Principles of Neural Science, Fifth Edition (Principles of Neural Science (Kandel))

Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. Now updated: the definitive neuroscience resource--from Eric R. Kandel, MD (winner of the Nobel Prize in 2000); James H. Schwartz, MD, PhD; Thomas M. Jessell, PhD; Steven A. Siegelbaum, PhD; and A. J. Hudspeth, PhD A Doody's Core Title for 2020! 900 full-color illustrations Deciphering the link between the human brain and behavior has always been one of the most intriguing--and often challenging--aspects of scientific endeavor. The sequencing of the human genome, and advances in molecular biology, have illuminated the pathogenesis of many neurological diseases and have propelled our knowledge of how the brain controls behavior. To grasp the wider implications of these developments and gain a fundamental understanding of this dynamic, fast-moving field, Principles of Neuroscience stands alone as the most authoritative and indispensible resource of its kind. In this classic text, prominent researchers in the field expertly survey the entire spectrum of neural science, giving an up-to-date, unparalleled view of the discipline for anyone who studies brain and mind. Here, in one remarkable volume, is the current state of neural science knowledge--ranging from molecules and cells, to anatomic structures and systems, to the senses and cognitive functions--all supported by more than 900 precise, full-color illustrations. In addition to clarifying complex topics, the book also benefits from a cohesive organization, beginning with an insightful overview of the interrelationships between the brain, nervous system, genes, and behavior. Principles of Neural Science then proceeds with an in-depth examination of the molecular and cellular biology of nerve cells, synaptic transmission, and the neural basis of cognition. The remaining sections illuminate how cells, molecules, and systems give us sight, hearing, touch, movement, thought, learning, memories, and emotions. The new fifth edition of Principles of Neural Science is thoroughly updated to reflect the tremendous amount of research, and the very latest clinical perspectives, that have significantly transformed the field within the last decade. Ultimately, Principles of Neural Science affirms that all behavior is an expression of neural activity, and that the future of clinical neurology and psychiatry hinges on the progress of neural science. Far exceeding the scope and scholarship of similar texts, this unmatched guide offers a commanding, scientifically rigorous perspective on the molecular mechanisms of neural function and disease--one that you'll continually rely on to advance your comprehension of brain, mind, and behavior. FEATURES The cornerstone reference in the field of neuroscience that explains how the nerves, brain, and mind function Clear emphasis on how behavior can be examined through the electrical activity of both individual neurons and systems of nerve cells Current focus on molecular biology as a tool for probing the pathogenesis of many neurological diseases, including muscular dystrophy, Huntington disease, and certain forms of Alzheimer's disease More than 900 engaging full-color illustrations--including line drawings, radiographs, micrographs, and medical photographs clarify often-complex neuroscience concepts Outstanding section on the development and emergence of behavior, including important coverage of Contents- Preface Acknowledgments Contributors Part I: Overall Perspective 1 The Brain and Behavior Two Opposing Views Have Been Advanced on the Relationship Between Brain and Behavior The Brain Has Distinct Functional Regions The First Strong Evidence for Localization of Cognitive Abilities Came from Studies of Language Disorders Affective States Are Also Mediated by Local, Specialized Systems in the Brain Mental Processes Are the End Product of the Interactions Between Elementary Processing Units in the Brain Selected Readings References 2 Nerve Cells, Neural Circuitry, and Behavior The Nervous System Has Two Classes of Cells Each Nerve Cell Is Part of a Circuit That Has One or More Specific Behavioral Functions Signaling Is Organized in the Same Way in All Nerve Cells Nerve Cells Differ Most at the Molecular Level Neural Network Models Simulate the Brain's Parallel Processing of Information Neural Connections Can Be Modified by Experience Selected Readings References 3 Genes and Behavior Genes, Genetic Analysis, and Heritability in Behavior The Nature of the Gene Genes Are Arranged on Chromosomes The Relationship Between Genotype and Phenotype Genes Are Conserved Through Evolution The Role of Genes in Behavior Can Be Studied in Animal Models Genetic Studies of Human Behavior and Its Abnormalities Psychiatric Disorders and the Challenge of Understanding Multigenic Traits An Overall View Glossary Selected Readings References Part II: Cell and Molecular Biology of the Neuron 4 The Cells of the Nervous System Protein Particles and Organelles Are Actively Transported Along the Axon and Dendrites Proteins Are Made in Neurons as in Other Secretory Cells Surface Membrane and Extracellular Substances Are Recycled in the Cell Glial Cells Play Diverse Roles in Neural Function An Overall View Selected Readings References 5 Ion Channels Rapid Signaling in the Nervous System Depends on Ion Channels Ion Channels Are Proteins That Span the Cell Membrane Currents Through Single Ion Channels Can Be Recorded Ion Channels in All Cells Share Several Characteristics The Structure of Ion Channels Is Inferred from Biophysical, Biochemical, and Molecular Biological Studies Ion Channels Can Be Grouped into Gene Families The Closed and Open Structures of Potassium Channels Have Been Resolved by X-Ray Crystallography The Structural Basis of Chloride Selectivity Reveals a Close Relation Between Ion Channels and Ion Transporters An Overall View Selected