Principles and Practice of Skin Toxicology [ISBN : 9780470511725] [Copyright Year : 2008] [Hardcover]

Written by authorities in the field, this book provides a "bottom up" approach to studying skin toxicology. Principles and Practice of Skin Toxicology clearly outlines basic concepts, cites historical and modern references and contains a dictionary for easy reference. The inclusion of global legislation and regulatory aspects on the topic makes this a comprehensive review for every practitioner, clinical researcher in industry and academia, and MSc and PhD student of toxicology. Different sections cover skin structure and function, principles and measurement of skin absorption, clinical aspects of dermal toxicity and in vitro alternatives. A section on regulatory and legislative aspects includes case studies from the UK that fulfill European Union and US FDA requirements. A glossary provides definitions of technical terms, and the chapters contain an introduction, learning boxes and summary section for ease of use. Includes a chapter on drug delivery through the skin. Addresses risk assessment: a key area for the interpretation of skin absorption data that is rarely covered. Principles and Practice of Skin Toxicology......Page 3 Contents......Page 9 Foreword......Page 17 Preface......Page 19 Acknowledgements......Page 21 List of contributors......Page 23 PART I Introduction......Page 25 1.2 Surface features......Page 27 1.3 Functional histology of the epidermis and associated structures......Page 32 1.4 Species differences......Page 37 References......Page 39 2.1 Introduction and scope......Page 41 2.2 Protein synthesis and organisation during epidermal differentiation......Page 42 2.3 Lipid synthesis and organisation during epidermal differentiation......Page 43 2.4 Lipid classes in the stratum corneum......Page 44 2.5 Stratum corneum turnover......Page 47 2.6 Biotransformations in skin......Page 48 References......Page 66 3.2 Photoprotection and melanogenesis......Page 75 3.3 Increased environmental ultraviolet radiation exposure and its link with photoageing and skin cancer......Page 79 3.4 Mitochondrial DNA as a biomarker of sun exposure in human skin......Page 84 3.5 Apoptosis......Page 85 3.6 Sun protection......Page 87 References......Page 89 PART II Skin Absorption......Page 93 4.1 Salient anatomical features of the stratum corneum – the ‘brick and mortar model’......Page 95 4.2 Species and regional variation in skin structure......Page 96 4.3 Species and regional variation in skin permeability......Page 98 4.4 Intra- and inter-individual variation in percutaneous absorption......Page 99 4.5 Effect of age on skin barrier function......Page 100 4.6 Role of skin appendages......Page 101 4.7 The in vitro skin sandwich model......Page 102 4.8 Penetration of particles through appendages......Page 103 References......Page 104 5.1 Introduction......Page 107 5.2 Physicochemical properties......Page 108 5.3 Exposure considerations......Page 113 References......Page 115 6.1 Introduction and scope......Page 117 6.2 Some definitions pertaining to skin absorption kinetics......Page 118 6.4 Fick’s Laws of diffusion......Page 121 6.5 Thermodynamic activity......Page 122 6.6 Skin absorption of a substance from two different vehicles......Page 123 6.7 Partitioning......Page 125 6.8 Diffusivity......Page 126 6.9 Skin absorption data and risk assessments......Page 129 References......Page 130 7.1 Introduction and scope......Page 133 7.3 Ethics and legislation......Page 134 7.4 Standard methodology: OECD Guideline 427......Page 139 7.5 Alternative in vivo methods......Page 143 References......Page 150 8.2 Regulatory guidelines......Page 153 8.3 Why assess percutaneous absorption in vitro?......Page 154 8.5 Choice of diffusion cell......Page 155 8.6 Skin membrane considerations......Page 160 8.7 Integrity measurements......Page 161 8.8 Choice of receptor fluid and sampling considerations......Page 162 8.9 Test material considerations......Page 163 8.10 Application of test preparation to the skin......Page 164 8.11 Examples of results from in vitro skin absorption studies......Page 166 8.12 What is considered to be absorbed?......Page 170 References......Page 171 PART III Toxicological Assessment......Page 173 