Primer of Diagnostic Imaging: Expert Consult - Online and Print (Expert Consult Title: Online + Print)

Cover Primer of Diagnostic Imaging, 5e Title Page Copyright 9780323065382 Dedication Preface Preface to the First Edition Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the Third Edition Preface to the Fourth Edition Reviewers Abbreviations 1. Chest Imaging Imaging Anatomy Gross Lung Anatomy Segmental anatomy ( Figs. 1-1 & 1-2) Right Lung Left Lung Segmental CT anatomy ( Fig. 1-3) Bronchial CT anatomy ( Fig. 1-4) Plain film anatomic landmarks ( Figs. 1-5 through 1-9) Lines Paratracheal Stripe Fissures Upper Lobe Bronchi ( Figs. 1-10 & 1-11) Parenchymal Anatomy Acinus Secondary pulmonary lobule Epithelium High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) ( Fig. 1-12) Technique HRCT Anatomy Pulmonary Function ( Fig. 1-13) Lung volumes, capacities & flow rates Mediastinum ( Fig. 1-14) Imaging Protocols Standard chest CT protocol Pulmonary embolism CT protocol Diagnostic radiology report (ACR) Infection General Pathogens Acquisition of pneumonia Risk factors Radiographic spectrum of pulmonary infections Complications of Pneumonia Resolution of pneumonia Bacterial Infections General Common Pathogens Clinical Findings Streptococcal pneumonia Radiographic Features Staphylococcal pneumonia ( Fig. 1-15) Radiographic Features Pseudomonas pneumonia Typical Clinical Setting Radiographic Features Legionnaires' disease Radiographic Features Haemophilus pneumonia Radiographic Features Mycoplasma pneumonia Radiographic Features Complications Klebsiella (friedländer) pneumonia Radiographic Features Tuberculosis (TB) ( Fig. 1-16) Primary Infection ( Fig. 1-17) Secondary Infection ( Fig. 1-18) Radiographic Features Complications ( Fig. 1-19) Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTMB) infections Radiographic Features Nocardia pneumonia Radiographic Features Actinomycosis Radiographic Features Pulmonary abscess Predisposing Conditions Treatment Sickle cell anemia Viral Pneumonia General Classification Occurrence Spectrum of Disease Influenza pneumonia Radiographic Features Varicella zoster pneumonia Radiographic Features CMV pneumonia Radiographic Features Swine-origin influenza a (H1N1) virus (S-OIV) infection Fungal Infections General Radiographic Features Histoplasmosis ( Fig. 1-20) Clinical Findings Radiographic Features Mediastinal Histoplasmosis Coccidioidomycosis ( Fig. 1-21) Clinical Findings Radiographic Features North american blastomycosis ( Fig. 1-22) Aspergillosis ( Fig. 1-23) Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) Clinical Findings Radiographic Features Aspergilloma (mycetoma, fungus ball) Radiographic Features Invasive aspergillosis Radiographic Features ( Fig. 1-25) Semi-invasive aspergillosis Radiographic Features Cryptococcosis Clinical Findings Radiographic Features Candidiasis Clinical Findings Radiographic Features Zygomycoses Radiographic Features Aids General Epidemiology Clinical findings Opportunistic Infections Chest General Spectrum of chest manifestations ( Fig. 1-27) PCP infection ( Figs. 1-28 through 1-30) Radiographic Features Mycobacterial infection Radiographic Features Fungal infections Kaposi sarcoma ( Fig. 1-31) AIDS-related lymphoma Neoplasm General Location Classification of pulmonary neoplasm Percutaneovus biopsy Technique Complications Bronchogenic Carcinoma Classification Risk factors for bronchogenic carcinoma Radiographic spectrum Primary Signs of Malignancy ( Fig. 1-32) Secondary Signs of Malignancy ( Fig. 1-33) Paraneoplastic syndromes of lung cancer Radiation pneumonitis Radiographic Features Tumor Staging ( Fig. 1-34) TNM staging system, 7th edition (non–small cell lung cancer) Unresectable Stages 5-Year Survival Small cell cancer staging Lymph node imaging Anatomy ( Fig. 1-35) American Thoracic Society Classification ( Fig. 1-36) CT Criterion for Abnormal Nodes Chest wall invasion Radiographic Features ( Fig. 1-37) Mediastinal invasion Radiographic Features Malignant pleural effusion Pathogenesis of Malignant Effusions Central bronchial involvement Metastases to other organs Specific Lung Tumors Adenocarcinoma Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) Pancoast tumor (superior sulcus tumor) Clinical Findings Radiographic Features ( Fig. 1-38) Small cell carcinoma (neuroendocrine tumor, type 3) Large cell carcinoma Carcinoid (neuroendocrine tumor, types 1 & 2) Types Radiographic Features Hamartoma ( Fig. 1-39) Radiographic Features Carney triad Predominant in Young Women Tracheobronchial papillomatosis Radiographic Features Pulmonary blastoma Predominant in Males, Poor Prognosis Radiographic Features Lung Metastases from Other Primary Lesions General Radiographic Features Calcified metastases Giant metastases (“cannon ball” metastases) in asymptomatic patient Sterile metastases Chronic Lung Disease Idiopathic Diseases Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) Clinical Findings Pathology Radiographic Features ( Figs. 1-40 & 1-41) Sarcoid Clinical Findings Prognosis Associations Diagnosis Radiographic Features ( Figs. 1-42 & 1-43) CT Features 67 Ga Scintigraphic Findings Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) Pathology HRCT Features Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial pneumonia (RB-ILD) Pathology HRCT Features Desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP) Pathology HRCT Features Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) Pathology HRCT Features Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP) Pathology HRCT Features Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) Pathology HRCT Features Types Lymphoproliferative Disorders Plasma cell granuloma Radiographic Features ( Fig. 1-44) Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) Clinical Findings Radiographic Features Tuberous sclerosis Pearls Collagen Vascular Diseases Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Radiographic Features Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Other collagen vascular diseases with pulmonary manifestations Vasculitis & Granulomatoses Clinicoradiologic features suggestive of vasculitis Wegener granulomatosis Radiographic Features ( Fig. 1-46) Lymphomatoid granulomatosis Churg-strauss—allergic angiitis & granulomatosis Radiographic Features Behçet disease Radiographic Features Other Chronic Disorders Langerhans cell histiocytosis (eosinophilic granuloma) Idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage (IPH) Radiographic Features Amyloid Classification Radiographic Features Neurofibromatosis Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis Radiographic Features Alveolar proteinosis Radiographic Features Drug-induced lung disease Inhalational Lung Disease Pneumoconiosis Types International labor organization (ILO) classification ( Fig. 1-47) Silicosis Pathology Clinical Findings ( Fig. 1-48) Radiographic Features Coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) Radiographic Features Asbestos Asbestos-related pleural disease Focal Pleural Plaques Diffuse Pleural Thickening Pleural Calcifications Benign Pleural Effusions Round Atelectasis Radiographic Features ( Fig. 1-49) Asbestosis Radiographic Features Malignancy in asbestos-related disease Antigen-Antibody–Mediated Lung Disease Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (extrinsic allergic alveolitis) Radiographic Features Chronic beryllium disease Radiographic Features Pulmonary infiltratEs with eosinophilia (PIE) Types Goodpasture syndrome Radiographic Features Toxin-Induced Interstitial Pneumonitis/Fibrosis Drug-induced pulmonary toxicity Silo filler disease Airway Disease Trachea Malignant tracheal neoplasm Types Benign neoplasm