Readings References 6 Membrane Potential and the Passive Electrical Properties of the Neuron The Resting Membrane Potential Results from the Separation of Charge Across the Cell Membrane The Resting Membrane Potential Is Determined by Nongated and Gated Ion Channels The Balance of Ion Fluxes That Maintains the Resting Membrane Potential Is Abolished During the Action Potential The Contributions of Different Ions to the Resting Membrane Potential Can Be Quantified by the Goldman Equation The Functional Properties of the Neuron Can Be Represented as an Electrical Equivalent Circuit The Passive Electrical Properties of the Neuron Affect Electrical Signaling An Overall View Selected Readings References 7 Propagated Signaling: The Action Potential The Action Potential Is Generated by the Flow of Ions Through Voltage-Gated Channels Variations in the Properties of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels Expand the Signaling Capabilities of Neurons The Mechanisms of Voltage-Gating and Ion Permeation Have Been Inferred from Electrophysiological Measurements Voltage-Gated Potassium, Sodium, and Calcium Channels Stem from a Common Ancestor and Have Similar Structures An Overall View Selected Readings References Part III: Synaptic Transmission 8 Overview of Synaptic Transmission Synapses Are Either Electrical or Chemical Electrical Synapses Provide Instantaneous Signal Transmission Chemical Synapses Can Amplify Signals Selected Readings References 9 Signaling at the Nerve-Muscle Synapse: Directly Gated Transmission The Neuromuscular Junction Is a Well-Studied Example of Directly Gated Synaptic Transmission The Motor Neuron Excites the Muscle by Opening Ligand-Gated Ion Channels at the End-Plate The Current Through Single Acetylcholine Receptor-Channels Can Be Measured Using the Patch Clamp The Molecular Properties of the Acetylcholine Receptor-Channel Are Known An Overall View Postscript: The End-Plate Current Can Be Calculated from an Equivalent Circuit Selected Readings References 10 Synaptic Integration in the Central Nervous System Central Neurons Receive Excitatory and Inhibitory Inputs Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses Have Distinctive Ultrastructures Excitatory Synaptic Transmission Is Mediated by Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor-Channels That Are Permeable to Sodium and Potassium Inhibitory Synaptic Action Is Usually Mediated by Ionotropic GABA and Glycine Receptor-Channels That Are Permeable to Chloride Ionotropic Glutamate, GABA, and Glycine Receptors Are Transmembrane Proteins Encoded by Two Distinct Gene Families Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Actions Are Integrated by the Cell into a Single Output An Overall View Selected Readings References 11 Modulation of Synaptic Transmission: Second Messengers The Cyclic AMP Pathway Is the Best Understood Second-Messenger Signaling Cascade Initiated by G Protein-Coupled Receptors The Second-Messenger Pathways Initiated by G Protein-Coupled Receptors Share a Common Molecular Logic Transcellular Messengers Are Important for Regulating Presynaptic Function A Family of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Mediates Some Metabotropic Receptor Effects The Physiological Actions of Ionotropic and Metabotropic Receptors Differ Synaptic Actions Mediated by Phosphorylation Are Terminated by Phosphoprotein Phosphatases Second Messengers Can Endow Synaptic Transmission with Long-Lasting Consequences An Overall View Selected Readings References 12 Transmitter Release Transmitter Release Is Regulated by Depolarization of the Presynaptic Terminal Release Is Triggered by Calcium Influx Transmitter Is Released in Quantal Units Transmitter Is Stored and Released by Synaptic Vesicles Exocytosis of Synaptic Vesicles Relies on a Highly Conserved Protein Machinery Modulation of Transmitter Release Underlies Synaptic Plasticity An Overall View Selected Readings References 13 Neurotransmitters A Chemical Messenger Must Meet Four Criteria to Be Considered a Neurotransmitter Only a Few Small-Molecule Substances Act as Transmitters Small-Molecule Transmitters Are Actively Taken Up into Vesicles Many Neuroactive Peptides Serve as Transmitters Peptides and Small-Molecule Transmitters Differ in Several Ways Peptides and Small-Molecule Transmitters Coexist and Can Be Co-released Removal of Transmitter from the Synaptic Cleft Terminates Synaptic Transmission An Overall View Selected Readings References 14 Diseases of the Nerve and Motor Unit Disorders of the Peripheral Nerve, Neuromuscular Junction, and Muscle Can Be Distinguished Clinically A Variety of Diseases Target Motor Neurons and Peripheral Nerves Diseases of the Neuromuscular Junction Have Multiple Causes Diseases of Skeletal Muscle Can Be Inherited or Acquired An Overall View Postscript: Diagnosis of Motor Unit Disorders Is Aided by Laboratory Criteria Selected Readings References Part IV: The Neural Basis of Cognition 15 The Organization of the Central Nervous System The Central Nervous System Consists of the Spinal Cord and the Brain The Major Functional Systems Are Similarly Organized The Cerebral Cortex Is Concerned with Cognition Subcortical Regions of the Brain Are Functionally Organized into Nuclei Modulatory Systems in the Brain Influence Motivation, Emotion, and Memory The Peripheral Nervous System Is Anatomically Distinct from the Central Nervous System An Overall View Selected Readings References 16 The Functional Organization of Perception and Movement Sensory Information Processing Is Illustrated in the Somatosensory System The Thalamus Is an Essential Link Between Sensory Receptors and the Cerebral Cortex for All Modalities Except Olfaction Sensory Information Processing Culminates in the Cerebral Cortex Voluntary Movement Is Mediated by Direct Connections Between the Cortex and Spinal Cord An Overall View Selected Readings References 17 From Nerve