Predication and simulation methods for geohazard mitigation : proceedings of the International Symposium on Prediction and Simulation Methods for Geohazard Mitigation (IS-Kyoto 2009), Kyoto, Japan, 25-27 May 2009

The last decades have shown a remarkable increase in the number of heavy rains, typhoons and earthquakes. These natural phenomena are the main causes for geohazards. As a result the mitigation of geohazards has become a major research topic in geotechnical engineering, and in recent years simulation-based predictions and monitoring tools have been developed to enquire the mechanisms underlying geohazards. This book is a comprehensive overview of these developments, and will be of interest to engineers, researchers, students in Civil and Environmental Engineering. Cover ......Page 1 Prediction and Simulation Methods for Geohazard Mitigation......Page 3 Table of contents......Page 5 Preface......Page 10 Organisation......Page 11 2.1 Problem definition......Page 16 3 NUMERICAL SOLUTION PROCEDURES......Page 17 4 ANALYSES OF SUBAQUEOUS SEDIMENT GRAVITY FLOWS......Page 18 4.1 Flow stratifications leading to redeposition......Page 19 5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 20 REFERENCES......Page 22 3.1 Shear strength of unsaturated soils and soil-water characteristic curve......Page 23 4.1 Soil material......Page 24 4.3 Constant vertical stress direct shear test......Page 25 5.2 Shear strength of unsaturated soil after submergence......Page 26 REFERENCES......Page 27 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 29 2 TEST APPARATUS AND TEST PROCEDURE......Page 30 3.2 Deformation behavior of anisotropic ground for wave reproduction test (WRT)......Page 31 3.3 An evaluation method for the bearing capacity based on the upper bound solution......Page 32 4 CONCLUSIONS......Page 34 REFERENCES......Page 35 2 TEST MATERIAL AND TEST PROCEDURE......Page 36 3.1 Surface failure of volcanic slope due to rainfall......Page 37 3.2 Key factors to cause surface failure of volcanic slope due to rainfall......Page 38 3.3 Effect of freeze-thaw action on mechanical behavior of volcanic slope during rainfall......Page 39 4 CONCLUSIONS......Page 41 REFERENCES......Page 42 2.3 Test method......Page 43 3.1 Flat ground......Page 44 3.2 Slope ground......Page 45 REFERENCES......Page 47 2.2 Test model......Page 48 3.1 Failure configuration......Page 49 3.3 Displacement response......Page 50 4.2 Reinforcement mechanism......Page 51 REFERENCES......Page 53 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 54 2.2 Mcrobial works promoting debris flows......Page 55 3.1 Investigation sites......Page 56 3.2 Results of investigation......Page 57 REFERENCES......Page 59 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 60 2.3 Survey of the mechanical functions of Sasa......Page 61 3.1 Thermal effects of Sasa......Page 62 3.3 Mechanical stability of the slope......Page 63 4 DISCUSSION......Page 64 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 65 REFERENCES......Page 66 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 67 2.2 Model of slope stability......Page 68 2.3 Model of dam surface erosion and flow......Page 69 4.2 Overtopping and channel breach (from partial channel width)......Page 70 4.3 Sudden sliding......Page 71 REFERENCES......Page 72 1.1 May 12, 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake......Page 73 2.1 Rock avalanche at epicenter near Yingxiu......Page 74 2.3 Rock avalanche in new Qushan Town......Page 77 3.1 Bailu......Page 78 3.2 Xiaoyudong......Page 79 REFERENCES......Page 80 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 81 3 DISCRETE ELEMENT MODELING......Page 82 3.3 Analysis of the triggering mechanism......Page 83 3.4 Analysis of the debris flow......Page 84 REFERENCES......Page 86 2.1 Data of irrigation tank......Page 87 3.1 Circular slip method (CSM)......Page 88 3.3 Safety factor......Page 89 5 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS......Page 90 REFERENCES......Page 91 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 92 2.3 Energy balance approach......Page 93 2.4 Assessment of the landslide velocity......Page 94 2.6 Example: The Storegga