اصول مهندسی پزشکی، ویرایش دوم

This updated edition of an Artech House classic introduces readers to the importance of engineering in medicine. Bioelectrical phenomena, principles of mass and momentum transport to the analysis of physiological systems, the importance of mechanical analysis in biological tissues/ organs and biomaterial selection are discussed in detail. Readers learn about the concepts of using living cells in various therapeutics and diagnostics, compartmental modeling, and biomedical instrumentation. The book explores fluid mechanics, strength of materials, statics and dynamics, basic thermodynamics, electrical circuits, and material science. A significant number of numerical problems have been generated using data from recent literature and are given as examples as well as exercise problems. These problems provide an opportunity for comprehensive understanding of the basic concepts, cutting edge technologies and emerging challenges. Describing the role of engineering in medicine today, this comprehensive volume covers a wide range of the most important topics in this burgeoning field. Moreover, you find a thorough treatment of the concept of using living cells in various therapeutics and diagnostics. Structured as a complete text for students with some engineering background, the book also makes a valuable reference for professionals new to the bioengineering field. This authoritative textbook features numerous exercises and problems in each chapter to help ensure a solid understanding of the material. Principles of Biomedical Engineering Second Edition Contents CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1 Overview 1.2 Roles of Bioengineers 1.3 History of Bioengineering 1.3.1 Development of Biomedical Imaging 1.3.2 Development of Dialysis 1.3.3 The Development of the Heart-Lung Machine 1.3.4 Other Devices 1.4 Sources for Information Problems Selected Bibliography CHAPTER 2 Biotransport 2.1 Overview 2.2 Fundamental Factors 2.2.1 Liquid Compartments 2.2.2 Solute Components 2.2.3 Components in the Gas Phase 2.2.4 Importance of pH 2.3 Diffusion-Mediated Transport 2.3.1 Free Diffusion 2.3.2 Facilitated Diffusion 2.3.3 Active Transport 2.4 Osmosis-Driven Transport 2.4.1 Osmolarity 2.4.2 Tonicity 2.4.3 Osmotic Pressure 2.5 Combined Osmosis and Pressure Gradient-Driven Transport 2.6 Transport of Macromolecules Problems References CHAPTER 3 Bioelectrical Phenomena 3.1 Overview 3.2 Membrane Potential 3.2.1 Nernst Equation 3.2.2 Donnan Equilibrium 3.2.3 Goldman Equation 3.3 Electrical Equivalent Circuit 3.3.1 Cell Membrane Conductance 3.3.2 Cell Membrane as a Capacitor 3.3.3 Resistance-Capacitance Circuit 3.3.4 Action Potential 3.4 Principles of Bioelectrodes 3.4.1 Electrode-Electrolyte Interface 3.4.2 Potential Monitoring Electrodes 3.4.3 Amperometric Devices 3.4.4 Intracellular Recording of Bioelectricity 3.5 Volume Conductors 3.5.1 Electric Field 3.5.2 Electrical Potential Energy 3.5.3 Conservation of Charge 3.5.4 Measuring Electrical Activity of Tissues: Example of Electrocardiogram 3.5.5 Biopotential Recording Practicalities Problems References Selected Bibliography CHAPTER 4 Biofluid Flow 4.1 Overview 4.2 Fluid Flow Characteristics 4.2.1 Conservation of Mass 4.2.2 Inertial and Viscous Forces 4.2.3 Conservation of Momentum 4.3 Nonidealities in Biological Systems 4.3.1 Oscillatory and Pulsating Flows 4.3.2 Alterations in Viscosity 4.3.3 Fluid Flow in Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) 4.4 Conservation of Energy 4.4.1 Different Energy Forms 4.4.2 Energy Balance in the Body 4.4.3 Energy Expenditure Calculations 4.5 Fluid Power 4.5.1 Power Calculations in a Cardiac Cycle 4.5.2 The Efficiency of a Pump 4.5.3 Pumps in Series and Parallel 4.6 Optimization Principle for Fluid Transport 4.6.1 Minimum Work of Circulation Problems References Selected Bibliography CHAPTER 5 Biomechanics 5.1 Overview 5.2 Conservation of Momentum in Solids 5.2.1 Different Forces Acting on the Body 5.2.2 Angular Motion 5.2.3 Impulse-Momentum Relation 5.2.4 Gait Analysis (Motion Analysis) 5.3 Ideal Stress-Strain Characteristics 5.3.1 Structural Parameters and Material Parameters 5.3.2 Axial Stress and Strain 5.3.3 Shear Stress 5.3.4 Bending 5.3.5 Torsion 5.4 Nonidealities in Stress-Strain Characterization 5.4.1 Failure Under Combined Loading 5.4.2 Viscoelastic Characteristics 5.4.3 Dynamic Loading 5.5 Conservation of Energy in Solids 5.5.1 Work-Energy Relation 5.5.2 Energy Absorption Problems References Selected Bibliography CHAPTER 6 Biomaterials 6.1 Overview 6.2 Types of Biomaterials 6.2.1 Metals and Alloys 6.2.2 Ceramics 6.2.3 Polymers 