Cells to Cognition: The Internal Representations of Space and Action The Major Goal of Cognitive Neural Science Is to Understand Neural Representations of Mental Processes The Brain Has an Orderly Representation of Personal Space The Internal Representation of Personal Space Can Be Modified by Experience Extrapersonal Space Is Represented in the Posterior Parietal Association Cortex Much of Mental Processing Is Unconscious Is Consciousness Accessible to Neurobiological Analysis? An Overall View Selected Readings References 18 The Organization of Cognition Functionally Related Areas of Cortex Lie Close Together Sensory Information Is Processed in the Cortex in Serial Pathways Parallel Pathways in Each Sensory Modality Lead to Dorsal and Ventral Association Areas Goal-Directed Motor Behavior Is Controlled in the Frontal Lobe Limbic Association Cortex Is a Gateway to the Hippocampal Memory System An Overall View Selected Readings References 19 Cognitive Functions of the Premotor Systems Direct Connections Between the Cerebral Cortex and Spinal Cord Play a Fundamental Role in the Organization of Voluntary Movements The Four Premotor Areas of the Primate Brain Also Have Direct Connections in the Spinal Cord Motor Circuits Involved in Voluntary Actions Are Organized to Achieve Specific Goals The Hand Has a Critical Role in Primate Behavior The Joint Activity of Neurons in the Parietal and Premotor Cortex Encodes Potential Motor Acts An Overall View Selected Readings References 20 Functional Imaging of Cognition Functional Imaging Reflects the Metabolic Demand of Neural Activity Functional Imaging Is Used to Probe Cognitive Processes Functional Imaging Has Limitations An Overall View Selected Readings References Part V: Perception 21 Sensory Coding Psychophysics Relates the Physical Properties of Stimuli to Sensations Physical Stimuli Are Represented in the Nervous System by Means of the Sensory Code Modality-Specific Pathways Extend to the Central Nervous System An Overall View Selected Readings References 22 The Somatosensory System: Receptors and Central Pathways The Primary Sensory Neurons of the Somatosensory System Are Clustered in the Dorsal Root Ganglia Peripheral Somatosensory Nerve Fibers Conduct Action Potentials at Different Rates Many Specialized Receptors Are Employed by the Somatosensory System Somatosensory Information Enters the Central Nervous System Through Cranial and Spinal Nerves Somatosensory Information Flows from the Spinal Cord to the Thalamus Through Parallel Pathways The Thalamus Has a Number of Specialized Somatosensory Regions An Overall View Selected Readings References 23 Touch Active and Passive Touch Evoke Similar Responses in Mechanoreceptors The Hand Has Four Types of Mechanoreceptors Tactile Information Is Processed in the Central Touch System Touch Information Becomes Increasingly Abstract in Successive Central Synapses Lesions in Somatosensory Areas of the Brain Produce Specific Tactile Deficits An Overall View Selected Readings References 24 Pain Noxious Insults Activate Nociceptors Signals from Nociceptors Are Conveyed to Neurons in the Dorsal Horn of the Spinal Cord Hyperalgesia Has Both Peripheral and Central Origins Nociceptive Information Is Transmitted from the Spinal Cord to the Thalamus Pain Is Controlled by Cortical Mechanisms Opioid Peptides Contribute to Endogenous Pain Control An Overall View Selected Readings References 25 The Constructive Nature of Visual Processing Visual Perception Is a Constructive Process Visual Perception Is Mediated by the Geniculostriate Pathway Form, Color, Motion, and Depth Are Processed in Discrete Areas of the Cerebral Cortex The Receptive Fields of Neurons at Successive Relays in an Afferent Pathway Provide Clues to How the Brain Analyzes Visual Form The Visual Cortex Is Organized into Columns of Specialized Neurons Intrinsic Cortical Circuits Transform Neural Information Visual Information Is Represented by a Variety of Neural Codes An Overall View Selected Readings References 26 Low-Level Visual Processing: The Retina The Photoreceptor Layer Samples the Visual Image Phototransduction Links the Absorption of a Photon to a Change in Membrane Conductance Ganglion Cells Transmit Neural Images to the Brain A Network of Interneurons Shapes the Retinal Output The Retina's Sensitivity Adapts to Changes in Illumination An Overall View Selected Readings References 27 Intermediate-Level Visual Processing and Visual Primitives Internal Models of Object Geometry Help the Brain Analyze Shapes Depth Perception Helps Segregate Objects from Background Local Movement Cues Define Object Trajectory and Shape Context Determines the Perception of Visual Stimuli Cortical Connections, Functional Architecture, and Perception Are Intimately Related An Overall View Selected Readings References 28 High-Level Visual Processing: Cognitive Influences High-Level Visual Processing Is Concerned with Object Identification The Inferior Temporal Cortex Is the Primary Center for Object Perception Object Recognition Relies on Perceptual Constancy Categorical Perception of Objects Simplifies Behavior Visual Memory Is a Component of High-Level Visual Processing Associative Recall of Visual Memories Depends on Top-Down Activation of the Cortical Neurons That Process Visual Stimuli An Overall View Selected Readings References 29 Visual Processing and Action Successive Fixations Focus Our Attention in the Visual Field The Visual Scene Remains Stable Despite Continual Shifts in the Retinal Image Vision Lapses During Saccades The Parietal Cortex Provides Visual Information to the Motor System An Overall View Selected Readings References 30 The Inner Ear The Ear Has Three Functional Parts Hearing Commences with the Capture of Sound Energy by the Ear The Hydrodynamic and Mechanical Apparatus of the Cochlea Delivers Mechanical Stimuli to the Receptor Cells Hair Cells Transform Mechanical Energy