slide......Page 95 3 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 96 REFERENCES......Page 97 2 LS3D MODEL VALIDATION......Page 98 3 MAKU DAM: SETTING, GEOLOGIC SITUATIONS AND PROBABLE SLIDES......Page 99 5 RESULT DISCUSSION......Page 100 5.2 Wave run-up......Page 101 REFERENCES......Page 102 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 104 2.3 Type of permafrost......Page 105 3.2 Kinematisms and failures mechanisms......Page 106 3.3 Short time simulations......Page 108 REFERENCES......Page 109 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 110 2 CALCULATION CONDITIONS (FOUNDATION SOIL AND EMBANKMENT PARAMETERS AND SEISMIC FORCE)......Page 111 3.1 Embankment on weak foundation soils......Page 112 3.3 Embankment on sloping foundation soil......Page 114 4 CONCLUSIONS......Page 115 REFERENCES......Page 116 Numerical and analytical simulation methods for geohazards......Page 117 2.1 Range of risk map with boring locations......Page 118 3.1 Soil characteristics from database......Page 119 3.3 Soil layer estimation results comparing with Kochi geological map......Page 120 4.3 Liquefaction risk maps at Kochi harbor......Page 122 6 CONCLUSIONS......Page 123 REFERENCES......Page 124 2 MOTIONS OF SOIL IN SPH......Page 125 5.1 Validation of new SPH equation for slope failure simulations......Page 127 5.2 Simulation of slope failure process due to the increase in ground water level......Page 128 REFERENCES......Page 130 2.1 Partial stress for the mixture......Page 131 2.3 Conservation laws of linear momentum for the three phases......Page 132 2.5.1 Overconsolidation boundary surface......Page 133 2.6 Soil water characteristic curve......Page 134 3 NUMERICAL RESULTS......Page 135 REFERENCES......Page 136 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 137 2.2.2 Experimental procedure......Page 138 2.3 Experimental results......Page 139 2.5 Trends from other experiments......Page 140 3.2.2 Varying the impact location......Page 141 REFERENCES......Page 142 2.1 Erosion rates and four phases of soils......Page 143 2.2 Derivation of governing equations......Page 144 3 NUMERICAL METHOD......Page 145 4 VERIFICATION......Page 147 REFERENCES......Page 148 2.1 Groundwater flow model......Page 149 3.1 Capture zones delineation......Page 150 3.2 Spatial moments......Page 151 3.3 Capture probability of well......Page 152 3.4 Effect of microdispersivity......Page 153 4 CONCLUSIONS......Page 154 REFERENCES......Page 155 2.2 Bonding force......Page 156 4 ESTABLISHMENT OF SIMULATION MODEL......Page 157 5.3 Analytical results......Page 158 7.2 Fracture propagation......Page 159 REFERENCES......Page 160 2.1 Balance and constitutive equations......Page 161 2.2 Constitutive equation for skeleton stress......Page 162 3.1 Material parameters......Page 163 3.2 Finite element model and boundary conditions......Page 164 4.2 Seismic response of the fill......Page 165 REFERENCES......Page 166 2.1 A rockslide along weak bedding plane......Page 168 2.2 Analytical model with total stress formulations......Page 169 2.4 Analytical result......Page 170 3.1 A catastrophic landslide caused by softening of strongly-weathered mudstone layer......Page 171 3.3 Analytical result......Page 172 REFERENCES......Page 173 2 MODELING OF THE FAILURE SURFACE......Page 174 3.2 A synthetic specimen and a reduced slope model......Page 175 3. Trimming......Page 176 5 COMPARISON OF THE NUMERICAL RESULTS WITH THE CONVENTIONAL LEF METHOD......Page 177 6 CONCLUSION......Page 178 REFERENCES......Page 179 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 180 2.2 Plastic flow and vertex singularity......Page 181 3.2 Integration of strains and iterative scheme......Page 182 4 NUMERICAL ILLUSTRATION......Page 183 5 ACCURACY EVALUATION......Page 184 REFERENCES......Page 185 2.1 Model test procedure......Page 186 2.2 Model test results and discussions......Page 187 3.1 Analysis procedure......Page 189 3.2 Analysis results and discussions......Page 190 4 CONCLUSIONS......Page 191 ACKNOWLEDGMENT......Page 192 2.1 Discrete element modeling......Page 193 2.2 Micro and macro parameters......Page 194 2.3 Strengths with different particle properties......Page 195 