Principles and applications of spatial hearing : Miyagi-Zao Royal Hotel, Zao, Japan, 11-13 November 2009

Humans possess a remarkable ability to extract rich three-dimensional information about sound environments simply by analyzing the acoustic signals they receive at their two ears. Research in spatial hearing has evolved from a theoretical discipline studying the basic mechanisms of hearing to a technical discipline focused on designing and implementing increasingly sophisticated spatial auditory display systems. This book contains 39 chapters representing the current state-of-the-art in spatial audio research selected from papers presented in Sendai, Japan, at the First International Workshop on the Principles and Applications of Spatial Hearing. CONTENTS......Page 10 Preface......Page 6 Section 1: Exploring New Frontiers in Sound Localization......Page 15 1. Introduction......Page 17 2. Methods......Page 18 2.2. Visibility......Page 19 3. EXAMPLE I: TEST IN STANDARD LISTENING ROOM......Page 20 4. EXAMPLE II: ANECHOIC TEST......Page 22 References......Page 25 A Meta-Analysis of Localization Errors Made in the Anechoic Free Field* V. Best, D. S. Brungart, S. Carlile, C. Jin, E. A. Macpherson, R. L. Martin, K. I. McAnally, A. T. Sabin, and B. D. Simpson......Page 28 2. Data Sets......Page 29 4. Distribution of Target Locations......Page 31 5.1. Distribution of Errors and Response Biases......Page 32 5.2. Hemisphere Reversals......Page 34 5.3. Polar Angle Response Patterns......Page 35 References......Page 37 1. Introduction......Page 38 2. Echo Suppression Buildup......Page 40 3. Speech Intelligibility Improvement......Page 43 4. Loudness......Page 46 References......Page 47 1. Introduction......Page 49 2.2. Apparatus......Page 50 3. Experiment 1......Page 51 4. Experiment 2......Page 52 5. Experiment 3......Page 53 6. Experiment 4......Page 54 7. Discussion and Conclusions......Page 57 References......Page 58 Binaural Interference: The Effects of Listening Environment and Stimulus Timing* D. W. Grantham, N. B. H. Croghan, C. Camalier, and L. R. Bernstein......Page 59 1. Introduction......Page 60 2.1.2. Environment and stimuli......Page 61 2.1.3. Procedure......Page 62 2.2. Results and Discussion......Page 63 2.2.1. Asymmetry of binaural interference......Page 64 2.2.3. Effect of spatial position of the interferer......Page 65 3.1.1. Subjects......Page 66 3.1.4. Conditions......Page 67 3.2. Results and Discussion......Page 68 4. Experiment 3. The Effect of Interstimulus Interval on Binaural Interference......Page 69 4.2. Results and Discussion......Page 70 5. Summary and Conclusions......Page 72 References......Page 73 1. Introduction......Page 75 2.1. Apparatus......Page 76 2.3. Procedure......Page 77 3.1. Localization results......Page 78 3.2. Summary of localization results......Page 79 4.1. Difference between music and noise......Page 80 4.2. Proposal of a new definition of front-back errors......Page 81 4.3. Discrepancy between the previous and present studies......Page 82 5. Summary......Page 83 References......Page 84 1. Introduction......Page 85 2.1. Procedure......Page 86 2.3. Results......Page 87 3.1. Experimental system......Page 88 3.3. Subjects and procedure......Page 89 3.4. Results......Page 90 4. Discussion......Page 91 References......Page 93 The ‘Phantom Walker’ Illusion: Evidence for the Dominance of Dynamic Interaural over Spectral Directional Cues during Walking* W. L. Martens, D. Cabrera, and S. Kim......Page 95 1.1. An Auditory Illusion of Source Motion......Page 96 1.2. Auditory Reversals of Source Location......Page 97 1.3. Early Studies of Auditory Reversals of Source Location......Page 99 1.4. Principles Explaining Auditory Reversals of Source Location......Page 101 2.2. Stimuli and Procedure......Page 105 2.3. Results......Page 106 2.4. Analysis......Page 107 3. Discussion......Page 109 3.1. Related Work on the Role of Head Movement in Sound