (SARS and MERS): Two New Zoonotic Coronavirus Infections Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS): Pandemic from a Zoonotic Infection Host Range Can Be Expanded by Mutation, Recombination, or Reassortment Canine Parvoviruses: Cat-to-Dog Host Range Change by Two Mutations Influenza Epidemics and Pandemics: Escaping the Immune Response by Reassortment New Technologies Uncover Hitherto Unrecognized Viruses Hepatitis Viruses in the Human Blood Supply A Revolution in Virus Discovery Perceptions and Possibilities Virus Names Can Be Misleading All Viruses Are Important What Next? Can We Predict the Next Viral Pandemic? Emerging Viral Infections Illuminate Immediate Problems and Issues Humans Constantly Provide New Venues for Infection Preventing Emerging Virus Infections Perspectives References Chapter 12: Unusual Infectious Agents Introduction Viroids Replication Sequence Diversity Movement Pathogenesis Satellites Replication Pathogenesis Virophages or Satellites? Hepatitis Delta Satellite Virus Prions and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Scrapie Physical Nature of the Scrapie Agent Human TSEs Hallmarks of TSE Pathogenesis Prions and the prnp Gene Prion Strains Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Chronic Wasting Disease Treatment of Prion Diseases Perspectives References Appendix: Diseases, Epidemiology, and Disease Mechanisms of Selected Animal Viruses Discussed in This Book Adenoviruses Arenaviruses Bunyaviruses Caliciviruses Filoviruses Flaviviruses Flaviviruses (Hepatitis C) Hepadnaviruses Herpesviruses (Herpes simplex virus) Herpesviruses (Varicella-zoster virus) Herpesviruses (Cytomegalovirus) Orthomyxoviruses Papillomaviruses Paramyxoviruses (Measles virus) Paramyxoviruses (Respiratory syncytial virus) Picornaviruses (Poliovirus and Hepatitis A) Picornaviruses (Rhinoviruses) Picornaviruses (Enteroviruses) Polyomaviruses Poxviruses Reoviruses Retroviruses (Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1) Retroviruses (Human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2) Rhabdoviruses (Rabies virus) Togaviruses (Alphaviruses) Togaviruses (Rubella virus) Glossary Index Introducing the principles governing evolving and emerging viral infections, and illuminating the principles of host defense and virus offense, this title teaches unifying concepts and addresses problems common to the propagation of every virus. Principles of Virology is the leading virology textbook because it does more than collect and present facts about individual viruses. Instead, it facilitates an understanding of basic virology by examining the shared processes and capabilities of viruses. Using a set of representative viruses to present the complexity and diversity of a myriad of viruses, this rational approach enables students to understand how reproduction is accomplished by known viruses and provides the tools for future encounters with new or understudied viruses. This fully updated edition represents the rapidly changing field of virology. A major new feature is the inclusion of 26 video interviews with leading scientists who have made significant contributions to the field of virology Principles of Virology is the leading virology textbook because it does more than collect and present facts about individual viruses. Instead, it facilitates an understanding of basic virology by examining the shared processes and capabilities of viruses. Using a set of representative viruses to present the complexity and diversity of a myriad of viruses, this rational approach enables students to understand how reproduction is accomplished by known viruses and provides the tools for future encounters with new or understudied viruses. This fully updated edition represents the rapidly changing field of virology. A major new feature is the inclusion of 26 video interviews with leading scientists who have made significant contributions to the field of virology. This bundle edition includes both Volume 1: Molecular Biology and Volume II: Pathogenesis and Control "Principles of Virology is the leading virology textbook because it does more than collect and present facts about individual viruses. Instead, it facilitates an understanding of basic virology by examining the shared processes and capabilities of viruses. Using a set of representative viruses to present the complexity and diversity of a myriad of viruses, this rational approach enables students to understand how reproduction is accomplished by known viruses and provides the tools for future encounters with new or understudied viruses. This fully updated edition represents the rapidly changing field of virology. A major new feature is the inclusion of 26 video interviews with leading scientists who have made significant contributions to the field of virology."-- Provided by publisher