into Neural Signals The Temporal Responsiveness of Hair Cells Determines Their Sensitivity Hair Cells Use Specialized Ribbon Synapses Auditory Information Flows Initially Through the Cochlear Nerve Sensorineural Hearing Loss Is Common but Treatable An Overall View Selected Readings References 31 The Auditory Central Nervous System Multiple Types of Information Are Present in Sounds The Neural Representation of Sound Begins in the Cochlear Nuclei The Superior Olivary Complex of Mammals Contains Separate Circuits for Detecting Interaural Time and Intensity Differences Efferent Signals from the Superior Olivary Complex Provide Feedback to the Cochlea The Inferior Colliculus Transmits Auditory Information to the Cerebral Cortex Hearing Is Crucial for Vocal Learning and Production in Both Humans and Songbirds An Overall View Selected Readings References 32 Smell and Taste: The Chemical Senses A Large Number of Olfactory Receptor Proteins Initiate the Sense of Smell Olfactory Information Is Transformed Along the Pathway to the Brain Odors Elicit Characteristic Innate Behaviors The Gustatory System Controls the Sense of Taste An Overall View Selected Readings References Part VI: Movement 33 The Organization and Planning of Movement Motor Commands Arise Through Sensorimotor Transformations Motor Signals Are Subject to Feedforward and Feedback Control Motor Systems Must Adapt to Development and Experience An Overall View Selected Readings References 34 The Motor Unit and Muscle Action The Motor Unit Is the Elementary Unit of Motor Control Muscle Force Depends on the Structure of Muscle Different Movements Require Different Activation Strategies An Overall View Selected Readings References 35 Spinal Reflexes Reflexes Are Adaptable to Particular Motor Tasks Spinal Reflexes Produce Coordinated Patterns of Muscle Contraction Local Spinal Circuits Contribute to the Coordination of Reflex Responses Central Motor Commands and Cognitive Processes Can Alter Synaptic Transmission in Spinal Reflex Pathways Proprioceptive Reflexes Play an Important Role in Regulating Both Voluntary and Automatic Movements Damage to the Central Nervous System Produces Characteristic Alterations in Reflex Response and Muscle Tone An Overall View Selected Readings References 36 Locomotion A Complex Sequence of Muscle Contractions Is Required for Stepping The Motor Pattern for Stepping Is Organized at the Spinal Level Sensory Input from Moving Limbs Regulates Stepping Descending Pathways Are Necessary for Initiation and Adaptive Control of Stepping Human Walking May Involve Spinal Pattern Generators An Overall View Selected Readings References 37 Voluntary Movement: The Primary Motor Cortex Motor Functions Are Localized within the Cerebral Cortex Many Cortical Areas Contribute to the Control of Voluntary Movements The Primary Motor Cortex Plays an Important Role in the Generation of Motor Commands An Overall View Selected Readings References 38 Voluntary Movement: The Parietal and Premotor Cortex Voluntary Movement Expresses an Intention to Act Voluntary Movement Requires Sensory Information About the World and the Body Reaching for an Object Requires Sensory Information About the Object's Location in Space Grasping an Object Requires Sensory Information About Its Physical Properties The Supplementary Motor Complex Plays a Crucial Role in Selecting and Executing Appropriate Voluntary Actions The Cortical Motor System Is Involved in Planning Action Cortical Motor Areas Contribute to Understanding the Observed Actions of Others The Relationship between Motor Acts, the Sense of Volition, and Free Will Is Uncertain An Overall View Selected Readings References 39 The Control of Gaze Six Neuronal Control Systems Keep the Eyes on Target The Eye Is Moved by the Six Extraocular Muscles The Motor Circuits for Saccades Lie in the Brain Stem Saccades Are Controlled by the Cerebral Cortex Through the Superior Colliculus Smooth Pursuit Involves the Cerebral Cortex, Cerebellum, and Pons Some Gaze Shifts Require Coordinated Head and Eye Movements An Overall View Selected Readings References 40 The Vestibular System The Vestibular Apparatus in the Inner Ear Contains Five Receptor Organs Vestibulo-Ocular Reflexes Stabilize the Eyes and Body When the Head Moves Central Connections of the Vestibular Apparatus Integrate Vestibular, Visual, and Motor Signals Clinical Syndromes Elucidate Normal Vestibular Function An Overall View Selected Readings References 41 Posture Postural Equilibrium and Orientation Are Distinct Sensorimotor Processes Postural Equilibrium Requires Control of the Body's Center of Mass Postural Orientation Is Important for Optimizing Execution of Tasks, Interpreting Sensations, and Anticipating Disturbances to Balance Sensory Information from Several Modalities Must Be Integrated to Maintain Equilibrium and Orientation Control of Posture Is Distributed in the Nervous System An Overall View Suggested Readings References 42 The Cerebellum Cerebellar Diseases Have Distinctive Symptoms and Signs The Cerebellum Has Several Functionally Distinct Regions The Cerebellar Microcircuit Has a Distinct and Regular Organization The Vestibulocerebellum Regulates Balance and Eye Movements The Spinocerebellum Regulates Body and Limb Movements The Cerebrocerebellum Is Involved in Planning Movement The Cerebellum Participates in Motor Learning An Overall View Selected Readings References 43 The Basal Ganglia The Basal Ganglia Consist of Several Interconnected Nuclei A Family of Cortico–Basal Ganglia–Thalamocortical Circuits Subserves Skeletomotor, Oculomotor, Associative, and Limbic Functions The Cortico–Basal Ganglia–Thalamocortical Motor Circuit Originates and Terminates in Cortical Areas Related to Movement Other Basal Ganglia Circuits Are Involved in the Regulation of Eye Movements, Mood, Reward, and Executive Functions Diseases of the Basal Ganglia Are Associated with Disturbances