Localization......Page 111 3.2. Demonstration of the Phantom Walker Illusion......Page 112 4. Conclusion......Page 113 References......Page 115 1.1. Dynamic sound localization cues......Page 117 1.2. Static sound localization cues......Page 119 1.3. Dynamic cue ambiguity and con.icting spectral cues......Page 120 1.4. Aims and methodological issues......Page 122 2.1. Methods......Page 123 2.2. Results......Page 124 3.1. Methods......Page 126 3.2. Results......Page 128 4. Discussion and Conclusions......Page 130 References......Page 132 Development of Virtual Auditory Display Software Responsive to Head Movement and a Consideration of Spatialised Ambient Sound to Improve Realism of Perceived Sound Space* Y. Iwaya, M. Otani, and Y. Suzuki......Page 135 1.1. SifASo on Linux operation system......Page 136 1.2. SifASo on Windows (Microsoft Corp.) operating system......Page 137 2.1.1. Sound stimuli......Page 140 2.1.2. Method......Page 141 2.1.3. Results and discussion......Page 142 2.2.2. Method......Page 143 2.3.2. Procedure......Page 145 2.3.3. Results and discussion......Page 146 References......Page 148 Section 2: Measuring and Modeling the Head-Related Transfer Function......Page 152 1. Introduction......Page 154 2.1. Microphones......Page 155 2.2. Microphones and Headphones......Page 156 2.4. Procedure......Page 157 2.5. HRTF Processing......Page 158 3. Validation Procedure......Page 159 4. Results......Page 160 5. Discussion and Conclusions......Page 161 References......Page 162 1. Introduction......Page 164 2.1. Method......Page 165 2.2. Results......Page 166 2.3. Discussion......Page 168 3.2. Results......Page 169 3.3. Discussion......Page 170 4.2. Results......Page 171 Acknowledgments......Page 172 References......Page 173 1. Introduction......Page 174 2. What are the spectral cues for vertical and front-back localization?......Page 175 2.1. Parametric HRTFs......Page 176 2.2. Method of localization tests......Page 178 2.3. Results of the tests......Page 179 2.5. Conclusions on the cues for vertical and front-back localization......Page 183 3. What is an appropriate physical measure for individual differences of HRTFs?......Page 184 3.1. Notch Frequency Distance (NFD)......Page 185 3.2. Acceptable range of NFD for accurate localization......Page 186 4.1. Minimal parametric HRTF database for the front direction......Page 188 4.3.1. Generation of the individualized parametric HRTFs in the horizontal plane......Page 189 4.3.2. Generation of the individualized parametric HRTFs in the median plane......Page 190 5. Conclusions......Page 191 References......Page 192 1. Introduction......Page 194 2.1. MRI data......Page 196 2.2. FDTD method......Page 197 2.3. HRTF calculation......Page 198 3.1. Comparison of HRTFs between head and pinna models......Page 199 3.2. Pressure distribution patterns on the pinna at peak frequencies......Page 201 3.3.1. Major type: “counter” canceling......Page 203 3.3.3. Comparison of “counter” canceling and “intercept” canceling......Page 205 4. Conclusion......Page 206 References......Page 208 1. Introduction......Page 210 2.1. HRTF measurement......Page 211 2.2. Detection of spectral notches......Page 212 2.3. Spatial distribution of N0......Page 213 3.1. Methods......Page 214 4. Conclusion......Page 216 References......Page 219 1. Introduction......Page 220 2. Head Geometry Data and Acoustic Simulation Methods......Page 221 3. Verification of Simulated HRTFs with Measurements......Page 222 4. Head and Pinna Shape Modifications......Page 226 5. Conclusions......Page 228 References......Page 229 1. Introduction......Page 231 2.1. Outline of the proposed method......Page 232 2.2. Theoretical discussion on validity of the proposed method......Page 233 Order of AR coefficients (NAR)......Page 234 3.1. Used set of HRIRs......Page 235 3.2.1. Effect of N......Page 236 3.2.3. Some comments on subjective evaluation......Page 238 4. Concluding remarks......Page 239 