9.2 Definitions......Page 175 9.3 Skin sensitisation......Page 176 9.4 Identification of skin sensitisers......Page 179 9.5 Risk assessment......Page 184 9.6 Other types of allergic skin reaction......Page 187 Summary......Page 188 References......Page 189 10.2 In vitro strategies for phototoxicity testing......Page 193 10.3 The UV/visible absorption spectrum as a pre-screen for phototoxicity......Page 195 10.4 In vitro assays for phototoxicity using monolayer cultures......Page 196 10.5 In vitro assays for photoallergenicity......Page 198 10.6 In vitro assays for phototoxicity using human 3-D skin models......Page 201 References......Page 205 11.2 Acute dermal irritation/corrosion......Page 209 11.3 Validation/regulatory status of in vitro assays for skin corrosion......Page 210 11.4 In vitro tests for skin corrosion......Page 212 11.5 Validation/regulatory status of in vitro assays for skin irritation......Page 218 11.6 In vitro tests for skin irritation......Page 219 Summary......Page 221 References......Page 222 12.1 Introduction and scope......Page 225 12.2 Skin surface pH......Page 226 12.3 Biomechanical properties......Page 228 12.7 Desquamation......Page 229 12.8 Applications and measurement of transepidermal water loss......Page 230 12.9 Guidance for TEWL measurements......Page 232 12.10 Hydration measurement......Page 233 12.11 Guidance for hydration measurements......Page 236 12.13 Colour measurement......Page 237 12.14 Measurement of vascular perfusion......Page 239 12.15 A final word of caution......Page 240 References......Page 241 PART IV Clinical Aspects......Page 245 13.1 Introduction and scope......Page 247 13.2 Clinical assessment of patient with skin disease......Page 248 13.3 Cutaneous manifestations of disease following exposure to chemicals and pharmaceutical formulations......Page 258 13.4 Overview of standard treatments......Page 265 Summary......Page 267 14.1 Introduction and scope......Page 269 14.3 Phototoxicity (photoirritancy) reactions......Page 271 14.4 Photosensitive reactions......Page 275 References......Page 280 15.1 Introduction and scope......Page 283 15.2 Dermatitis......Page 284 15.3 Development of occupational dermatitis......Page 287 15.4 Patterns of occupational dermatitis......Page 288 15.6 Effects of dermatitis on work......Page 289 15.8 Identification of occupational dermatitis......Page 290 15.9 Other occupational skin disorders......Page 291 15.10 Investigation of a case of dermatitis at work......Page 294 References......Page 300 16.1 Prevention of occupational skin disease......Page 303 16.2 Defining the problem......Page 304 16.3 Material safety data sheets......Page 306 16.4 Chain of responsibility......Page 307 16.5 Managing dermal exposure......Page 308 16.6 Selection and use of personal protective equipment......Page 313 References......Page 318 PART V Regulatory......Page 321 17.1 Introduction and scope......Page 323 17.2 Brief overview of current United Kingdom legislation......Page 324 17.3 The employer’s perspective......Page 327 17.4 Hazard identification......Page 328 17.5 Risk assessment......Page 330 17.6 Gloves: a note of caution......Page 333 References......Page 334 18.1 Introduction and scope......Page 335 18.2 Overview and scope of Cosmetics Directive 76/768/EC......Page 336 18.3 Overview of the requirements of the EU Cosmetics Directive......Page 339 18.4 Scientific advice......Page 340 18.5 Influence of other legislation......Page 341 18.6 Adverse effects from cosmetics......Page 342 18.7 Toxicity of cosmetic ingredients......Page 344 18.8 The safety assessment......Page 350 18.9 A final consideration......Page 352 References......Page 353 Appendix 18.1 Additional obligations for cosmetic suppliers......Page 354 19.1 Introduction......Page 357 19.2 Regulatory context......Page 358 19.3 Product groups and the human context......Page 359 19.4 Dermal toxicology with the different product groups......Page 360 19.5 Factors in dermal toxicity......Page 362 19.6 Repeat dose dermal toxicology......Page 363 19.7 Classic short-term dermal toxicity studies......Page 365 19.8 Pragmatic considerations......Page 368 References......Page 369 20 Glossary of main terms and abbreviations......Page 371 Index......Page 382 Colour Plates......Page 395