Types Saber-sheath trachea Tracheopathia osteoplastica (TPO) Clinical Findings Radiographic Features Relapsing polychondritis Diagnostic Criteria (>3 needed) Radiographic Features Tracheobronchomalacia Radiographic Features Tracheobronchomegaly (mounier-kühn disease) Congenital bronchial atresia Chronic Bronchial Disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Clinical Syndromes Radiographic Features Emphysema Clinical Findings Radiographic Features ( Fig. 1-50) Asthma Types Radiographic Features Complications Bronchiectasis Types Radiographic Features Pearls Cystic fibrosis Pathophysiology Radiographic Features Complications Bronchiolitis obliterans Etiology of Adult Bronchiolitis CT Features Lung Injury Trauma Pearls Pneumothorax ( Fig. 1-52) Radiographic Features ( Figs. 1-53 & 1-54) Tension pneumothorax ( Fig. 1-55) Radiographic Features Percutaneous chest tube placement for pneumothorax Indication Technique for Heimlich Valve Placement (for Biopsy-Induced Pneumothorax) Technique for Chest Tube Placement (Any Pneumothorax) Contusion Radiographic Features Lung laceration ( Fig. 1-56) Fat embolism Radiographic Features Tracheobronchial tear Diaphragmatic tear Radiographic Features ( Fig. 1-57) Esophageal tear Other injuries Postoperative Chest Complications of surgical procedures Mediastinoscopy Bronchoscopy Wedge Resection Median Sternotomy Complications Chest Tube Placement Pneumonectomy ( Fig. 1-58) Radiographic Features Lobectomy (Sub)segmental Resection Postpneumonectomy syndrome Radiographic Features ( Fig. 1-59) Bronchopleural fistula (BPF) Radiographic Features Torsion Lobar Torsion Cardiac Herniation Radiographic Features ( Fig. 1-60) Lung transplantation Radiographic Features Pulmonary Vasculature Pulmonary Artery Hypertension General Causes of PAH Classification Radiographic Features Causes of Pulmonary Edema Pulmonary Edema Grading of cardiogenic pulmonary edema ( Figs. 1-61 through 1-63) Asymmetrical pulmonary edema Types Risk Factors Clinical Findings Radiographic Features Imaging Algorithm Plain Film CT Findings in PE Scintigraphy Angiography Pulmonary Embolism Vasculitis Venous Abnormalities Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation (AVM) Types Radiographic Features Complications Pulmonary varices Radiographic Features Aortic Nipple Pulmonary venoocclusive disease (PVOD) Radiographic Features Pleura General Normal pleural anatomy Diagnostic thoracentesis Indication Technique Therapeutic thoracentesis Indication Technique Expansion Pulmonary Edema Vacuthorax Pneumothorax management Indication for Intervention Technique Persistent Pneumothorax in Patient with Chest Catheter Empyema drainage Indication Technique Complications Fluid Collections Pleural effusions Causes Radiographic Features ( Fig. 1-64) Empyema Causes Radiographic Features Chylothorax Causes Pleural Tumors Fibrous tumor of the pleura Clinical Findings Types Radiographic Features Malignant mesothelioma Radiographic Features ( Figs. 1-65 & 1-66) Other Diaphragmatic paralysis Clinical Findings ( Fig. 1-67) Causes Radiographic Features Mediastinum General Approach to mediastinal masses Normal variants causing a wide mediastinum Anterior Mediastinal Tumors Thymoma Pathology Radiographic Features ( Fig. 1-68) Thymolipoma Associations Radiographic Features Benign thymic hyperplasia Causes Radiographic Features Thyroid masses Radiographic Features Germ cell tumors Teratoma ( Fig. 1-69) Seminoma Embryonal Cell Carcinoma Hodgkin lymphoma Radiographic Features ( Fig. 1-70) Pearls Non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) Radiographic Features Middle Mediastinal Tumors Bronchopulmonary foregut malformations ( Fig. 1-71) Radiographic Features ( Fig. 1-72) Castleman disease (giant benign lymph node hyperplasia) Radiographic Features Fibrosing mediastinitis Posterior Mediastinal