References......Page 240 1. Introduction......Page 241 2. Spatio-temporal frequency analysis......Page 242 2.1. Analysis of impulse responses with spherical-head model......Page 243 2.2. Analysis of measured HRTFs......Page 245 3.2. Pinnae......Page 247 4. Conclusions......Page 248 References......Page 250 1. Introduction......Page 251 2.2. Method of simplifying HRTFs......Page 252 3.2. Conditions......Page 253 4.1. Results of localization tests......Page 255 4.3. Analysis of variance for front–back confusion......Page 257 5. Discussion......Page 259 References......Page 260 1. Virtual Auditory Display Based on HRTFs......Page 261 1.1.1. Modeling and customization of HRTFs......Page 262 1.1.2. HRTF modeling based on a spheroidal head model......Page 267 2.1.1. Robot artificial ear......Page 268 2.1.2. Sound source localization using spatially mapped generalized cross correlation (GCC) function......Page 270 2.1.3. Implementation to an actual platform......Page 271 References......Page 273 Section 3: Capturing and Controlling the Spatial Sound Field......Page 276 1. Introduction......Page 278 2.1. Method......Page 279 2.2. Results......Page 280 3.2. Results......Page 281 3.2.3. Localization error......Page 282 4. Discussion......Page 289 References......Page 290 Selective Listening Point Audio based on Blind Signal Separation and 3D Audio Effect* T. Nishino, M. Ogasawara, K. Niwa, and K. Takeda......Page 292 1. Introduction......Page 293 2. Selective listening point audio......Page 294 3.1. Linear and boundary microphone arrays......Page 295 3.2.1. Solving permutation problem using dodecahedral microphone array......Page 296 4.1.1. Experimental conditions......Page 298 4.1.2. Results......Page 299 4.2.1. Experimental conditions......Page 301 4.2.2. Results......Page 302 6. Demonstration software......Page 303 7. Conclusions......Page 304 References......Page 305 1. Introduction......Page 307 2. Crosstalk Cancellation......Page 308 3. Changes in the Interaural Time Delay......Page 310 4. Measurements......Page 312 4.1. Results......Page 313 5. Conclusions......Page 314 Appendix A. Absolute Sweet Spot......Page 316 References......Page 317 1. Introduction......Page 318 2. Binaural sound field rendering......Page 322 3. Listening Test......Page 323 4. Results......Page 326 5. Discussion and Conclusions......Page 327 References......Page 328 Effects of Microphone Arrangements on the Accuracy of a Spherical Microphone Array (SENZI) in Acquiring High-Definition 3D Sound Space Information J. Kodama, S. Sakamoto, S. Hongo, T. Okamoto, Y. Iwaya, and Y. Suzuki......Page 329 1. Introduction......Page 330 2.2. Calculation method of HRTFs for individual listeners......Page 331 3.1. Experimental method......Page 332 3.2. Results and discussion......Page 333 Acknowledgements......Page 336 References......Page 338 1. Introduction......Page 339 2.1. Division into frequency bands......Page 340 2.2. Directional analysis......Page 341 2.4. DirAC synthesis with loudspeakers......Page 343 3. DirAC Applications......Page 345 4. Subjective evaluation......Page 347 5. Summary......Page 349 References......Page 350 1. Introduction......Page 352 2. 3D Audio Reproduction......Page 353 2.1. Signal Processing Pipeline......Page 354 3.1. Fast HRTF Measurement......Page 355 3.2. HRTF Approximation Using Anthropometric Measurements......Page 357 3.3. HRTF Analysis and Feature Extraction......Page 360 3.4. Numerical HRTF Computation......Page 362 4. Auditory Scene Capture and Reproduction......Page 365 5. Sample Application: Audio Camera......Page 367 References......Page 369 1. Introduction......Page 372 2. Wave Field Decomposition using Spherical Harmonics......Page 373 2.1. Holographic extrapolation of radiation patterns......Page 374 3. Discrete Spherical Harmonic Transform, Interpolation, and Approximation......Page 375 3.1. Spatial aliasing of low-order radiators: the acoustic centering problem......Page 