2.4 Modeling of rock slope in-situ......Page 196 3.3 Energy absorption and restitution performances......Page 197 REFERENCES......Page 198 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 200 3 VISCOSITY......Page 201 4.1 Corrective term......Page 202 5.1 Scott Russell wave generator......Page 203 6 CONCLUSION......Page 204 REFERENCES......Page 205 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 206 2 GOVERNING EQUATIONS......Page 207 4 EXAMINATION......Page 208 REFERENCES......Page 210 2 MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION......Page 212 4 MILD BED VARIATION EFFECTS......Page 213 5 HIGH-FREQUENCY WAVE PROPAGATION......Page 214 6 WAVE EVALUATION OVER A STEP......Page 215 REFERENCES......Page 216 2.1 Partial stresses for the mixture......Page 218 2.5 Continuity equations for the fluid phase......Page 219 3.1 MPM formulation of the equations of motion......Page 220 3.3 Algorithm of MPM-FDM coupled analysis......Page 221 4.1 One-dimensional column......Page 222 4.2 River embankment......Page 223 REFERENCES......Page 224 2 CONSTITUTIVE MODEL......Page 225 3.2 Incompressibility in the SMAC-SPH method......Page 226 4.1 Two-phase flow problem......Page 227 4.3 Simulation of penetration of rigid body......Page 228 4.4 Flow failure of geomaterial with protecting......Page 229 5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 230 REFERENCES......Page 231 2 DISTINCT ELEMENT METHOD NUMERICAL ANALYSIS......Page 232 3 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS PROGRAM AND PROCEDURES......Page 234 5.1 Effects of initial soil fabric......Page 235 5.2 Effects of mode of shearing......Page 236 REFERENCES......Page 237 2 LANDSLIDE HAZARD ALONG RIVERS......Page 238 4 LANDSLIDE HAZARD MAP......Page 239 5.2 Hydrologic and hydraulic study......Page 240 6 INTERACTION BETWEEN RIVER DYNAMIC AND SLOPE STABILITY......Page 241 REFERENCES......Page 243 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 244 1.2 Historical tsunami in China......Page 245 2.2 Submarine landslide hazard in China......Page 246 3.1 Tiankengs in China......Page 247 4 PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS......Page 248 REFERENCES......Page 249 Advanced constitutive modeling of geomaterials and laboratory and field testing......Page 250 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 251 2 CONCEPT OF EQUIVALENT STRSS AND THERMO-ELASTOPLASTIC MODEL FOR NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED SOILS......Page 252 3 THERMODYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF PROPOSED MODEL......Page 254 4 PERFORMANCE OF THE NEWLY PROPOSED MODEL......Page 255 5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 256 REFERENCES......Page 257 2 SEVERN-TRENT SAND......Page 258 3 EVOLUTION OF PARTICLE CRUSHING......Page 259 4 SIMULATIONS......Page 262 REFERENCES......Page 263 2 COMPRESSION BEHAVIOUR OF STRUCTURED CLAYS......Page 264 3 ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA......Page 266 REFERENCES......Page 267 2 PREVIOUS STUDIES......Page 268 5 CREEP EXPERIMENTS......Page 269 7 COMPARISON OF CREEP AND STRESS RELAXATION......Page 270 8 PROPOSED MECHANISTIC PICTURE OF TIME EFFECTS IN SANDS......Page 271 REFERENCES......Page 272 1.2 Shear band and objectives of this paper......Page 274 3.1 The maximum shear strain vector......Page 275 3.4 Role of Coulomb’s failure criterion......Page 276 4.1 Failure criterion on an actual failure surface......Page 277 4.3 Mechanism of a large deformation in a shear band......Page 278 REFERENCES......Page 279 2.2 Testing program......Page 280 2.2.3 Constant shear drained test......Page 281 3.1 Hujeux elastoplastic multimechanism model......Page 282 3.1.2 Plastic part......Page 283 REFERENCES......Page 284 2 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH......Page 286 3.3 Preparation of tested materials......Page 287 4.1.1 Deformation during isotropic consolidation......Page 288 4.1.2 Torsional shear test results......Page 289 4.2 Particle disintegration during saturated tests......Page 290 5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 291 REFERENCES......Page 292 2.1 Governing equation and boundary conditions......Page 