Tumors Neural tumors Radiographic Features ( Fig. 1-73) Extramedullary hematopoiesis Other Mediastinal Disorders Pneumomediastinum Radiographic Features Differential Diagnosis General Approach to CXR ( Fig. 1-74) Approach to ICU films Directed search in apparently normal chest films Generic approaches to film interpretation The “4 Ds” Lesion Description Universal differential diagnosis Atelectasis Lobar, segmental atelectasis ( Fig. 1-75) Signs of lobar atelectasis RUL Collapse ( Figs. 1-76 through 1-78) RML Collapse RLL Collapse LUL Collapse ( Fig. 1-79) LLL Collapse CT Findings of Lobar Collapse ( Figs. 1-80 & 1-81) Types of peripheral atelectasis Consolidation Causes of consolidation Fluid in Acini Inflammatory Exudate in Acini Tumor in Acini Pulmonary renal syndromes Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Radiographic Features Causes Chronic airspace disease Pulmonary Masses Approach to solitary pulmonary nodule ( Fig. 1-84) CT Workup Pearls Hidden zones ( Fig. 1-85) Solitary nodule Multiple nodules Causes Miliary pattern ( Fig. 1-86) Causes Calcified lung nodules Large (>6 CM) thoracic mass Upper lung zone opacities with calcified adenopathy Infection that can cause chest wall invasion Infection with lymphadenopathy Cystic & Cavitary Lesions ( Fig. 1-87) Approach Cysts ( Figs. 1-88 & 1-89) Cavity Air crescent sign in cavity Small cystic disease ( Fig. 1-90) Interstitial Lung Disease Radiographic patterns of interstitial disease Types of Densities Kerley Lines (Linear Densities) ( Fig. 1-91) Approach Generic Approach Crazy-paving appearance on HRCT Pulmonary hemorrhage Halo pattern of ground-glass opacity Peripheral ground-glass opacity & consolidation Honeycombing pattern on HRCT Diseases spreading along bronchovascular bundle Tree-in-bud appearance Abnormal Density Hyperlucent lung Causes Small lung ( Fig. 1-92) Tracheobronchial Lesions Endobronchial lesions Causes Diffuse tracheal luminal abnormalities Bronchiectasis Upper lobe bronchiectasis ( Fig. 1-93) Mucoid (bronchial) impaction Causes Pleural Disease Pleural-based mass ( Fig. 1-94) Calcified pleural plaques Elevated hemidiaphragm ( Fig. 1-95) Mediastinum ( Fig. 1-96) Anterior mediastinal masses Cystic Anterior Mediastinal Mass Superior mediastinal mass Middle mediastinal mass Adenopathy Posterior mediastinal mass ( Fig. 1-97) Cardiophrenic angle mass Fatty mediastinal lesions High-density mediastinal lesions (noncontrast CT) Densely enhancing mediastinal mass Retrocrural adenopathy Prominent hila ( Fig. 1-98) Eggshell calcification in hilar nodes Pneumomediastinum Suggested Readings 2. Cardiac Imaging Cardiac Imaging Techniques Plain Film Interpretation Normal plain film anatomy Posteroanterior (PA) View Lateral View Oblique Views Radiographic approach to intensive care unit (ICU) films Pearls Endotracheal tube (ET) Nasogastric tube Complications Swan-ganz catheter Types Complications Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) Complications Epicardial pacing wire Automatic intracardiac defibrillation device Types of AICDs Central venous lines Pacemaker Complications Chest tubes Complications Prosthetic cardiac valves Tissue Valves Mechanical Valves Angiography Cardiac angiography Technique for Left Ventriculography Evaluation Ejection Fraction Wall Motion Abnormalities Coronary angiography Contrast Medium Complications Interpretation Coronary angiogram Projections Dominance Pitfalls Veins Magnetic Resonance Imaging MR coronary angiography Computed Tomography CT angiography of coronary arteries Technique Optimization of Image Quality Coronary CT angiography Coronary calcium scoring Radiation exposure Ultrasound M-mode ultrasound Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Two-Dimensional Cardiac Ultrasound Long-Axis View Short-Axis View Apical View Apical four-chamber view Apical Two-Chamber View (RAO View of the LV) ( Fig. 2-18) Suprasternal Notch View Doppler Color doppler Congenital Heart Disease General Incidence Approach Pulmonary Vascularity Chamber Enlargement Situs Algorithm Classification Acyanotic CHD with Increased Pulmonary Vascularity Acyanotic CHD with Normal Pulmonary Vascularity Cyanotic CHD with Decreased Pulmonary Vascularity Cyanotic CHD with Increased Pulmonary Vascularity (Admixture Lesions) CHD with PVH/CHF Use of imaging modalities for evaluation of CHD Chest Film Ultrasound Angiography Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Acyanotic CHD with Increased Pulmonary Vascularity Ventricular septal defect (VSD) Types Clinical Findings Hemodynamics Radiographic Features Treatment Atrial septal defect (ASD) Types Associations Clinical Findings Hemodynamics Radiographic Features Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) Clinical Findings Hemodynamics Radiographic Features Treatment Endocardial cushion defect (ECD) Types Clinical Findings Embryology Hemodynamics Radiographic Features Treatment Aortopulmonary window Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC) Associations Radiographic Features Acyanotic CHD with Normal Pulmonary Vascularity Valvular pulmonary stenosis (PS) Clinical Findings Types Hemodynamics Radiographic Features Treatment Congenital peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis Causes Types Radiographic Features Congenital aortic stenosis Clinical Findings Types Radiographic Features Coarctation of aorta Types Associations Clinical Findings Hemodynamics Radiographic Features Treatment Cyanotic CHD with Decreased Pulmonary Vascularity Tetralogy of fallot Clinical Findings Associations Hemodynamics Radiographic Features Treatment Tetralogy variants Pink Tetralogy Pentalogy of Fallot Trilogy of Fallot Ebstein anomaly Associations Clinical Findings Hemodynamics Radiographic Features Treatment Tricuspid atresia Associations Hemodynamics Radiographic Features Treatment Cyanotic CHD with Increased Pulmonary Vascularity Transposition of great arteries (TGA) Types Complete transposition of great arteries (D-TGA) Hemodynamics Radiographic Features Treatment Taussig-bing complex (DORV II) Corrected transposition of great arteries (L-TGA) Associations Radiographic Features Truncus arteriosus Associations Types Hemodynamics Radiographic Features Treatment Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) Types Associations Clinical Findings Hemodynamics Unobstructed Pulmonary Vein Obstructed pulmonary vein Obstruction Has Three Consequences: Radiographic Features Treatment Single ventricle Association Radiographic Features Double-outlet right ventricle (DORV) Aorta Pseudocoarctation Associations Radiographic Features Interruption of aortic arch Types Associations Radiographic Features Aortic arch anomalies Normal Development Pearls Left aortic arch with aberrant right subclavian artery Radiographic Features Associations Right aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery Radiographic Features Associations Right aortic arch with mirror image branching Radiographic Features Associations Right arch with isolated left subclavian artery Radiographic Features Associations Double aortic arch Radiographic Features Pulmonary Artery Pulmonary sling Vascular rings & slings Types Situs Anomalies General Abdominal Situs Thoracic Situs Cardiosplenic Syndromes Other Hypoplastic left heart (shone syndrome) Clinical Findings Treatment Cor triatriatum Radiographic Features Persistent fetal circulation Causes of Neonatal Pulmonary Hypertension Azygos continuation of the IVC Radiographic Features Down syndrome Marfan syndrome Turner syndrome Surgical procedures for congenital heart disease Acquired Heart Disease General Cardiomegaly Causes Chamber enlargement LA Enlargement LV Enlargement RV Enlargement RA Enlargement