377 3.2. Angular interpolation of far-.eld radiation patterns......Page 379 4.1. Measurement setup......Page 380 4.2. Measurement results......Page 382 5.2. Wave field synthesis......Page 383 6. Perception of Directivity Rendering......Page 384 References......Page 385 1. Introduction......Page 388 3. Real-time room auralization system using the surrounding loudspeaker array......Page 390 3.1. Spatial audio rendering......Page 392 3.3. Ambisonic decoding over surround loudspeaker array......Page 393 4. Latency performance evaluation......Page 394 4.2. Audio streaming synchronicity using a signal splitter......Page 395 5. Conclusions......Page 396 References......Page 397 1. Introduction......Page 398 2.1. Hardware......Page 399 2.2.1. Detection of transients......Page 401 2.2.2. Extraction and application of the BRIRs......Page 402 3. Real-time implementation......Page 403 4. Discussion......Page 404 Acknowledgements......Page 405 References......Page 406 1. Introduction......Page 408 2.1. Kirchhoff-Helmholtz Integral Equation (Ideal Case)......Page 410 2.2. Pressure Field Representation in Discrete Case......Page 412 2.3. Energy Density Control: Brightness and Contrast Control [1]......Page 413 3.1. The Sound ball with Acoustic Contrast Control......Page 416 3.3. Implementation of the Sound Ball......Page 417 3.4. Comparison with Computer-Simulation Results......Page 418 4. Summary......Page 419 Appendix......Page 420 References......Page 421 1. Introduction......Page 422 2. Construction of the surrounding microphone array system......Page 423 3.1. Directivity model of a sound source in a room......Page 424 3.3. Estimation of a sound source signal......Page 425 3.4.1. Method of estimation of the directivity component from impulse response......Page 426 3.4.2. Simulation......Page 428 Acknowledgements......Page 430 References......Page 431 Section 4: Applying Virtual Sound Techniques in the Real World......Page 432 1. Introduction......Page 434 2. Hearing assistance system based on FDBM......Page 435 2.2. Sub-block for estimating sound source directions based on interaural phase and level di.erences......Page 436 2.3. Howling Canceller Sub-block......Page 437 2.4. Segregation Filter Sub-block......Page 438 3.1. Howling canceller......Page 439 3.2. Simulation I......Page 440 3.3. Simulation II......Page 441 3.4. Quality of the enhanced speech signal......Page 443 Coherence......Page 445 PESQ......Page 446 4. Conclusions......Page 449 References......Page 450 A Spatial Auditory Display for Telematic Music Performances* J. Braasch, N. Peters, P. Oliveros, D. Van Nort, and C. Chafe......Page 451 1. Introduction......Page 452 2.1. Basic Concept......Page 454 2.2. ORTF-technique implementation......Page 458 2.3. Software Implementation......Page 460 3. Sound Source Tracking System......Page 462 4. Integrated system......Page 463 References......Page 465 Auditory Orientation Training System Developed for Blind People Using PC-Based Wide-Range 3-D Sound Technology Y. Seki, Y. Iwaya, T. Chiba, S. Yairi, M. Otani, M. Oh-uchi, T. Munekata, K. Mitobe, and A. Honda......Page 467 1. Introduction......Page 468 2.2. Auditory Orientation Training System ver. 1.0 (AOTS 1.0) [3]......Page 469 3. Wide-Range Auditory Orientation Training System (WR-AOTS)......Page 473 4. Summary......Page 475 References......Page 476 1. Introduction......Page 478 2. Helical Keyboard......Page 479 3. Previous Spatial Audio Display Solutions......Page 481 4. Implementation......Page 483 5. Discussion and FutureWork......Page 485 References......Page 486 1. Introduction......Page 488 2. Sonification Techniques......Page 489 2.2. Scaling of the Magnitude Spectrum......Page 490 2.3. Scaling of Frequency......Page 491 2.4. Scaling of Time......Page 493 3. Combining Techniques......Page 494 Appendix......Page 496 References......Page 498 1. Introduction......Page 499 2. Individualization of HRTFs......Page 501 3.1. Purpose