Principles and Practice of Skin Toxicology [ISBN : 9780470511725] [Copyright Year : 2008] [Hardcover]

Written by authorities in the field, this book provides a "bottom up" approach to studying skin toxicology. Principles and Practice of Skin Toxicology clearly outlines basic concepts, cites historical and modern references and contains a dictionary for easy reference. The inclusion of global legislation and regulatory aspects on the topic makes this a comprehensive review for every practitioner, clinical researcher in industry and academia, and MSc and PhD student of toxicology. Different sections cover skin structure and function, principles and measurement of skin absorption, clinical aspects of dermal toxicity and in vitro alternatives. A section on regulatory and legislative aspects includes case studies from the UK that fulfill European Union and US FDA requirements. A glossary provides definitions of technical terms, and the chapters contain an introduction, learning boxes and summary section for ease of use. Includes a chapter on drug delivery through the skin. Addresses risk assessment: a key area for the interpretation of skin absorption data that is rarely covered. Img100......Page 1 Principles and Practice of Skin Toxicology, 2008, 0470511729.pdf......Page 2 Principles and Practice of Skin Toxicology......Page 4 Contents......Page 10 Foreword......Page 18 Preface......Page 20 Acknowledgements......Page 22 List of contributors......Page 24 PART I Introduction......Page 26 1.2 Surface features......Page 28 1.3 Functional histology of the epidermis and associated structures......Page 33 1.4 Species differences......Page 38 References......Page 40 2.1 Introduction and scope......Page 42 2.2 Protein synthesis and organisation during epidermal differentiation......Page 43 2.3 Lipid synthesis and organisation during epidermal differentiation......Page 44 2.4 Lipid classes in the stratum corneum......Page 45 2.5 Stratum corneum turnover......Page 48 2.6 Biotransformations in skin......Page 49 References......Page 67 3.2 Photoprotection and melanogenesis......Page 76 3.3 Increased environmental ultraviolet radiation exposure and its link with photoageing and skin cancer......Page 80 3.4 Mitochondrial DNA as a biomarker of sun exposure in human skin......Page 85 3.5 Apoptosis......Page 86 3.6 Sun protection......Page 88 References......Page 90 PART II Skin Absorption......Page 94 4.1 Salient anatomical features of the stratum corneum – the ‘brick and mortar model’......Page 96 4.2 Species and regional variation in skin structure......Page 97 4.3 Species and regional variation in skin permeability......Page 99 4.4 Intra- and inter-individual variation in percutaneous absorption......Page 100 4.5 Effect of age on skin barrier function......Page 101 4.6 Role of skin appendages......Page 102 4.7 The in vitro skin sandwich model......Page 103 4.8 Penetration of particles through appendages......Page 104 References......Page 105 5.1 Introduction......Page 108 5.2 Physicochemical properties......Page 109 5.3 Exposure considerations......Page 114 References......Page 116 6.1 Introduction and scope......Page 118 6.2 Some definitions pertaining to skin absorption kinetics......Page 119 6.4 Fick’s Laws of diffusion......Page 122 6.5 Thermodynamic activity......Page 123 6.6 Skin absorption of a substance from two different vehicles......Page 124 6.7 Partitioning......Page 126 6.8 Diffusivity......Page 127 6.9 Skin absorption data and risk assessments......Page 130 References......Page 131 7.1 Introduction and scope......Page 134 7.3 Ethics and legislation......Page 135 7.4 Standard methodology: OECD Guideline 427......Page 140 7.5 Alternative in vivo methods......Page 144 References......Page 151 8.2 Regulatory guidelines......Page 154 8.3 Why assess percutaneous absorption in vitro?......Page 155 8.5 Choice of diffusion cell......Page 156 8.6 Skin membrane considerations......Page 161 8.7 Integrity measurements......Page 162 8.8 Choice of receptor fluid and sampling considerations......Page 163 8.9 Test material considerations......Page 164 8.10 Application of test preparation to the skin......Page 165 8.11 Examples of results from in vitro skin absorption studies......Page 167 8.12 What is considered to be absorbed?......Page 171 References......Page 172 PART III Toxicological Assessment......Page 174 9.2 Definitions......Page 176 9.3 Skin sensitisation......Page 177 9.4 Identification of skin