293 3.1 A large-scale embankment......Page 294 4.1 Seepage flow characteristics......Page 296 4.2 Deformation of test embankment......Page 297 5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 298 REFERENCES......Page 299 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 300 4 DETERMINATION OF MATRIC SUCTION......Page 301 6 PRESENTATION OF TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 302 7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 304 REFERENCES......Page 305 2.1 Material idealization......Page 306 2.2.1 Hardening behavior......Page 308 3 APPLICATION AND VERIFICATION OF MSCC MODEL......Page 309 REFERENCES......Page 310 1.2 Undrained behavior of loose sand......Page 312 3.1 CDS test on dry sand......Page 313 3.2 CDS test on saturated sand......Page 314 4.2 Confining pressure......Page 315 5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 316 REFERENCES......Page 317 2.1 Inter-particle behavior......Page 318 2.3 Micro-macro relationship......Page 319 3.1 Soil characteristics......Page 320 3.3 Instability and diffuse failure......Page 321 3.5 Failure condition in eroded soil......Page 322 REFERENCES......Page 323 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 324 2.2 Image analysis system for the observation of local shear behavior......Page 325 3.1 Normally consolidated specimen......Page 326 4 OBSERVATION OF SHEAR BANDS......Page 327 6 SHEAR BEHAVIOR OF SATURATED COMPACTED BENTONITE......Page 328 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 329 REFERENCES......Page 330 2 MATERIALS......Page 331 3 STRESS-STRAIN CHARACTERISTCS AND PERMEABILITY......Page 332 5 APPLICABILITY OF UNSATURATED CONSTITUTIVE THEORY......Page 334 REFERENCES......Page 337 2.1 Preparation of soil samples......Page 338 2.3 Determination of residual strength......Page 339 3.1 Ring shear behavior of reconstituted clay under different shear rates......Page 340 3.2 Relationship between stress ratio and shear displacement rate of reconstituted clay......Page 341 3.3 Effect of acceleration and deceleration in residual state......Page 342 REFERENCES......Page 343 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 344 3.1 Iterative procedure......Page 345 4.1 Analysis model......Page 346 4.3.3 Influence of consistency coefficient k......Page 347 4.3.5 Influence of elastic parameters E and μ......Page 348 REFERENCES......Page 349 2 SUMMARY OF TEST PROCEDURE......Page 351 4.1 Test results......Page 352 4.2 Results of image processing analysis......Page 353 5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 354 REFERENCES......Page 355 2 ONE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL FOR OVER CONSOLIDATED SOIL......Page 356 3 ONE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL FOR STRUCTURED SOIL......Page 358 4 EXTENSION TO THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL......Page 360 REFERENCES......Page 361 2.1 Test materials......Page 363 2.2 Skeletal structure of sand-clay mixture......Page 364 2.3 Specimen preparation......Page 365 3.2 Relation between skeletal structure and cyclic shear strength......Page 366 4 RELATION BETWEEN CONTRIBUTION FACTOR AND PHYSICAL PARAMETERS......Page 368 REFERENCES......Page 369 3.1 Particle size distribution......Page 370 4.1 Particle size distribution of silica sols......Page 371 4.2.1 Effect of salt concentration: visual observation and rheological investigation......Page 372 4.2.2 Effect of the cation charge......Page 373 REFERENCES......Page 374 1 INSTRUCTIONS......Page 375 2 EXPERIMENTAL SET UP......Page 376 3 NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS......Page 377 4 CONCLUSIONS......Page 379 REFERENCES......Page 380 2.2 Model leakage test......Page 381 2.5 Numerical analysis......Page 382 3.1 3-D image analysis after leakage......Page 383 REFERENCES......Page 384 Thermo-hydro-mechanical instabilities......Page 385 2.1 Partial stress for the mixture......Page 386 2.4 Equation of motion for whole mixture......Page 387 3 UNSATURAED SEEPAGE CHARACTERISTICS......Page 388 4.2.1 Case-1......Page 389 4.2.2 Other cases......Page 391 REFERENCES......Page 392 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 393 2.3 Mathematical