Valvular Heart Disease Mitral stenosis Causes Clinical Findings Hemodynamics Radiographic Features Mitral regurgitation Causes Clinical Findings Hemodynamics Radiographic Features Aortic stenosis Types Clinical Findings Radiographic Features Aortic regurgitation Causes Radiographic Features Myocardium Delayed-enhancement cardiac MRI (DE-CMRI) Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) Complications of AMI Aneurysm Cardiomyopathies Causes Pearls Lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) Myocardial noncompaction Takotsubo cardiomyopathy Coronary Arteries Variants/anomalies of coronary arteries Atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) Risk Factors Treatment Annual Mortality Radiographic Features Kawasaki disease (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome) Clinical Findings Pericardium Normal anatomy Congenital absence of the pericardium Radiographic Features Pericardial cysts Radiographic Features Pericardial effusion Causes Radiographic Features Constrictive pericarditis Causes Radiographic Features Cardiac Masses Differential Diagnosis Congenital Heart Disease Acyanotic heart disease Increased Pulmonary Vascularity (L-R Shunt) Normal Pulmonary Vascularity Cyanotic heart disease Normal or Decreased Pulmonary Vascularity Pearls Pulmonary edema in newborns Massive cardiomegaly in the newborn Boot-shaped heart CHD with normal heart size & normal lungs Skeletal abnormalities & heart disease Inferior rib notching Superior rib notching Differential diagnosis of CHD by age of presentation Aorta Right aortic arch & CHD Associations Acquired Heart Disease Approach Abnormal left heart contour Abnormal right heart contour Small heart Left atrial enlargement Delayed myocardial enhancement (MRI) Cardiac masses T1 bright cardiac lesions Pericardial effusion Pneumopericardium High-cardiac output states Chf Pneumopericardium Coronary aneurysm Pulmonary Artery Pulmonary artery enlargement Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) Classification Pulmonary venous hypertension (PVH) Eisenmenger physiology Suggested Readings 3. Gastrointestinal Imaging Esophagus General Anatomy Normal Esophageal Contour Deformities ( Fig. 3-1) Gastroesophageal Junction (GEJ) Anatomy ( Fig. 3-2) Peristaltic Waves Swallowing Esophageal ultrasound ( Fig. 3-4) Esophageal Disease Schatzki's ring Esophageal webs & rings Associations Hiatal hernia Imaging Features ( Fig. 3-5) Associations Approach Diverticula Lateral Pharyngeal Pouches Zenker's Diverticulum ( Fig. 3-6) Killian-Jamieson Diverticulum ( Fig. 3-7) Epiphrenic Diverticulum Traction Diverticulum Pseudodiverticulosis Associated Findings Imaging Features Esophagitis Types Imaging Features Infectious Esophagitis ( Fig. 3-8) Inflammatory Eosinophilic Esophagitis Barrett's esophagus ( Fig. 3-9) Imaging Features Boerhaave syndrome ( Fig. 3-10) Imaging Features Mallory-weiss tear Imaging Features Achalasia Types Clinical Findings Diagnosis Imaging Features ( Fig. 3-11) Complications Treatment Scleroderma ( Fig. 3-12) Imaging Features Diffuse dysmotility ( Fig. 3-13) Types Imaging Features Chagas disease (american trypanosomiasis) Imaging Features Benign esophageal neoplasm Malignant esophageal neoplasm Types Associations Imaging Features ( Fig. 3-14) Lymphoma Esophageal foreign body Imaging Features Stomach Types of Barium Studies Upper Gastrointestinal Series Single-Contrast Technique ( Fig. 3-15) Double-Contrast Technique Percutaneous Gastrostomy Indications Technique Contraindications Normal Appearance Mucosal Relief Types of Gastric Lesions Mucosal versus Extramucosal Location of Mass ( Fig. 3-17) Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) Detection Imaging Features ( Fig. 3-18) Gastritis (95% of all ulcers) Symptoms mimic PUD Imaging Features Treatment Malignant Ulcers (5% of All Ulcers) Complications