Prescription Drugs: Global Perspectives, Long-term Effects and Abuse Prevention (Pharmacology - Research, Safety Testing and Regulation)

By the nature of its use, the intrathecal baclofen pump is frequently implanted in children and adults with either an advanced spinal, pelvic or hip deformity who suffer from muscle spasticity. These deformities often lead to additional surgical procedures either simultaneously or after the implantation of the baclofen pump and intrathecal catheterisation. In the first chapter, several different scenarios are described and surgical manoeuvres for mitigating complications and improving outcomes in patient populations are examined. The second chapter addresses all issues dealing with the prescription of baclofen, including the questions of doses and ways to deal with adverse effects. The conclusion is that baclofen is currently revolutionising the therapeutic approach to AUD, with a prescription mainly based on the therapeutic alliance, where the patient gets personally involved, with the support of the physician, in the monitoring of the treatment. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), prescription drugs such as stimulants, opioids, and depressants are the most commonly misused classes of prescription drugs (NIDA, 2016). The authors of the third chapter examine NMUPD (i.e., depressants, opioids, and stimulants) among college students based on gender, living arrangements, and involvement in extracurricular activities. Specifically, if living arrangements and extracurricular activities influence the use of depressants, opioids, and stimulants while in college. The fourth chapter examines the relationship between nonmedical prescription drug (NMPD) use, perceived risk, ease of access, and peer disapproval of NMPDs based on school sports participation among 7th-12th grade male and female students. The final chapter of this book reviews the clinical evidence of the antimanic and the long-term mood stabilising effect of memantine and suggests the possible biological effects. By the nature of its use, the intrathecal baclofen pump is frequently implanted in children and adults with either an advanced spinal, pelvic or hip deformity who suffer from muscle spasticity. These deformities often lead to additional surgical procedures either simultaneously or after the implantation of the baclofen pump and intrathecal catheterization. In the first chapter, several different scenarios are described and surgical maneuvers for mitigating complications and improving outcomes in patient populations are examined. The second chapter addresses all issues dealing with the prescription of baclofen, including the questions of doses and ways to deal with adverse effects. The conclusion is that baclofen is currently revolutionizing the therapeutic approach to AUD, with a prescription mainly based on the therapeutic alliance, where the patient gets personally involved, with the support of the physician, in the monitoring of the treatment. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), prescription drugs such as stimulants, opioids, and depressants are the most commonly misused classes of prescription drugs (NIDA, 2016). The authors of the third chapter examine NMUPD (i.e., depressants, opioids, and stimulants) among college students based on gender, living arrangements, and involvement in extracurricular activities. Specifically, if living arrangements and extracurricular activities influence the use of depressants, opioids, and stimulants while in college. The fourth chapter examines the relationship between nonmedical prescription drug (NMPD) use, perceived risk, ease of access, and peer disapproval of NMPDs based on school sports participation among 7th-12th grade male and female students. The final chapter of this book reviews the clinical evidence of the antimanic and the long-term mood stabilizing effect of memantine and suggests the possible biological effects. PRESCRIPTION