of Movement, Executive Function, Behavior, and Mood An Overall View Selected Readings References 44 Genetic Mechanisms in Degenerative Diseases of the Nervous System Expanded Trinucleotide Repeats Characterize Several Neurodegenerative Diseases Parkinson Disease Is a Common Degenerative Disorder of the Elderly Selective Neuronal Loss Occurs After Damage to Ubiquitously Expressed Genes Animal Models Are Powerful Tools for Studying Neurodegenerative Diseases Several Pathways Underlie the Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Diseases Advances in Understanding the Molecular Basis of Neurodegenerative Diseases Are Opening Possibilities for Approaches to Therapeutic Intervention An Overall View Selected Readings References Part VII: The Unconscious and Conscious Processing of Neural Information 45 The Sensory, Motor, and Reflex Functions of the Brain Stem The Cranial Nerves Are Homologous to the Spinal Nerves Cranial Nerve Nuclei in the Brain Stem Are Organized on the Same Basic Plan As Are Sensory and Motor Regions of the Spinal Cord Neuronal Ensembles in the Brain Stem Reticular Formation Coordinate Reflexes and Simple Behaviors Necessary for Homeostasis and Survival An Overall View Selected Readings References 46 The Modulatory Functions of the Brain Stem Ascending Monoaminergic and Cholinergic Projections from the Brain Stem Maintain Arousal Monoaminergic and Cholinergic Neurons Share Many Properties and Functions Monoamines Regulate Many Brain Functions Other Than Arousal An Overall View Postscript: Evaluation of the Comatose Patient Selected Readings References 47 The Autonomic Motor System and the Hypothalamus The Autonomic Motor System Mediates Homeostasis The Autonomic System Contains Visceral Motor Neurons That Are Organized into Ganglia Both the Pre- and Postsynaptic Neurons of the Autonomic Motor System Use Co-Transmission at Their Synaptic Connections Autonomic Behavior Is the Product of Cooperation Between All Three Autonomic Divisions Autonomic and Endocrine Function Is Coordinated by a Central Autonomic Network Centered in the Hypothalamus The Hypothalamus Integrates Autonomic, Endocrine, and Behavioral Responses An Overall View Selected Readings References 48 Emotions and Feelings The Modern Search for the Emotional Brain Began in the Late 19th Century The Amygdala Emerged as a Critical Regulatory Site in Circuits of Emotions Other Brain Areas Contribute to Emotional Processing The Neural Correlates of Feeling Are Beginning to Be Understood An Overall View Selected Readings References 49 Homeostasis, Motivation, and Addictive States Drinking Occurs Both in Response to and in Anticipation of Dehydration Energy Stores Are Precisely Regulated Motivational States Influence Goal-Directed Behavior Drug Abuse and Addiction Are Goal-Directed Behaviors An Overall View Selected Readings References 50 Seizures and Epilepsy Classification of Seizures and the Epilepsies Is Important for Pathogenesis and Treatment The Electroencephalogram Represents the Collective Behavior of Cortical Neurons Focal Seizures Originate Within a Small Group of Neurons Known as a Seizure Focus Primary Generalized Seizures Are Driven by Thalamocortical Circuits Locating the Seizure Focus Is Critical to the Surgical Treatment of Epilepsy Prolonged Seizures Can Cause Brain Damage The Factors Leading to Development of Epilepsy Are an Unfolding Mystery An Overall View Selected Readings References 51 Sleep and Dreaming Sleep Consists of Alternating REM and Non-REM Periods Sleep Obeys Circadian and Ultradian Rhythms Sleep Changes with Age The Characteristics of Sleep Vary Greatly Between Species Sleep Disorders Have Behavioral, Psychological, and Neurological Causes An Overall View Selected Readings References Part VIII: Development and the Emergence of Behavior 52 Patterning the Nervous System The Neural Tube Becomes Regionalized Early in Embryogenesis Secreted Signals Promote Neural Cell Fate Rostrocaudal Patterning of the Neural Tube Involves Signaling Gradients and Secondary Organizing Centers Dorsoventral Patterning of the Neural Tube Involves Similar Mechanisms at Different Rostrocaudal Levels Local Signals Determine Functional Subclasses of Neurons The Developing Forebrain Is Patterned by Intrinsic and Extrinsic Influences An Overall View Selected Readings References 53 Differentiation and Survival of Nerve Cells The Proliferation of Neural Progenitor Cells Involves Symmetric and Asymmetric Modes of Cell Division Radial Glial Cells Serve As Neural Progenitors and Structural Scaffolds The Generation of Neurons or Glial Cells Is Regulated by Delta-Notch Signaling and Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors Neuronal Migration Establishes the Layered Organization of the Cerebral Cortex Central Neurons Migrate Along Glial Cells and Axons to Reach Their Final Settling Position The Neurotransmitter Phenotype of a Neuron Is Plastic The Survival of a Neuron Is Regulated by Neurotrophic Signals from the Neuron's Target An Overall View Selected Readings References 54 The Growth and Guidance of Axons Differences in the Molecular Properties of Axons and Dendrites Emerge Early in Development The Growth Cone Is a Sensory Transducer and a Motor Structure Molecular Cues Guide Axons to Their Targets The Growth of Retinal Ganglion Axons Is Oriented in a Series of Discrete Steps Axons from Some Spinal Neurons Cross the Midline An Overall View Selected Readings References 55 Formation and Elimination of Synapses Recognition of Synaptic Targets Is Specific Principles of Synaptic Differentiation Are Revealed at the Neuromuscular Junction Central Synapses Develop in Ways Similar to Neuromuscular Junctions Some Synapses Are Eliminated After Birth An Overall View Selected Readings References 56 Experience and the Refinement of Synaptic Connections Development of Human Mental Function Is Influenced by Early Experience Development of Binocular