of Gastric Ulcer ( Fig. 3-19) Pearls Imaging Features Clinical Findings Imaging Features Clinical Findings Causes Imaging Features Risk Factors Location Staging Imaging Features ( Fig. 3-20) Imaging Features Imaging Features Hematogenous Spread to Stomach (Target Lesions) Imaging Features Ménétrier Disease (Giant Hypertrophic Gastritis) Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis Gastroduodenal Crohn Disease Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome Gastric Polyps Gastric Carcinoma Gastric Lymphoma Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) Metastases Carney's Triad (Rare) Benign Tumors Gastric Volvulus Gastric Varices Benign Gastric Emphysema Duodenum & Small Bowel Duodenum Normal appearance Mucosal Relief Papilla ( Fig. 3-23) Duodenal ulcer ( Fig. 3-24) Predisposing Factors Imaging Features Duodenal trauma Location of Intestinal Trauma Types of Injuries Imaging Features Surgical Treatment Benign tumors Types Antral mucosal prolapse Imaging Features Malignant tumors Types Upper GI surgery Complications of Surgery ( Fig. 3-25) Bariatric surgery Gastric bypass ( Fig. 3-27) Complications Adjustable gastric banding Sleeve gastrectomy Jejunum & Ileum Normal appearance Normal Appearance of Small Bowel by SBFT Ct Jejunal & ileal diverticuli Blind loop syndrome Malabsorption Imaging Features Sprue Imaging Features Associated Disorders Complications Mastocytosis Clinical Findings Imaging Features Amyloidosis Imaging Features Intestinal lymphangiectasia Imaging Features Gastrointestinal lymphoma Graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction Imaging Features Scleroderma Imaging Features Whipple disease Clinical Findings Imaging Features Enteric fistulas Types Radiographic Workup Therapy Drug chemotherapy-induced enteritis Infectious Enteritis Cryptosporidiosis Imaging Features Intestinal helminths Ascariasis ( Fig. 3-29) Imaging Features Carcinoid tumors Carcinoid syndrome Imaging Features Complications Radiation enteritis Colon General Barium enema (BE) Patient Preparation Single-Contrast Technique Double-Contrast Technique Contraindications to BE Complications of BE Glucagon CT Colonography (CTC) MR enterography (MRE) Polyps Adenomatous polyps Clinical Findings Location ( Fig. 3-30) Differentiation of Benign & Malignant Polyps Advanced adenoma ( Fig. 3-31) Hyperplastic polyps Imaging Features Postinflammatory polyps (PIPS) Imaging Features Polyposis syndromes Familial Polyposis Gardner Syndrome Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome Juvenile Polyposis Cowden Disease Lhermitte-Duclos Disease Turcot Syndrome Colon Carcinoma General Cancer risk factors Location Imaging Features ( Fig. 3-32) Complications Staging ( Fig. 3-33) TNM Classification Diagnostic Accuracy Imaging Features Colitis Crohn disease (regional enteritis) ( Fig. 3-34) Imaging Features ( Fig. 3-35) Mural & Extramural Changes (CT Findings) Complications ( Fig. 3-36) Ulcerative colitis (UC) ( Figs. 3-37 & 3-38) Associated Findings Imaging Features Complications Perianal fistulas Etiology: Types Imaging Features Treatment BehçEt Disease Intestinal Manifestations Extraintestinal Manifestations Infectious colitis Cytomegalovirus (CMV) colitis Imaging Features Typhlitis (neutropenic colitis) Clinical Findings Imaging Features Pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) Clinical Findings Imaging Features ( Fig. 3-39) Amebiasis ( Fig. 3-40) Imaging Features Intestinal tuberculosis (TB) Types Imaging Features Colitis cystica profunda Rectal lymphogranuloma venereum Other Colonic Diseases Diverticular disease ( Fig. 3-41) Diverticulosis Diverticulitis ( Fig. 3-42) Pearls Giant sigmoid diverticulum Complications Appendix Appendicitis ( Fig. 3-43) Imaging Features ( Figs. 3-44 & 3-45) Mucocele of the appendix Imaging Features Epiploic appendagitis Ischemic bowel