DRUGS GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES, LONG-TERM EFFECTS AND ABUSE PREVENTION......Page 2 PRESCRIPTION DRUGS GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES, LONG-TERM EFFECTS AND ABUSE PREVENTION......Page 4 NOTICE TO THE READER......Page 5 CONTENTS......Page 6 PREFACE......Page 8 Chapter 1: INTRATHECAL BACLOFEN PUMPS IN SPINAL DEFORMITY AND ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY......Page 16 BACLOFEN INTRATHECAL DRUG DELIVERY IN MAJOR DEFORMITY SURGERY FOR SCOLIOSIS......Page 18 ORTHOPEDIC HIP SURGERY FOLLOWING BACLOFEN PUMP PLACEMENT......Page 21 REFERENCES......Page 26 ABSTRACT......Page 28 INTRODUCTION......Page 29 INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS/PRECAUTIONS FOR PRESCRIPTION – THE FIRST VISIT......Page 31 ADVERSE EVENTS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT......Page 36 THE CASE OF SOME POTENTIALLY BENEFICIAL SIDE-EFFECTS......Page 43 CONCLUSION......Page 44 REFERENCES......Page 45 Chapter 3: NONMEDICAL USE OF DEPRESSANTS, OPIOIDS, AND STIMULANTS AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS......Page 52 INTRODUCTION......Page 53 METHODS......Page 56 RESULTS......Page 59 DISCUSSION......Page 63 LIMITATIONS......Page 66 CONCLUSION......Page 67 REFERENCES......Page 68 Chapter 4: SPORTS PARTICIPATION AND NONMEDICAL PRESCRIPTION DRUG USE AMONG MALE AND FEMALE STUDENTS......Page 74 ABSTRACT......Page 75 INTRODUCTION......Page 76 METHODS......Page 79 RESULTS......Page 81 CONCLUSION......Page 85 REFERENCES......Page 87 Chapter 5: THE ANTIMANIC AND SUSTAINED MOOD STABILIZING EFFECT OF MEMANTINE......Page 92 ABSTRACT......Page 93 INTRODUCTION......Page 94 MEMANTINE PREVENTS BIPOLAR-LIKE BEHAVIOUR IN RATS......Page 95 THE SHARED PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MEMANTINE AND LITHIUM......Page 97 ANTIMANIC AND MOOD-STABILIZING EFFECT OF MEMANTINE......Page 99 EFFECT OF MEMANTINE ON MANIC-LKE SYMPTOMS IN OTHER PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS OTHER THAN BIPOLAR DISORDER......Page 103 CONCLUSION......Page 104 REFERENCES......Page 105 INDEX......Page 112 Blank Page......Page 0 PRESCRIPTION DRUGS GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES, LONG-TERM EFFECTS AND ABUSE PREVENTION 2 PRESCRIPTION DRUGS GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES, LONG-TERM EFFECTS AND ABUSE PREVENTION 4 NOTICE TO THE READER 5 CONTENTS 6 PREFACE 8 Chapter 1: INTRATHECAL BACLOFEN PUMPS IN SPINAL DEFORMITY AND ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY 16 BACLOFEN INTRATHECAL DRUG DELIVERY IN MAJOR DEFORMITY SURGERY FOR SCOLIOSIS 18 ORTHOPEDIC HIP SURGERY FOLLOWING BACLOFEN PUMP PLACEMENT 21 REFERENCES 26 Chapter 2: BACLOFEN IN THE TREATMENT OF ALCOHOL-DEPENDENCE: INDICATIONS, CONTRAINDICATIONS AND ADVERSE EFFECTS 28 ABSTRACT 28 INTRODUCTION 29 INDICATIONS/CONTRAINDICATIONS/PRECAUTIONS FOR PRESCRIPTION – THE FIRST VISIT 31 ADVERSE EVENTS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT 36 THE CASE OF SOME POTENTIALLY BENEFICIAL SIDE-EFFECTS 43 CONCLUSION 44 REFERENCES 45 Chapter 3: NONMEDICAL USE OF DEPRESSANTS, OPIOIDS, AND STIMULANTS AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS 52 ABSTRACT 53 INTRODUCTION 53 METHODS 56 RESULTS 59 DISCUSSION 63 LIMITATIONS 66 CONCLUSION 67 REFERENCES 68 Chapter 4: SPORTS PARTICIPATION AND NONMEDICAL PRESCRIPTION DRUG USE AMONG MALE AND FEMALE STUDENTS 74 ABSTRACT 75 INTRODUCTION 76 METHODS 79 RESULTS 81 CONCLUSION 85 REFERENCES 87 Chapter 5: THE ANTIMANIC AND SUSTAINED MOOD STABILIZING EFFECT OF MEMANTINE 92 ABSTRACT 93 INTRODUCTION 94 MEMANTINE PREVENTS BIPOLAR-LIKE BEHAVIOUR IN RATS 95 THE SHARED PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MEMANTINE AND LITHIUM 97 ANTIMANIC AND MOOD-STABILIZING EFFECT OF MEMANTINE 99 EFFECT OF MEMANTINE ON MANIC-LKE SYMPTOMS IN OTHER PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS OTHER THAN BIPOLAR DISORDER 103 CONCLUSION 104 REFERENCES 105 INDEX 112 Blank Page -1