Circuits in the Visual Cortex Depends on Postnatal Activity Reorganization of Visual Circuits During a Critical Period Involves Alterations in Synaptic Connections Segregation of Retinal Inputs in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Is Driven by Spontaneous Neural Activity In Utero Activity-Dependent Refinement of Connections Is a General Feature of Circuits in the Central Nervous System Critical Periods Can Be Reopened in Adulthood An Overall View Selected Readings References 57 Repairing the Damaged Brain Damage to Axons Affects Neurons and Neighboring Cells Central Axons Regenerate Poorly After Injury Therapeutic Interventions May Promote Regeneration of Injured Central Neurons Neurons in the Injured Brain Die but New Ones Can Be Born Therapeutic Interventions May Retain or Replace Injured Central Neurons An Overall View Selected Readings References 58 Sexual Differentiation of the Nervous System Genes and Hormones Determine Physical Differences Between Males and Females Sexual Differentiation of the Nervous System Generates Sexually Dimorphic Behaviors Environmental Cues Control Some Sexually Dimorphic Behaviors Sexual Dimorphism in the Human Brain May Correlate with Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation An Overall View Selected Readings References 59 The Aging Brain The Structure and Function of the Brain Change with Age Cognitive Decline Is Dramatic in a Small Percentage of the Elderly Alzheimer Disease Is the Most Common Senile Dementia The Brain in Alzheimer Disease Is Altered by Atrophy, Amyloid Plaques, and Neurofibrillary Tangles Alzheimer Disease Can Be Diagnosed Well but Available Treatments Are Poor An Overall View Selected Readings References Part IX: Language, Thought, Affect, and Learning 60 Language Language Has Many Functional Levels: Phonemes, Morphemes, Words, and Sentences Language Acquisition in Children Follows a Universal Pattern Several Cortical Regions Are Involved in Language Processing Brain Injuries Responsible for the Aphasias Provide Important Insights into Language Processing An Overall View Selected Readings References 61 Disorders of Conscious and Unconscious Mental Processes Conscious and Unconscious Cognitive Processes Have Distinctive Neural Correlates Differences Between Conscious Processes in Perception Can Be Seen in Exaggerated Form after Brain Damage The Control of Action Is Largely Unconscious The Conscious Recall of Memory Is a Creative Process Behavioral Observation Needs to Be Supplemented with Subjective Reports An Overall View Selected Readings References 62 Disorders of Thought and Volition: Schizophrenia Diagnosis of Schizophrenia Is Based on Standardized Clinical Criteria Both Genetic and Nongenetic Risk Factors Contribute to Schizophrenia Neuroanatomic Abnormalities May Be a Causative Factor in Schizophrenia Antipsychotic Drugs Act on Dopaminergic Systems in the Brain An Overall View Selected Readings References 63 Disorders of Mood and Anxiety The Most Common Disorders of Mood Are Unipolar Depression and Bipolar Disorder Both Genetic and Nongenetic Risk Factors Play an Important Role in Mood Disorders Specific Brain Regions and Circuits Are Involved in Mood Disorders Depression and Stress Are Interrelated Major Depression Can Be Treated Effectively Anxiety Disorders Stem from Abnormal Regulation of Fear An Overall View Selected Readings References 64 Autism and Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders Affecting Cognition Autism Has Characteristic Behavioral Features There Is a Strong Genetic Component in Autism Autism Has Characteristic Neurological Abnormalities There Are Distinctive Cognitive Abnormalities in Autism Some Neurodevelopmental Disorders Have a Known Genetic Basis An Overall View Selected Readings References 65 Learning and Memory Short-Term and Long-Term Memory Involve Different Neural Systems Long-Term Memory Can Be Classified As Explicit or Implicit Explicit Memory Has Episodic and Semantic Forms Implici The Field's Definitive Work From A Nobel Prize-winning Author 900 Full-color Illustrations Principles Of Neural Science, It Describes Our Current Understanding Of How The Nerves, Brain, And Mind Function. From Molecules To Anatomic Structures And Systems To Cognitive Function, This Comprehensive Reference Covers All Aspects Of Neuroscience. Widely Regarded As The Field's Cornerstone Reference, The Fifth Edition Is Highlighted By More Than 900 Full-color Illustrations. The Fifth Edition Has Been Completely Updated To Reflect The Tremendous Amount Of New Research And Development In Neuroscience In The Last Decade. Lead Author Eric Kandel Was Awarded The Nobel Prize In Physiology Or Medicine In 2000--provided By Publisher. The Brain And Behavior -- Nerve Cells, Neural Circuitry, And Behavior -- Genes And Behavior -- The Cells Of The Nervous System -- Ion Channels -- Membrane Potential And The Passive Electrical Properties Of The Neuron -- Propagated Signaling: The Action Potential -- Overview Of Synaptic Transmission -- Signaling At The Nerve-muscle Synapse: Directly Gated Transmission -- Synaptic Integration In The Central Nervous System -- Modulation Of Synaptic Transmission: Second Messengers -- Transmitter Release -- Neurotransmitters -- Diseases Of Nerve And The Motor Unit -- The Organization Of The Central Nervous System -- The Functional Organization Of Perception And Movement -- From Nerve Cells To Cognition: The Internal Representations For Space And Action -- The Organization Of Cognition -- Cognitive Functions Of The Premotor Systems -- Functional Imaging Of Cognition -- Sensory Coding -- The Somatosensory System: Receptors And Central Pathways -- Touch -- Pain --^ The Constructive Nature Of Visual Processing -- Low-level Visual Processing: The Retina -- Intermediate-level Visual Processing And Visual Primitives -- High-level Visual Processing: Cognitive Influences -- Visual Processing And Action -- The Inner Ear -- The Auditory Central Nervous System -- Smell And Taste: The Chemical Senses -- The Organization And Planning Of Movement -- The Motor Unit And Muscle Action -- Spinal Reflexes -- Locomotion -- Voluntary Movement: The Primary Motor Cortex -- Voluntary Movement: The Parietal And Premotor Cortex -- The Control Of Gaze -- The Vestibular System -- Posture -- The Cerebellum -- The Basal Ganglia -- Genetic Mechanisms In Degenerative Diseases Of The Nervous System -- The Sensory, Motor, And Reflex Functions Of The Brain Stem -- The Modulatory Functions Of The Brain Stem -- The Autonomic Motor System And The Hypothalamus -- Emotions And Feelings -- Homeostasis, Motivation, And Addictive States -- Seizures And Epilepsy -- Sleep And Dreaming --^ Patterning The Nervous System -- Differentiation And Survival Of Nerve Cells -- The Growth And Guidance Of Axons -- Formation And Elimination Of Synapses -- Experience And The Refinement Of Synaptic Connections -- Repairing The Damaged Brain -- Sexual Differentiation Of The Nervous System -- The Aging Brain -- Language -- Disorders Of Conscious And Unconscious Mental Processes -- Disorders Of Thought And Volition: Schizophrenia -- Disorders Of Mood And Anxiety -- Autism And Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders Affecting Cognition -- Learning And Memory -- Cellular Mechanisms Of Implicit Memory Storage And The Biological Basis Of Individuality -- Prefrontal Cortex, Hippocampus, And The Biology Of Explicit Memory Storage -- Review Of Basic Circuit Theory -- The Neurological Examination Of The Patient -- Circulation Of The Brain -- The Blood-brain Barrier, Choroid Plexus, And Cerebrospinal Fluid -- Neural Networks --^ Theoretical Approaches To Neuroscience: Examples From Single Neurons To Networks. Edited By Eric R. Kandel ... [et Al.] ; Art Editor Sarah Mack. Machine Generated Contents Note: Part I: Overall Perspective (kandel, Hudspeth)1. The Brain And Behavior (kandel, Hudspeth)2. Nerve Cells, Neural Circuitry, And Behavior (kandel, Barres, Hudspeth)3. Genes And Behavior (bargmann, Gilliam) Part Ii: Cell And Molecular Biology Of The Neuron (siegelbaum, Hudspeth)4. The Cells Of The Nervous System (schwartz, Barres, Goldman)5. Ion Channels (siegelbaum, Koester)6. Membrane Potential And The Passive Electrical Properties Of The Neuron (siegelbaum, Koester)7. Propagated Signaling: The Action Potential (siegelbaum, Koester) Part Iii: Overview: Synaptic Transmission (siegelbaum, Hudspeth)8. Overview Of Synaptic Transmission (siegelbaum, Kandel)9 Signaling At The Nerve Muscle Synapse: Directly Gated Transmission (siegelbaum, Kandel)10. Synaptic Integration In The Central Nervous System (siegelbaum, Kandel, Yuste)11. Modulation Of Synaptic Transmission: Second Messengers (clapham, Siegelbaum, Schwartz)12.^ Transmitter Release (siegelbaum, Kandel, Sudhof)13. Neurotransmitters (schwartz, Javitch)14. Diseases Of Nerve And The Motor Unit (brown, Cannon, Rowland) Part Iv: The Neural Basis Of Cognition (hudspeth, Kandel)15. The Organization Of The Central Nervous System (amaral, Strick)16. The Functional Organization Of Perception And Movement (amaral)17. From Nerve Cells To Cognition: The Internal Representations For Space And Action (kandel)18. The Organization Of Cognition (olson, Colby)19. Cognitive Functions Of The Premotor System (rizzolatti, Strick)20. Functional Imaging Of Cognition (small, Heeger) Part V: Perception (hudspeth)21. Sensory Coding (gardner, Johnson)22. The Somatosensory System: Receptors And Central Pathways (gardner, Johnson)23. Touch (gardner, Johnson)24. Pain (basbaum, Jessell)25. The Constructive Nature Of Visual Processing (gilbert)26. Low-level Visual Processing: The Retina (meister, Tessier-lavigne)27.^ Intermediate-level Visual Processing: Visual Primitives (gilbert)28. High-level Visual Processing: Cognitive Influences (albright)29. Visual Processing And Action (wurtz, Goldberg)30. The Inner Ear (hudspeth)31. The Auditory Central Nervous System (oertel, Doupe)32. Smell And Taste: The Chemical Senses (buck, Bargmann)part Vi: Movement (hudspeth)33. The Organization And Planning Of Movement (wolpert, Pearson, Ghez)34. The Motor Unit And Muscle Action (enoka, Pearson)35. Spinal Reflexes (pearson, Gordon)36. Locomotion (pearson, Gordon)37. Voluntary Movement: The Primary Motor Cortex (kalaska, Rizzolatti)38. Voluntary Movement: The Parietal And Premotor Cortex (rizzolatti, Kalaska)39. The Control Of Gaze(goldberg)40. The Vestibular System (goldberg, Hudspeth)41. Posture (macpherson, Horack)42. The Cerebellum (lisberger, Thach)43. The Basal Ganglia (wichmann, Delong)44.^ Genetic Mechanisms In Degenerative Diseases Of The Nervous System (zoghbi)part Vii: The Unconscious And Conscious Processing Of Neural Information (kandel, Siegelbaum, Schwartz)45. The Sensory, Motor, And Reflex Functions Of The Brain Stem (saper, Lumsden, Richerson) 46. The Modulatory Functions Of The Brain Stem (richerson, Aston-jones, Saper)47. The Autonomic Motor System And The Hypothalamus (horn, Swanson)48. Emotions And Feelings (ledoux, Damasio)49. Homeostasis, Motivation, And Addictive States (shizgal, Hyman)50. Seizures And Epilepsy (westbrook)51. Sleep And Dreaming (mccormick, Westbrook)part Viii: Development And The Emergence Of Behavior (jessell)52. Patterning The Nervous System (jessell, Sanes)53. Differentiation And Survival Of Nerve Cells(jessell, Sanes)54. The Growth And Guidance Of Axons (sanes, Jessell)55. Formation And Elimination Of Synapses (sanes, Jessell)56. Experience And The Refinement Of Synaptic Connections (jessell, Sanes)57.