Written by experts in the field, Principles and Practice of Skin Toxicology provides a “bottom up” approach to studying skin toxicology. It provides a clear outline of basic concepts, citing both historical and modern references, and contains a glossary of key terms for quick and easy reference. 

Arranged in a user friendly and logical sequence, the book covers the five main areas of dermatotoxicology:

• Principles of skin absorption. Explains the factors influencing dermal absorption and associated methods of measurement.

• Methods for assessing skin toxicity. An overview of both in vivo and in vitro approaches to testing, with particular emphasis on the validation and use of alternative test strategies.

• Clinical and occupational skin toxicity. A basic introduction to dermatology and related applications central to understanding dermal exposure to chemicals.

• Regulatory aspects.  An overview of national and international legislation governing the safe marketing of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and industrial chemicals.

This book will be especially useful to scientists who are new to the area of dermal toxicology, as well as practitioners of toxicology, clinical researchers, and researchers in industry and academia.

Doody Review Services

Reviewer:Patricia Wong, MD(Stanford University Medical Center)
Description:This book will be useful for those who are interested in creating effective skin products and topical medications. The basic principles of cutaneous diffusion, absorption, oxidation, metabolism, and cellular entry are nicely covered. Factors which can enhance or decrease these parameters are discussed in detail. The methodology and instrumentation for studying these changes is explained, as are assays to quantify effects.
Purpose:The purpose is to aid researchers and those in the cosmeceutical industry in designing effective topical agents to achieve various goals: prevention of mitochondrial DNA damage, reduction of reactive oxygen species, increase hydration, provide barrier protection, and minimize phototoxicity in the skin.
Audience:The audience is scientists whose research focuses on the study and design of medications and products applied to skin.
Features:The authors discuss the cellular biology background first and then the applications of such knowledge in choosing appropriate delivery vehicles, pH, and chemicals to achieve specific therapeutic goals. How to measure water permeability, transepidermal electrical resistance, and partitioning of the product into the stratum corneum and dermal layer are extensively covered. The appendix has a list of the many abbreviations used throughout the book and numerous graphs, equations, and schematic diagrams illustrate what is discussed in the text.
Assessment:Researchers will find this book a handy reference. Those who are contemplating manufacturing their own skin care products should definitely read this book.

Cutaneous anatomy and function / Robert P. Chilcott Biochemistry of the skin / Simon C. Wilkinson Skin photobiology / Mark A Birch-Machin and Simon C. Wilkinson Skin as a route of entry / Simon C. Wilkinson Physicochemical factors affecting skin absorption / Keith R. Brain and Robert P. Chilcott Principles of diffusion and thermodynamics / W. John Pugh and Robert P. Chilcott In vivo measurements of percutaneous absorption / James C. Wakefield and Robert P. Chilcott In vitro percutaneous absorption measurements / Ruth Pendlington Skin immunology and sensitisation / David A. Basketter In vitro phototoxicity assays / Penny Jones In vitro alternatives for irritation and corrosion assessment / Penny Jones Instruments for measuring skin toxicity / Helen Packham Introduction to dermatology / Manjunatha Kalavala & Alexander Anstey Clinical aspects of phototoxicity / Anthony D. Pearse and Alexander Anstey Occupational skin diseases / Jon Spiro Prevention of occupational skin diseases / Chris Packham Occupational skin exposures: legal aspects / Chris Packham Safety assessment of cosmetics: an EU perspective / Jo Larner Regulatory dermatotoxicology and international guidelines / Adam Wooley.

Written by authorities in the field, this book provides a "bottom up" approach to studying skin toxicology. Principles and Practice of Skin Toxicology clearly outlines basic concepts, cites historical and modern references and contains a dictionary for easy reference.The inclusion of global legislation and regulatory aspects on the topic makes this a comprehensive review for every practitioner, clinical researcher in industry and academia, and MSc and PhD student of toxicology.

• Different sections cover skin structure and function, principles and measurement of skin absorption, clinical aspects of dermal toxicityand in vitro alternatives.
• A section on regulatory and legislative aspects includes case studies from the UK that fulfill European Union and US FDA requirements.
• Aglossary provides definitions of technical terms, and the chapters contain an introduction, learning boxesand summary section for ease of use.
• Includes a chapter on drug delivery through the skin.
• Addresses risk assessment: a key area for the interpretation of skin absorption data that is rarely covered.