disease Imaging Features Volvulus ( Fig. 3-46) Sigmoid Volvulus Imaging Features Cecal Volvulus ( Fig. 3-47) Cecal Bascule Pseudo-obstruction of the large bowel (ogilvie syndrome) Imaging Features Toxic megacolon (TMC) Imaging Features Liver General Liver anatomy ( Fig. 3-48) Hepatic ligaments Ligaments & Spaces ( Fig. 3-49, A - C) US Doppler Waveforms ( Fig. 3-50) Types of Contrast-Enhanced CT Techniques (CECT) Dynamic Bolus CT (Portal Venous Phase Imaging for Hypovascular Lesions) Dynamic Bolus CT (Arterial Phase Imaging for Hypervascular Lesions) Delayed Equilibrium CT Delayed High-Dose CT ( Fig. 3-51) Liver MRI MR elastography Diffuse Liver Disease Hepatitis Causes Imaging Features Cirrhosis Types Causes Imaging Features Complications Fatty liver Causes Imaging Features Focal confluent fibrosis CT Findings Glycogen storage disease Imaging Features Gaucher disease Clinical Findings Imaging Features Hemachromatosis Types Imaging Features Complication Infections Pyogenic abscess Causes Imaging Features Amebic abscess Imaging Features Treatment Echinococcus (hydatid disease) Imaging Features ( Fig. 3-52) Classification of Cysts Complications Percutaneous Drainage Peliosis hepatis Tumors Types of hepatic tumors Hemangioma Imaging Features Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) Imaging Features Adenoma Complications Imaging Features Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) Incidence Risk Factors Imaging Features Fibrolamellar HCC Metastases Sensitivity for Lesion Detection Imaging Features Unsuspected hepatic lesions Angiosarcoma Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma Alcohol ablation of liver tumors Indication Procedure Complications Outcome Radiofrequency ablation of liver tumors Indication Procedure Complications Types ( Fig. 3-53) Complications Trauma Vascular Abnormalities Portal hypertension Causes Imaging Features Arterioportal shunting in liver Types Budd-chiari syndrome (BCS) Clinical Findings Causes Imaging Features Pearls Portal vein thrombosis Causes Imaging Features Pearls Hepatic artery aneurysm Transplant Criteria Complications CT Features (after Transplantation) ERCP Findings (after Transplantation) Passive hepatic congestion Hepatic sarcoidosis (boeck disease) Hellp syndrome Biliary System General Ductal anatomy ( Fig. 3-54) Variations of Intrahepatic Biliary Anatomy Variations of Cystic Duct Insertion ( Fig. 3-55) Variations of Papillary Insertion (Ducts within Papilla = Ampulla) ( Fig. 3-56) US Measurements of CHD ( Fig. 3-57) Gallbladder US Measurements Variants Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) Advantages of MRCP over ERCP Disadvantages of MRCP Technique Pitfalls Biliary Lithiasis Cholelithiasis Types Predisposing Factors US Features Clean versus Dirty Shadows Choledocholithiasis Papillary stenosis Sphincter of Oddi spasm; treat with papillotomy. Causes: Sludge Implications Milk of calcium bile Mirizzi syndrome ( Fig. 3-60) Biliary-enteric fistulas Causes Types Inflammation Acute cholecystitis ( Fig. 3-61) Causes US Features Complications Chronic cholecystitis US Features Acalculous cholecystitis ( Fig. 3-62) Imaging Features Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis Imaging Features AIDS ( Fig. 3-63) Acute cholangitis Causes Imaging Features Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis (oriental cholangiohepatitis) Imaging Features ( Fig. 3-64) Complications Sclerosing cholangitis ( Fig. 3-66) Types Imaging Features Complications Adenomyomatosis US Features Hyperplastic Cholecystoses Cholesterolosis (strawberry GB) US Features GB adenoma Tumors GB carcinoma Associations Imaging Features Cholangiocarcinoma Locations Associations ( Fig. 3-68) Imaging Features Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Imaging Features Biliary Cystadenoma Imaging Features Bile duct hamartoma or