6.2.4 Biological Materials 6.2.5 Composites 6.3 Material Characteristics 6.3.1 Mechanical Performance 6.3.2 Mechanical Durability 6.3.3 Corrosion and Degradation 6.3.4 Surface Roughness 6.3.5 Sterilization Techniques 6.4 Physiological Responses to Biomaterials 6.4.1 Toxicity Analysis 6.4.2 Surface Adhesion 6.4.3 Blood-Material Interactions 6.4.4 Inflammatory Response 6.4.5 Infection 6.5 Tissue Engineering 6.5.1 Material Used in Tissue Regeneration 6.5.2 Scaffold Formation Techniques Problems References Selected Bibliography CHAPTER 7 Cellular Engineering 7.1 Overview 7.2 Cell Culture 7.2.1 Microenvironment 7.2.2 Proliferation and Differentiation 7.2.3 Bioreactors 7.2.4 Different Modes of Operation 7.3 Characterization and Utilization of Products 7.3.1 Purification of Products 7.3.2 Soluble Factor Interactions 7.3.3 Enzyme-Based Biosensors 7.3.4 Antibody-Based Biosensors 7.3.5 Nucleic Acid-Based Biosensors 7.3.6 Immobilization Strategies 7.4 Cellular Processes 7.4.1 Cell-Matrix Interactions 7.4.2 Cell-Cell Interactions 7.4.3 Metabolism 7.4.4 Intracellular Degradation 7.5 Storage of Cells and Tissues 7.5.1 Long-Term Storage of Cells 7.5.2 Storage of Tissues 7.5.3 Microarray Technology 7.6 Bioinformatics Problems References Selected Bibliography CHAPTER 8 Biomedical Imaging 8.1 Overview 8.2 Properties of Light 8.2.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum 8.2.2 Energy in an EM Wave 8.2.3 Generation of EM Radiation 8.3 Interaction of Radiation with Matter 8.3.1 Absorption of EM Waves 8.3.2 Scattering of EM Waves 8.3.3 Transmission Imaging 8.4 Basics of Imaging 8.4.1 Image Acquisition 8.4.2 Digitizing Images 8.4.3 The 3-D Image Reconstruction 8.4.4 Image Quality 8.5 Imaging Devices 8.5.1 X-Ray Imaging 8.5.2 PET 8.5.3 MRI 8.5.4 Ultrasound Imaging 8.5.5 Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) 8.5.6 Endoscopes 8.5.7 Fluorescence Imaging Problems References Selected Bibliography CHAPTER 9 Modeling Complex Systems 9.1 Overview 9.2 Compartmental Modeling 9.2.1 Chemical Compartmental Model 9.2.2 The Apparent Volume of Distribution 9.2.3 Other Single Compartmental Systems 9.2.4 Multicompartmental Models 9.3 Special Cases of Compartmental Modeling 9.3.1 Modeling Dialysis 9.3.2 Cable Theory 9.4 Modeling Diffusion-Limited Processes 9.4.1 Case 1: Reaction-Diffusion in Cartesian coordinates. 9.4.2 Case 2: The Krogh Tissue Cylinder 9.4.3 Case 3: A 1-D Radial Diffusion in Spherical Coordinates 9.4.4 Case 4: Cell Migration 9.4.5 Complex Model Systems Problems References Selected Bibliography CHAPTER 10 Ethics and Regulatory Affairs 10.1 Overview 10.2 Complexities of Bioethics 10.2.1 Bioethics in the Context of Ethical Theories 10.2.2 The Difference Between Ethics and Law 10.2.3 Influence of Religion and Culture 10.3 Research Testing 10.3.1 The Declaration of Helsinki 10.3.2 Belmont Report 10.3.3 Institutional Review Board (IRB) 10.3.4 Informed Consent 10.4 Safety Standards 10.4.1 Standards and Guidelines 10.4.2 International Electromedical Commission (IEC) 10.4.3 ISO 10.5 Regulatory Agencies 10.5.1 The FDA 10.5.2 Device Classification 10.5.3 Compliance Requirements Problems Reference Selected Bibliography About the Author Index "This updated and expanded second edition of an Artech House classic introduces readers to the importance of engineering in medicine. Transport of molecules, bioelectrical phenomena, principles of mass, momentum, and energy transport to the analysis of fluids and solids, biomechanical analysis, biomaterial selection, and imaging are discussed in detail. Readers learn about using living cells in developing therapies, biosensors, diagnostics, genomics, proteomic strategies, and model development. Key topics covered in this resource include basics of fluid mechanics, strength of materials, statics and dynamics, basic thermodynamics, electrical circuits, and material science. Many numerical problems are provided as examples and exercise problems are included. These problems facilitate in-depth understanding of engineering principles in the development of biomedical applications, cutting-edge technologies, and emerging challenges. Describing the role of engineering in medicine today, this complete volume covers a wide range of the most important topics in this burgeoning field. Moreover, readers will find a thorough treatment of standards and ethical considerations needed for exploring biomedical research and device development. Structured as a complete text for students with some engineering background, the book also serves as a valuable reference for professionals new to the bioengineering field."--Taken from back cover