سوءمصرف داروهای تجویزی: یک راهنمای مرجع (مسائل معاصر جهانی)

This outstanding resource guide for students and young adults provides an introduction to the history of prescription drug abuse that explains how this problem has arisen and examines the social, political, economic, and health issues associated with prescription drug abuse in modern society. Evidence suggests that both adults and youth are abusing a wider range of prescription drugs and abusing them more frequently than has been the case in the past. Prescription drugs are the second most common class of drugs abused by Americans, more than twice as commonly abused as cocaine, and five times as commonly abused as heroin. This book provides readers with information about the specific health effects that can result from using certain types of medical chemicals, particularly opioid analgesics, stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogenics; explains the most important factors that have led to the growth of prescription drug problems; and reviews the current status of the issue in the United States and other nations. Readers will learn about the dangers associated with the use of prescription drugs for nonmedical purposes, the methods that have been put in place and are being developed to prevent the abuse of prescription drugs, and the trends in prescription drug misuse, with possible explanations for these trends. The book also reviews some of the steps being taken by governments and other organizations and agencies to combat the problem of prescription drug abuse. Explains the dangers associated with the use of prescription drugs for nonmedical purposes Provides a detailed introduction for readers seeking to learn about the topic of prescription drug abuse and serves as an research tool for school projects Includes thought-provoking perspective essays from individuals involved in the discussion of how to address prescription drug abuse Supplies primary source documents in the form of excerpts from laws, administrative rulings, and court cases regarding prescription drug abuse as well as a glossary of key terms used in discussing the topic of prescription drug abuse Cover 1 Half Title 2 Title 6 Copyright 7 Contents 8 Preface 14 1 Background and History 20 Drug Use in the Ancient World 22 A Short History of Opium 27 A Multitude of Opium Products 30 Laudanum 30 Morphine 33 Other Natural Opiates 36 Semisynthetic Opioids 37 Synthetic Opioids 40 Rising Concerns about the Opioids 41 Opium Addiction among the Chinese and Other Immigrants 42 Opium Addiction among Women 44 Opium Availability 46 Patent Medicines 47 Legislative Responses 49 Controlled Substance Act of 1970 57 The Evolution of Prescription Drugs 58 Prescription Drugs in the 21st Century 62 Conclusion 66 References 67 2 Problems, Controversies, and Solutions 86 Demographics 88 Nonmedical Use of Prescription Drugs: Statistics 88 Nonmedical Use of Prescription Drugs: Mortality and Morbidity Data 93 Nonmedical Use of Prescription Drugs: First-Time Use 93 The International Scene 97 Misused Prescription Drugs 99 Opioids 101 Stimulants 105 CNS Depressants 109 Over-the-Counter Medications 111 Prevention 114 The Etiology of Prescription Drug Abuse 115 Sources of Prescription Drugs 118 Prevention Programs 121 Tracking and Monitoring 126 Proper Medication Disposal 128 Enforcement 129 Treatment 132 Opioids 133 Stimulants and Depressants 135 Summary and Conclusion 135 References 136 3 Perspectives 148 State Efforts to Curb the Prescription Drug Abuse Epidemic: Carmen A. Catizone 148 Communicative Behavior: Nicholas E. Hagemeier 153 A Perfect Storm for Prescription Drug Misuse: Kenneth M. Hale 157 Prescription Drug Abuse: Ginger Katz 162 The Dangers of Smart Drugs: College Students’ Prescription Drug Addiction: Troy Keslar 165 Fighting Prescription Opioid Abuse Shouldn’t Increase Pain for Patients: Srinivas Nalamachu 168 Prescription Drugs and the Brain: Maia Pujara 173 Can Information Technology Help Curb Prescription Drug Abuse?: Jeremy Summers 177 4 Profiles 184 Alliance for Safe Online Pharmacies 184 American