and Method......Page 502 3.3. Results and discussion......Page 503 4.1. Purpose, method, and procedure......Page 505 4.2. Results and discussion......Page 506 5. Conclusion......Page 507 References......Page 508 1. Introduction......Page 509 2.1. Introduction......Page 510 2.2. C - coupler......Page 511 2.4. Noise source exposure......Page 512 2.5. Experimental procedures......Page 513 3.2. Results: Objective assessment of ANC earphones......Page 514 3.3. Results: Subjective assessment of ANC earphones......Page 515 4. Experiments 2: Relation between spatial information of noise source and ANC performance......Page 516 5. Discussion......Page 517 References......Page 518 Section 1. Exploring new frontiers in sound localization. Localization capacity of human listeners / D. Hammershoi. A meta-analysis of localization errors made in the anechoic free field / V. Best [und weitere]. Auditory perception in reverberant sound fields and effects of prior listening exposure / P. Zahorik, E. Brandewie, and V.P. Sivonen. The impact of masker fringe and masker spatial uncertainty on sound localization / B.D. Simpson [und weitere]. Binaural interference : The effects of listening environment and stimulus timing / D.W. Grantham [und weitere]. Effects of timbre on learning to remediate sound localization in the horizontal plane / D. Yamagishi and K. Ozawa. Effect of subjects' hearing threshold on signal bandwidth necessary for horizontal sound localization / D. Morikawa and T. Hirahara. The 'phantom walker' illusion : Evidence for the dominance of dynamic interaural over spectral directional cues during walking / W.L. Martens, D. Cabrera, and S. Kim. Head motion, spectral cues, and Wallach's 'principle of least displacement' in sound localization / E.A. Macpherson. Development of virtual auditory display software responsive to head movement and a consideration of spatialised ambient sound to improve realism of perceived sound space / Y. Iwaya, M. Otani, and Y. Suzuki -- Section 2. Rapid collection of head related transfer functions and comparison to free-field listening / D.S. Brungart, G. Romigh, and B.D. Simpson. Effects of head movement in head-related transfer function measurement / T. Hirahara, D. Morikawa, and M. Otani. Individualization of the head-related transfer functions on the basis of the spectral cues for sound localization / K. Iida and Y. Ishii. Pressure distribution patterns on the pinna at spectral peak and notch frequencies of head-related transfer functions in the median plane / H. Takemoto [und weitere]. Spatial distribution of low-frequency head-related transfer function spectral notch and its effect on sound localization / M. Otani [und weitere]. Computer simulation of KEMAR's head-related transfer functions : verification with measurements and acoustic effects of modifying head shape and pinna concavity / P. Mokhtari [und weitere]. Estimation of whole waveform of head-related impulse responses based on auto regressive model for their aquisition without anechoic environment / S. Takane. Analysis of measured head-related transfer functions based on spatio-temporal freqency characteristics / Y. Morimoto, T. Nishino, and K. Takeda. Influence on localization of simplifying the spectral form of head-related transfer functions on the contralateral side / K. Watanabe [und weitere] Humans possess a remarkable ability to extract rich three-dimensional information about sound environments simply by analyzing the acoustic signals they receive at their two ears. Research in spatial hearing has evolved from a theoretical discipline studying the basic mechanisms of hearing to a technical discipline focused on designing and implementing increasingly sophisticated spatial auditory display systems. This book contains over 30 chapters representing the current state-of-the-art in spatial audio research selected from papers presented in Sendai, Japan, at the First International Work