Prehispanic Settlement Patterns in the Upper Mantaro and Tarma Drainages, Junín, Peru: Volume 2, The Wanka Region (Memoirs)

This monograph is based on six months of systematic regional survey in the Wanka Region of Peru's sierra central, carried out in two field seasons in 1975–1976 by the Junin Archaeological Research Project (JASP) under the co-direction of Jeffrey R. Parsons (University of Michigan) and Ramiro Matos Mendieta (Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos). Contents List of Figures List of Plates List of Tables Preface, by Jeffrey R. Parsons Acknowledgments, by Jeffrey R. Parsons 1. Introduction by Jeffrey R. Parsons, Charles M. Hastings, and Ramiro Matos M The Definition of Substantive Issues The Research Design The Subsequent UMARP Investigations A Retrospective Critique 2. Modern Environment, Demography, and Agricultural Ecology by Jeffrey R. Parsons Introduction Climate Historic Records of Rainfall and Temperature The Puna The Kichwa Paleo-Climate Modern Population, Land Use, and Settlement Patterns Traditional Central Andean Agricultural Ecology in the Kichwa Zone Agricultural Tasks Agricultural Zones Sectorial Fallowing Regimes The Annual Round Settlement Patterns Water Management Agriculturalists’ Cosmology and Ritual Traditional Interzonal Exchange Overall Summary and Conclusions 3. Highlights of Wanka Ethnohistory by Charles M. Hastings and Jeffrey R. Parsons Wanka Political Organization during the Late Horizon and Late LIP Late Horizon Wanka Population The Inca Impact Dependent Communities in the Adjacent Montaña Summary 4. Methodology by Jeffrey R. Parsons, Charles M. Hastings, and Ramiro Matos M The Tactics of Field Survey Survey Procedures Surface Collecting Recording Information in the Field The Field Headquarters Laboratory Procedures Writing the Preliminary Site Reports Ceramic Analyses in Lima Map Making and Computations in Ann Arbor Site Classification Considerations in Developing a Site Classification Settlement-Site Size: Surface Area Settlement-Site Size: Population Colca-Site Size: Numbers of Structures Chronological Problems Functional Considerations Herders vs. Cultivators Recognizing Residential Occupation How Do We Recognize and Distinguish Permanent vs. Seasonal/Temporary/Sporadic/Ephemeral Residence, and How Do We Determine How Many Structures Comprise a Domestic Household? Nonresidential Architecture Public Architecture “Defensive” Architecture The Junín Archaeological Survey Project (JASP) Site Typology for the Wanka Region Reactions to Our Fieldwork by Contemporary Inhabitants of the Study Area 5. History of the UMARP Project (1977–1986), and Comparisons of JASP and UMARP Site Data by Timothy K. Earle and Jeffrey R. Parsons Part I The Field Research Campaigns of UMARP Field Campaign I (1977–1979) Field Campaign II (1982–1984) Field Campaign III (1986) Analyses of Datasets Addressing Major UMARP Research Themes 1. Chronology 2. Changing Settlement Pattern and Sociopolitical Organization of the Wanka 3. Imperial Organization of the Inca in the Mantaro 4. Household Archaeology and the Subsistence Economy 5. Household Archaeology of Local Specialization, Exchange, and Consumption 6. Political Economy and Power Conclusions, Part I Part II Comparison of JASP and UMARP Data on Site Size and Chronology Summary and Conclusions, Part II 6. Data Patterning by Jeffrey R. Parsons Settlement Sites Long-term Population Trends Occupation by Settlement Type through Time The Distribution of Settlement by Altitude Zone The Regional Configuration of Settlement Sites Early Horizon Early Intermediate Period/Middle Horizon The Late Intermediate Period Late Horizon Inca Storage Facilities (Colcas) The Forms and Volumes of Colca Structures in the Wanka Region Colca-site Classes The Architectonic Configuration of Colca Sites The Distribution of Colca Sites by Elevation The Distances of Different Colca Classes from the Inca Imperial Center at Hátun Xauxa (Site 550) Distances between Colca Sites and Nearest LH Settlement Sites The Regional Configuration of LH Colca Sites The Problem of Pre-LH Public Storage The Distribution of Sites Lacking Stone Rubble Long-Term Settlement Continuity and Abandonment The Early Horizon The Early Intermediate Period/Middle Horizon The Early Late Intermediate Period (UMARP Identified as Wanka I) The Late Late Intermediate Period (UMARP Identified as Wanka II) The Late Horizon The Tarama-Wanka Frontier 7. Overall Summary and Conclustions by Jeffrey R. Parsons The Survey Area Methodology Ceramic Chronology The Archaic-Formative Transition The Early Horizon The Early Intermediate Period/Middle Horizon The Late Intermediate Period The Late Horizon Pre-Late Horizon Storage The Significance of Rock-Free Sites The Occupation of the Main Mantaro Valley Floodplain Settlement Continuity and Discontinuity The Wanka-Tarama Frontier Key Tasks for Future Research 8. Traducción al Español del Capitulo 7 Traducción de Apphia H. Parsons y Jeffrey R. Parsons La zona del reconocimiento Metodología Cronología cerámica La transición Arcaico-Formativo El Horizonte Temprano El Periodo Intermedio Temprano/Horizonte Medio El Periodo Intermedio Tardio El Horizonte Tardio Depósitos de almacenamiento antes del Horizonte Tardio La significación de asentamientos sin piedras La ocupación del planicie aluvial central del Valle Mantaro La continuidad y discontinuidad de asentamiento La frontera Wanka-Tarama Resumen de algunas tareas claves para investigaciones del futuro en y alrededor de la región Wanka Bibliography Appendix A: Site Descriptions by Jeffrey R. Parsons, Charles M. Hastings, and Terence N. D’Altroy Introduction The Individual Sites UMARP Site Survey in the Jisse-Pomacancha Drainage by Terence N. D’Altroy Appendix B: Ceramic Chronology by Jeffrey R. Parsons and Ramiro Matos M. Early Horizon Early Intermediate Period/Middle Horizon The Late Intermediate Period Continuities between MH and Wanka I Ceramics Similarities and Differences between Wanka I and Wanka II Ceramics The Late Horizon (Wanka III) Inca and Wanka-Inca Pottery