^ Repairing The Damaged Brain (sanes, Jessell)58. Sexual Differentiation Of The Nervous System (shah, Jessell, Sanes)59. The Aging Brain (jessell, Sanes)part Ix: Language, Thought, Affect, And Learning (kandel, Schwartz)60. Language (kuhl, Damasio)61. Disorders Of Conscious And Unconscious Mental Processes (c. Frith)62. Disorders Of Thought And Volition: Schizophrenia (hyman, Cohen)63. Disorders Of Mood And Anxiety (hyman, Cohen)64. Autism And Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders Affecting Cognition (u. Frith, Happe, Amaral, And Warren)65. Learning And Memory(schacter, Wagner)66. Cellular Mechanisms Of Implicit Memory Storage And The Biological Basis Of Individuality (kandel, Siegelbaum)67. Prefrontal Cortex, Hippocampus, And The Biology Of Explicit Memory Storage)appendices A. Review Of Basic Circuit Theory (koester)b. The Neurological Examination Of The Patient (kriegstein, Brust)c. Circulation Of The Brain (brust)d.^ The Blood-brain Barrier, Choroid Plexus, And Cerebrospinal Fluid (laterra, Goldstein)e. Neural Networks (seung, Yuste)f. Theoretical Approaches To Neuroscience: Examples From Single Neurons To Networks (abbott, Fusi, Miller). Includes Bibliographical References And Index. This authoritative introduction to the brain, its structure, function and development presents a comprehensive summary of the state of the science and historical issues relating to the study of the brain. Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Now updated: the definitive neuroscience resource-from Eric R. Kandel, MD (winner of the Nobel Prize in 2000); James H. Schwartz, MD, PhD; Thomas M. Jessell, PhD; Steven A. Siegelbaum, PhD; and A. J. Hudspeth, PhDA Doody's Core Title for 2020!900 full-color illustrationsDeciphering the link between the human brain and behavior has always been one of the most intriguing-and often challenging-aspects of scientific endeavor. The sequencing of the human genome, and advances in molecular biology, have illuminated the pathogenesis of many neurological diseases and have propelled our knowledge of how the brain controls behavior.To grasp the wider implications of these developments and gain a fundamental understanding of this dynamic, fast-moving field, Principles of Neuroscience stands alone as the most authoritative and indispensible resource of its kind.In this classic text, prominent researchers in the field expertly survey the entire spectrum of neural science, giving an up-to-date, unparalleled view of the discipline for anyone who studies brain and mind. Here, in one remarkable volume, is the current state of neural science knowledge-ranging from molecules and cells, to anatomic structures and systems, to the senses and cognitive functions-all supported by more than 900 precise, full-color illustrations. In addition to clarifying complex topics, the book also benefits from a cohesive organization, beginning with an insightful overview of the interrelationships between the brain, nervous system, genes, and behavior. Principles of Neural Science then proceeds with an in-depth examination of the molecular and cellular biology of nerve cells, synaptic transmission, and the neural basis of cognition. The remaining sections illuminate how cells, molecules, and systems give us sight, hearing, touch, movement, thought, learning, memories, and emotions.The new fifth edition of Principles of Neural Science is thoroughly updated to reflect the tremendous amount of research, and the very latest clinical perspectives, that have significantly transformed the field within the last decade.Ultimately, Principles of Neural Science affirms that all behavior is an expression of neural activity, and that the future of clinical neurology and psychiatry hinges on the progress of neural science. Far exceeding the scope and scholarship of similar texts, this unmatched guide offers a commanding, scientifically rigorous perspective on the molecular mechanisms of neural function and disease-one that you'll continually rely on to advance your comprehension of brain, mind, and behavior.FEATURESThe cornerstone reference in the field of neuroscience that explains how the nerves, brain, and mind functionClear emphasis on how behavior can be examined through the electrical activity of both individual neurons and systems of nerve cellsCurrent focus on molecular biology as a tool for probing the pathogenesis of many neurological diseases, including muscular dystrophy, Huntington disease, and certain forms of Alzheimer's diseaseMore than 900 engaging full-color illustrations-including line drawings, radiographs, micrographs, and medical photographs clarify often-complex neuroscience conceptsOutstanding section on the development and emergence of behavior, including important coverage of "The field's definitive work from a Nobel Prize-winning author 900 full-color illustrations Principles of Neural Science describes our current understanding of how the nerves, brain, and mind function. From molecules to anatomic structures and systems to cognitive function, this comprehensive reference covers all aspects of neuroscience. Widely regarded as the field's cornerstone reference, the fifth edition is highlighted by more than 900 full-color illustrations. The fifth edition has been completely updated to reflect the tremendous amount of new research and development in neuroscience in the last decade. Lead author Eric Kandel was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000" -- Provided by publisher." -- Prové de l'editor "The field's definitive work from a Nobel Prize-winning author 900 full-color illustrations Principles of Neural Science, 5e describes our current understanding of how the nerves, brain, and mind function. From molecules to anatomic structures and systems to cognitive function, this comprehensive reference covers all aspects of neuroscience. Widely regarded as the field's cornerstone reference, the fifth edition is highlighted by more than 900 full-color illustrations. The fifth edition has been completely updated to reflect the tremendous amount of new research and development in neuroscience in the last decade. Lead author Eric Kandel was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000"--Provided by publisher