Principles of Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Revised and Expanded (Undergraduate Chemistry: A Series of Textbooks)

This work aims to familiarize students with the fundamentals of colloid and surface science, from various types of colloids and colloidal phenomena, and classical and modern characterization/measurement techniques to applications of colloids and surface science in engineering, technology, chemistry, physics and biological and medical sciences. The Journal of Textile Studies proclaims "High praise from peers . . .contains valuable information on many topics of interest to food rheologists and polymer scientists ...[The book] should be in the libraries of academic and industrial food research organizations" and Chromatographia describes the book as "...an excellent textbook, excellently organised, clearly written and well laid out." Contents 16 Preface to the Third Edition 4 Acknowledgments 8 Preface to the Second Edition 10 Preface to the First Edition 12 1. Colloid and Surface Chemistry: Scope and Variables 22 1.1 Introduction 22 1.2 The importance of the Surface for Small Particles 27 1.3 Classification of Colloids Based on Affinity to Carrier Fluid 31 1.4 Concept of Stability of Colloidal Systems 35 1.5 Some Physical Characteristics of Colloids 40 1.6 Some Classical and Emerging Experiment Tools 59 1.7 An Overview of the Book 77 Review Questions 78 References 78 Problems 80 2. Sedimentation and Diffusion and Their Equilibrium 83 2.1 Introduction 83 2.2 Sedimentation: Some Basic Considerations 86 2.3 Gravitational Sedimentation 88 2.4 Centrifugal Sedimentation 95 2.5 Diffusion 99 2.6 Brownian Motion and Diffusion 106 2.7 The Random Coil and Random Walk Statistics 115 2.8 Equilibrium Between Sedimentation and Diffusion 119 Review Questions 122 References 122 Problems 123 3. Solution Thermodynamics: Osmotic and Donnan Equilibria 126 3.1 Introduction 126 3.2 Osmotic Pressure: Thermodynamic Foundations 129 3.3 Osmometry: Some Applications 135 3.4 Statistical Foundations of Solution Thermodynamics 141 3.5 Osmotic Equilibrium in Charged Systems 153 3.6 Some Applications of Osmotic Phenomena 160 Review Questions 161 References 162 Problems 163 4. The Rheology of Dispersions 166 4.1 Introduction 166 4.2 Newton’s Law of Viscosity 169 4.3 Concentric-Cylinder and Cone-and-Plate Viscometers 171 4.4 The Poiseuille Equation and Capillary Viscometers 175 4.5 The Equation of Motion: The Navier-Stokes Equation 179 4.6 Einstein’s Theory of Viscosity of Dispersions 182 4.7 Deviations from the Einstein Model 189 4.8 Non-Newtonian Behavior 195 4.9 Viscosity of Polymer Solutions 202 Review Questions 209 References 209 Problems 210 5. Static and Dynamic Light Scattering and Other Radiation Scattering 214 5.1 Introduction 214 5.2 Interaction of Radiation with Matter 217 5.3 Scattering by Small Particles: Theory of Rayleigh Scattering 223 5.4 Experimental Aspects of Light Scattering 228 5.5 Extension to Larger Particles and to Intraparticle Interference Effects 234 5.6 Interference Effects and Structure of Particles 244 5.7 Scattering by Large, Absorbing Particles 250 5.8 Dynamic Light Scattering 257 Review Questions 263 References 264 Problems 265 6. Surface Tension and Contact Angle: Application to Pure Substances 269 6.1 Introduction 269 6.2 Surface Tension and Contact Angle: A First Look 272 6.3 Thermodynamics of Surfaces: Surface Tension as Surface Free Energy 276 6.4 Surface Tension: Implications for Curved Interfaces and Capillarity 278 6.5 Effects of Curved Interfaces on Phase Equilibria and Nucleation: The Kelvin Equation 282 6.6 Surface Tension and Contact Angle: Their Relation to Wetting and Spreading Phenomena 286 6.7 Contact Angles: Some Complications 293 6.8 Measuring Surface Tension and Contact Angle: Round Two 297 6.9 Contact of Liquids with Porous Solids and Powders 304 6.10 Molecular Interpretation of Surface Tension 307 Review Questions 312 References 313 Problems 313 7. Adsorption from Solution and Monolayer Formation 318 7.1 Introduction 318 7.2 Insoluble Monolayers: Spreading of Surfactants on Aqueous Surfaces 321 7.3 Experimental Measurement of Film Pressure 325 7.4 Results of Film Balance Studies 329 7.5 Viscous Behavior of Two-Dimensional Phases 339 7.6 Applications of Monolayers and Monolayer Concepts 341 7.7 Adsorption from Solution: Thermodynamics 344 7.8 The Gibbs Equation: Experimental Results 348 7.9 Adsorption on Solid Surfaces 352 7.10 Applications of Adsorption from Solution 359 7.11 Adsorption in the Presence of an Applied Potential 364 Review Questions 369 References 369 Problems 370 8. Colloidal Structures in Surfactant Solutions: Association Colloids 376 8.1 Introduction 376 8.2 Surfactants in Solution: Experimental Observations and Models 378 8.3 Structure of Micelles 383 8.4 Molecular Architecture of Surfactants, Packing Considerations, and Shapes of Micelles 388 8.5 Critical Micelle Concentration and the Thermodynamics of Micellization 391 8.6 Solubilization 