sensitisers......Page 180 9.5 Risk assessment......Page 185 9.6 Other types of allergic skin reaction......Page 188 Summary......Page 189 References......Page 190 10.2 In vitro strategies for phototoxicity testing......Page 194 10.3 The UV/visible absorption spectrum as a pre-screen for phototoxicity......Page 196 10.4 In vitro assays for phototoxicity using monolayer cultures......Page 197 10.5 In vitro assays for photoallergenicity......Page 199 10.6 In vitro assays for phototoxicity using human 3-D skin models......Page 202 References......Page 206 11.2 Acute dermal irritation/corrosion......Page 210 11.3 Validation/regulatory status of in vitro assays for skin corrosion......Page 211 11.4 In vitro tests for skin corrosion......Page 213 11.5 Validation/regulatory status of in vitro assays for skin irritation......Page 219 11.6 In vitro tests for skin irritation......Page 220 Summary......Page 222 References......Page 223 12.1 Introduction and scope......Page 226 12.2 Skin surface pH......Page 227 12.3 Biomechanical properties......Page 229 12.7 Desquamation......Page 230 12.8 Applications and measurement of transepidermal water loss......Page 231 12.9 Guidance for TEWL measurements......Page 233 12.10 Hydration measurement......Page 234 12.11 Guidance for hydration measurements......Page 237 12.13 Colour measurement......Page 238 12.14 Measurement of vascular perfusion......Page 240 12.15 A final word of caution......Page 241 References......Page 242 PART IV Clinical Aspects......Page 246 13.1 Introduction and scope......Page 248 13.2 Clinical assessment of patient with skin disease......Page 249 13.3 Cutaneous manifestations of disease following exposure to chemicals and pharmaceutical formulations......Page 259 13.4 Overview of standard treatments......Page 266 Summary......Page 268 14.1 Introduction and scope......Page 270 14.3 Phototoxicity (photoirritancy) reactions......Page 272 14.4 Photosensitive reactions......Page 276 References......Page 281 15.1 Introduction and scope......Page 284 15.2 Dermatitis......Page 285 15.3 Development of occupational dermatitis......Page 288 15.4 Patterns of occupational dermatitis......Page 289 15.6 Effects of dermatitis on work......Page 290 15.8 Identification of occupational dermatitis......Page 291 15.9 Other occupational skin disorders......Page 292 15.10 Investigation of a case of dermatitis at work......Page 295 References......Page 301 16.1 Prevention of occupational skin disease......Page 304 16.2 Defining the problem......Page 305 16.3 Material safety data sheets......Page 307 16.4 Chain of responsibility......Page 308 16.5 Managing dermal exposure......Page 309 16.6 Selection and use of personal protective equipment......Page 314 References......Page 319 PART V Regulatory......Page 322 17.1 Introduction and scope......Page 324 17.2 Brief overview of current United Kingdom legislation......Page 325 17.3 The employer’s perspective......Page 328 17.4 Hazard identification......Page 329 17.5 Risk assessment......Page 331 17.6 Gloves: a note of caution......Page 334 References......Page 335 18.1 Introduction and scope......Page 336 18.2 Overview and scope of Cosmetics Directive 76/768/EC......Page 337 18.3 Overview of the requirements of the EU Cosmetics Directive......Page 340 18.4 Scientific advice......Page 341 18.5 Influence of other legislation......Page 342 18.6 Adverse effects from cosmetics......Page 343 18.7 Toxicity of cosmetic ingredients......Page 345 18.8 The safety assessment......Page 351 18.9 A final consideration......Page 353 References......Page 354 Appendix 18.1 Additional obligations for cosmetic suppliers......Page 355 19.1 Introduction......Page 358 19.2 Regulatory context......Page 359 19.3 Product groups and the human context......Page 360 19.4 Dermal toxicology with the different product groups......Page 361 19.5 Factors in dermal toxicity......Page 363 19.6 Repeat dose dermal toxicology......Page 364 19.7 Classic short-term dermal toxicity studies......Page 366 19.8 Pragmatic considerations......Page 369 References......Page 370 20 Glossary of main terms and abbreviations......Page 372 Index......Page 383 Colour Plates......Page 396

Written by experts in the field, Principles and Practice of Skin Toxicology provides a “bottom up” approach to studying skin toxicology. It provides a clear outline of basic concepts, citing both historical and modern references, and contains a glossary of key terms for quick and easy reference. 

