Predictions in the brain: using our past to prepare for the future (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society series B)

Contents......Page 3 Predictions: a universal principle in the operation of the human brain......Page 5 I am deeply grateful to Jasmine Boshyan for her relentless and remarkably meticulous assistance with preparing this entire issue for publication.......Page 6 Introduction......Page 7 Do animals have the capacity to recall the past, and is this capacity supported by the hippocampus?......Page 8 Do animals use integrated what, when and where representations to remember unique events, and are these representations supported by the hippocampus?......Page 9 Can rats predict the future and does this ability involve the hippocampus?......Page 11 Preparation of this paper was support by grants from the National Science Foundation and National Institute of Mental Health.......Page 13 References......Page 14 Theta/gamma phase code and phase precession......Page 16 Prospective coding: predicting upcoming places......Page 17 Phase precession in the non-spatial domain......Page 18 Usefulness of sequence retrieval to guide behaviour......Page 20 Possible mechanisms of phase precession......Page 21 References......Page 22 Constraints on sequence memory......Page 25 Variable-order memory......Page 26 Biological implications of a sequence memory model......Page 27 Sequence timing......Page 28 Splitting states......Page 29 Experimental results......Page 30 References......Page 31 Hierarchical dynamical models......Page 32 Summary......Page 33 Hierarchical message passing......Page 34 Birdsong and attractors......Page 35 Song recognition......Page 36 Structural and dynamical priors......Page 38 Omission and violation of predictions......Page 39 Perceptual categorization......Page 40 References......Page 41 Learning of invariant recognition categories in the ‘what’ cortical stream......Page 43 Imagining and planning ahead: prediction without action......Page 44 Spikes, synchrony and attentive learning by laminar thalamocortical circuits......Page 45 Cognitive-emotional interactions endow predictions with value constraints......Page 47 Spectral timing in cerebellum and hippocampus: timed action, attention, and autism......Page 48 Balancing reactive versus planned behaviours: basal ganglia gating......Page 50 Inhibitory matching and mismatch learning of sensory motor maps and gains......Page 51 References......Page 52 Introduction: the general framework......Page 55 Analogies: the trigger......Page 56 Associations: the building blocks......Page 58 Predictions and some implications......Page 59 References......Page 61 Introduction......Page 64 Neuroimaging of past and future events......Page 65 MTL and future event simulation: summary, extensions and theoretical implications......Page 68 References......Page 70 Defining ‘future’......Page 73 Use reinstates fresh plasticity in old memories......Page 74 Plastic opportunities in the absence of explicit retrieval......Page 75 On memory metaphors......Page 76 On being just stable enough......Page 77 References......Page 78 Using imagination......Page 81 The construction system......Page 84 Add-ons to the construction system......Page 85 This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust and the Brain Research Trust.......Page 87 References......Page 88 Computation: the functions of mental imagery......Page 90 Algorithm: representations and processes used in imagery......Page 91 Mental imagery, mental simulation and mental emulation......Page 92 Predictive function......Page 93 Holistic versus piecemeal generation......Page 94 Endnotes1The term ‘imagine’ is ambiguous, meaning either ‘suppose’ or ‘image’ (as in ‘visualize’, which is imaging in the visual modality). The fact that the same word is used for the two meanings is telling: we often ‘suppose’ by creating mental image.........Page 95 References......Page 96 Re-enactments of modal states......Page 98 Sources of simulators......Page 99 Entrenched situated conceptualizations......Page 100 Perception......Page 101 Implicit memory......Page 102 Language......Page 103 References......Page 104 Neurobiology of the human prefrontal cortex......Page 107 Neural architecture......Page 108 Counterfactual thought......Page 110 Categories of counterfactual inference......Page 111 Category specificity of the PFC......Page 112 Conclusion......Page 113 References......Page 114 Prediction and movement......Page 117 The discontinuous nature of movement......Page 118 Motor binding in time and the centralization of prediction......Page 119 Dynamic geometry and Bayesian approach to decision theory......Page 120 References......Page 122 Introduction......Page 124 The functional neuroanatomy of mentalizing......Page 125 The effect of perceived similarity on self-projective mentalizing......Page 126 Predictions about ones own mental states......Page 127 Suppressing ones own mental states......Page 128 References......Page 129 Introduction......Page 132 Neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence......Page 133 Uniquely human?......Page 134 Language......Page 135 Evolutionary considerations......Page 136 References......Page 137 Introduction......Page 140 Affect defined......Page 142 Evidence for affective predictions......Page 143 Basic-level affective predictions in object perception......Page 144 Coordinating affective predictions in the brain......Page 145 Conclusions......Page 146 References......Page 147 From preview to premotion to prediction......Page 150 Previews are unrepresentative......Page 151 Previews are essentialized......Page 152 Previews are truncated......Page 153 CODA......Page 154 References......Page 155