Society of Addiction Medicine 186 AWARXE 189 Hale Boggs (1914–1972/1973) 192 Mary Bono (1961–) 193 Center for Lawful Access and Abuse Deterrence 195 Community Anti-Drug Coalitions of America 197 Thomas De Quincey (1785–1859) 200 Drug Enforcement Administration 202 Carl Durham (1892–1974) 204 European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction 207 Francis B. Harrison (1873–1957) 208 Felix Hoffmann (1868–1946) 210 Hubert Humphrey (1911–1978) 211 The Medicine Abuse Project 214 Mothers against Prescription Drug Abuse 216 The National Alliance of Advocates for Buprenorphine Treatment 217 National Association of State Controlled Substances Authorities 219 National Coalition Against Prescription Drug Abuse 221 National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Inc. 222 National Council on Patient Information and Education 224 National Institute on Drug Abuse 226 NOPE Task Force 229 Office of National Drug Control Policy 230 Pain Therapy Access Physicians Working Group 233 PhRMA, the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America 234 Harold (“Hal”) Rogers (1937–) 235 Friedrich Sertürner (1783–1841) 237 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration 238 Charles E. Terry (1878–1945) 241 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 244 Hamilton Wright (1867–1917) 246 5 Data and Documents 250 Data 250 Table 5.1. Prescription Drug Overdose Death Rates by Selected Characteristics (2008) 250 Table 5.2. Nonmedical Use of Any Psychotherapeutic Drug in the Past Month among Persons Aged 12 and Over, by Age, Sex, Race, and Race/Ethnicity: United States, Selected Years 2002–2012 (Percentage of Population) 251 Table 5.3. Rates of Drug Overdose Death, Nonmedical Use of Opioid Pain Relievers (OPR), and OPR Sales, by State (2008) 252 Table 5.4. Death Rates for Drug Poisoning and Drug Poisoning Involving Opioid Analgesics, by Sex, Age, Race, and Race/Ethnicity: United States, Selected Years 1999–2010 (Drug Poisoning Deaths Involving Opioid Analgesics per 100,000 Resident Population) 254 Table 5.5. Emergency Department (ED) Visits Involving Nonmedical Use of Pharmaceuticals, by Selected Drugs, 2011 255 Table 5.6. Trends in Annual Prevalence of Use of Various Drug for Grades 8, 10, and 12 Combined (as Percentages) 258 Table 5.7. Trends in Harmfulness of Drugs as Perceived by 12th Graders (as Percentages) 258 Documents 259 Opium Exclusion Act of 1909 259 Harrison Narcotic Act (1914) 260 United States v. Jin Fuey Moy (1916) 262 United States v. Doremus (1919) 262 Webb v. United States (1919) 262 Durham-Humphrey Amendment (1951) 266 Controlled Substances Act (1970) 267 Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act of 2008 272 Prescription Monitoring Program. State of Oregon (2009) 275 Secure and Responsible Drug Disposal Act of 2010 (Public Law 111–273, 124 Stat. 2858) 277 Between Peril and Promise: Facing the Dangers of VA’s Skyrocketing Use of Prescription Painkillers to Treat Veterans (2013) 279 Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (2014) 281 State Doctor Shopping Laws 284 6 Resources 288 7 Chronology 330 8 Glossary 342 Index 348 About the Author 386 "This outstanding resource guide for students and young adults provides an introduction to the history of prescription drug abuse that explains how this problem has arisen and examines the social, political, economic, and health issues associated with prescription drug abuse in modern society. Explains the dangers associated with the use of prescription drugs for nonmedical purposes. Provides a detailed introduction for readers seeking to learn about the topic of prescription drug abuse and serves as an research tool for school projects. Includes thought-provoking perspective essays from individuals involved in the discussion of how to address prescription drug abuse. Supplies primary source documents in the form of excerpts from laws, administrative rulings, and court cases regarding prescription drug abuse as well as a glossary of key terms used in discussing the topic of prescription drug abuse."--Publisher's description