Arranged in a user friendly and logical sequence, the book covers the five main areas of dermatotoxicology:

• Principles of skin absorption. Explains the factors influencing dermal absorption and associated methods of measurement.

• Methods for assessing skin toxicity. An overview of both in vivo and in vitro approaches to testing, with particular emphasis on the validation and use of alternative test strategies.

• Clinical and occupational skin toxicity. A basic introduction to dermatology and related applications central to understanding dermal exposure to chemicals.

• Regulatory aspects.  An overview of national and international legislation governing the safe marketing of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and industrial chemicals.

This book will be especially useful to scientists who are new to the area of dermal toxicology, as well as practitioners of toxicology, clinical researchers, and researchers in industry and academia.

Doody Review Services

Reviewer:Patricia Wong, MD(Stanford University Medical Center)
Description:This book will be useful for those who are interested in creating effective skin products and topical medications. The basic principles of cutaneous diffusion, absorption, oxidation, metabolism, and cellular entry are nicely covered. Factors which can enhance or decrease these parameters are discussed in detail. The methodology and instrumentation for studying these changes is explained, as are assays to quantify effects.
Purpose:The purpose is to aid researchers and those in the cosmeceutical industry in designing effective topical agents to achieve various goals: prevention of mitochondrial DNA damage, reduction of reactive oxygen species, increase hydration, provide barrier protection, and minimize phototoxicity in the skin.
Audience:The audience is scientists whose research focuses on the study and design of medications and products applied to skin.
Features:The authors discuss the cellular biology background first and then the applications of such knowledge in choosing appropriate delivery vehicles, pH, and chemicals to achieve specific therapeutic goals. How to measure water permeability, transepidermal electrical resistance, and partitioning of the product into the stratum corneum and dermal layer are extensively covered. The appendix has a list of the many abbreviations used throughout the book and numerous graphs, equations, and schematic diagrams illustrate what is discussed in the text.
Assessment:Researchers will find this book a handy reference. Those who are contemplating manufacturing their own skin care products should definitely read this book.

Cutaneous anatomy and function / Robert P. Chilcott Biochemistry of the skin / Simon C. Wilkinson Skin photobiology / Mark A Birch-Machin and Simon C. Wilkinson Skin as a route of entry / Simon C. Wilkinson Physicochemical factors affecting skin absorption / Keith R. Brain and Robert P. Chilcott Principles of diffusion and thermodynamics / W. John Pugh and Robert P. Chilcott In vivo measurements of percutaneous absorption / James C. Wakefield and Robert P. Chilcott In vitro percutaneous absorption measurements / Ruth Pendlington Skin immunology and sensitisation / David A. Basketter In vitro phototoxicity assays / Penny Jones In vitro alternatives for irritation and corrosion assessment / Penny Jones Instruments for measuring skin toxicity / Helen Packham Introduction to dermatology / Manjunatha Kalavala & Alexander Anstey Clinical aspects of phototoxicity / Anthony D. Pearse and Alexander Anstey Occupational skin diseases / Jon Spiro Prevention of occupational skin diseases / Chris Packham Occupational skin exposures: legal aspects / Chris Packham Safety assessment of cosmetics: an EU perspective / Jo Larner Regulatory dermatotoxicology and international guidelines / Adam Wooley.

Written by authorities in the field, this book provides a "bottom up" approach to studying skin toxicology. Principles and Practice of Skin Toxicology clearly outlines basic concepts, cites historical and modern references and contains a dictionary for easy reference.The inclusion of global legislation and regulatory aspects on the topic makes this a comprehensive review for every practitioner, clinical researcher in industry and academia, and MSc and PhD student of toxicology.

• Different sections cover skin structure and function, principles and measurement of skin absorption, clinical aspects of dermal toxicityand in vitro alternatives.
• A section on regulatory and legislative aspects includes case studies from the UK that fulfill European Union and US FDA requirements.
• Aglossary provides definitions of technical terms, and the chapters contain an introduction, learning boxesand summary section for ease of use.
• Includes a chapter on drug delivery through the skin.
• Addresses risk assessment: a key area for the interpretation of skin absorption data that is rarely covered.