396 8.7 Catalysis by Micelles 401 8.8 Reverse Micelles 407 8.9 Emulsions and Microemulsions 410 8.10 Some Applications of Microemulsions 413 8.11 Biological Membranes 416 Review Questions 419 References 420 Problems 420 9. Adsorption at Gas–Solid Interfaces 426 9.1 Introduction 426 9.2 Experimental and Theoretical Treatments of Adsorption: An Overview 430 9.3 Thermodynamics of Adsorption: Phenomenological Perspective 434 9.4 Thermodynamics of Adsorption: A Statistical Perspective 440 9.5 Multilayer Adsorption: The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Equation 446 9.6 Energetics of Adsorption 454 9.7 Adsorption in Porous Solids 457 9.8 Adsorption on Crystal Surfaces 460 9.9 Metal Surfaces and Heterogeneous Catalysis 472 Review Questions 476 References 477 Problems 477 10. van der Waals Forces 483 10.1 Introduction 483 10.2 van der Waals Forces and Their Importance in Colloid and Surface Chemistry 485 10.3 Molecular Interactions and Power Laws 488 10.4 Molecular Origins and the Macroscopic Implications of van der Waals Forces 492 10.5 van der Waals Forces Between Large Particles and Over Large Distances 500 10.6 Calculating van der Waals Forces Between Macroscopic Bodies 504 10.7 Theories of van der Waals Forces Based on Bulk Properties 507 10.8 Effect of the Medium on the van der Waals Attraction 511 Review Questions 516 References 516 Problems 517 11. The Electrical Double Layer and Double-Layer Interactions 520 11.1 Introduction 520 11.2 Surface Charges and Electrical Double Layer: Background 523 11.3 The Capacitor Model of the Double Layer 525 11.4 The Diffuse Double Layer: The Debye-Hückel Approximation 529 11.5 The Debye-Hückel Approximation: Results 533 11.6 The Electrical Double Layer: Gouy-Chapman Theory 537 11.7 Overlapping Double Layers and Interparticle Repulsion 541 11.8 “Not-Quite-Indifferent” Electrolytes: Stern Adsorption 548 Review Questions 551 References 551 Problems 552 12. Electrophoresis and Other Electrokinetic Phenomena 555 12.1 Introduction 555 12.2 Mobilities of Small Ions and Macroions in Electric Fields: A Comparison 557 12.3 Zeta Potential: Thick Electrical Double Layers 559 12.4 Zeta Potential: Thin Electrical Double Layers 565 12.5 Zeta Potential: General Theory for Spherical Particles 567 12.6 Electroosmosis 571 12.7 Streaming Potential 574 12.8 The Surface of Shear and Viscoelectric Effect 576 12.9 Experimental Aspects of Electrophoresis 580 12.10 Determining the Surface Charge from Electrokinetic Measurements 586 12.11 Applications of Electrokinetic Phenomena 588 Review Questions 591 References 591 Problems 592 13. Electrostatic and Polymer-Induced Colloid Stability 596 13.1 Introduction 596 13.2 Interparticle Forces and the Structure and Stability of Dispersions 599 13.3 The Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek Theory of Colloid Stability 606 13.4 Theory of Coagulation in Dilute Dispersions 613 13.5 Polymer-Colloid Mixtures: A Phenomenological Perspective 625 13.6 Polymer-Induced Forces 631 13.7 Steric Stabilization: A Model for the Initial Encounter 635 Review Questions 640 References 641 Problems 642 Appendix A: Examples of Expansions Encountered in This Book 646 Reference 646 Appendix B: Units: CGS-SI Interconversions 647 References 647 Appendix C: Statistics of Discrete and Continuous Distributions of Data 652 C.1 Introduction 652 C.2 Discrete Distributions 652 C.3 Theoretical Distribution Functions 655 References 658 Appendix D: List of Worked-Out Examples 659 Index 662 A 662 B 662 C 663 D 664 E 664 F 665 G 666 H 666 I 666 K 666 L 667 M 667 N 667 O 668 P 668 R 668 S 668 T 670 U 670 V 670 W 671 X 671 Y 671 Z 671 This Classic Text Continues To Familiarize Students With The Fundamentals Of Colloid And Surface Science From Various Types Of Colloids And Colloidal Phenomena And Classical And Modern Characterization/measurement Techniques To Applications Of Colloids And Surface Science In Engineering, Technology, Chemistry, Physics, And Biological And Medical Sciences.--jacket. 1. Colloid And Surface Chemistry: Scope And Variables -- 2. Sedimentation And Diffusion And Their Equilibrium -- 3. Solution Thermodynamics: Osmotic And Donnan Equilibria -- 4. Rheology Of Dispersions -- 5. Static And Dynamic Light Scattering And Other Radiation Scattering -- 6. Surface Tension And Contact Angle: Application To Pure Substances -- 7. Adsorption From Solution And Monolayer Formation -- 8. Colloidal Structures In Surfactant Solutions: Association Colloids -- 9. Adsorption At Gas-solid Interfaces -- 10. Van Der Waals Forces -- 11. Electrical Double Layer And Double-layer Interactions -- 12. Electrophoresis And Other Electrokinetic Phenomena -- 13. Electrostatic And Polymer-induced Colloid Stability -- App. A. Examples Of Expansions Encountered In This Book -- App. B. Units: Cgs-si Interconversions -- App. C. Statistics Of Discrete And Continuous Distributions Of Data -- App. D. List Of Worked-out Examples. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.