modeling for freeze-thawing......Page 394 3.1 Analytical conditions......Page 395 3.2 Results and discussions......Page 396 REFERENCES......Page 398 2 GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN KYOTO......Page 400 3.3.1 Changes of underground water in shallow wells......Page 401 5.2 Mesh division......Page 402 7.2 The analysis range......Page 403 7.4 The result of advection diffusion analysis......Page 404 REFERENCES......Page 405 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 406 3.1 Localized instability......Page 407 4.1 Plane strain conditions......Page 408 4.2 Axisymmetric conditions......Page 410 REFERENCES......Page 411 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 412 2.1 General considerations......Page 413 2.2 Heat diffusion......Page 414 3.1 Dimension analysis......Page 415 3.2 The Undrained-Adiabatic limit......Page 416 REFERENCES......Page 417 2 MATERIAL BEHAVIOUR......Page 419 3 NUMERICAL MODEL......Page 420 4 RESULTS OF CALCULATIONS......Page 421 REFERENCES......Page 423 Monitoring and non-destructive investigation methods......Page 425 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 426 3.2 Preparation of composite for laboratory tests......Page 427 4.1 Soil-reinforcement interaction......Page 428 4.3 Cost, strength and durability......Page 429 4.5 Discussion......Page 430 REFERENCES......Page 431 1.3 Location......Page 432 2.2 Design and selection of fiber optic cables......Page 433 3.5 Data interpretation......Page 434 4.3 Laboratory testing of sensor system......Page 435 5.5 Data interpretation and outlook......Page 436 REFERENCES......Page 437 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 438 2.2.1 Effectiveness of pile foundation......Page 439 2.2.2 Dynamic interaction between pile and Geo-wall......Page 441 3.1.2 Three dimensional effect of pile foundation......Page 442 3.2 Result and reproducibility......Page 443 REFERENCES......Page 444 2 TARGET EXISTING STONE-GUARD FENCE......Page 445 4.1 Design performance of the existing fence......Page 446 5 PROPOSAL OF A REASONABLE UPGRADE TECHNIQUE OF THE EXISTING FENCE......Page 448 5.1.3 Simulation......Page 449 5.2.2 Analysis results......Page 450 REFERENCES......Page 451 2 SENSING TECHNOLOGIES FOR PIPELINES......Page 452 3.1 Test facility......Page 453 3.2 Test preparation......Page 454 3.3 Preliminary results......Page 455 5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 456 1.2 The concept......Page 458 2.2 Correction for the pipe inclination......Page 459 3.1 Boundary value problem......Page 460 3.3 Inverse analysis......Page 461 4 INITIAL FIELD MEASUREMENTS......Page 462 REFERENCES......Page 463 2.2 ADR probe and calibration......Page 464 2.4 Slope failure test......Page 465 3.2 Soil column test......Page 466 3.3 Model slope failure test by rainfall......Page 467 REFERENCES......Page 469 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 470 2 MEASUREMENT......Page 471 2.2 Results of field investigation and analysis......Page 472 2.3 Estimation of potential landslide volume......Page 473 3.3 Estimate new landslide area and volume......Page 474 4 CONCLUSIONS......Page 475 REFERENCES......Page 476 2 METHODOLOGY......Page 477 3 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS......Page 479 4 DISCUSSION......Page 480 REFERENCES......Page 481 Evaluation of existing prediction methods, performance-based design methods, risk analysis and the management of mitigation programs......Page 482 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 483 2.2 Problem formulation......Page 484 2.5 Constraint handling......Page 485 3.3 Rainfall-runoff modeling......Page 486 3.4 Result......Page 487 REFERENCES......Page 488 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 489 3 LITERATURE REVIEW......Page 490 4.1.1 Assumptions......Page 491 5.1 Seismic refraction survey......Page 492 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 493 REFERENCES......Page 494 2 HORONOBE URL SITE......Page 495 3.2 Corner reflector (CR)......Page 496 3.4 Coupled inversion......Page 497 REFERENCES......Page 499 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 500 3.1 Formulations......Page 501 3.4 Issue of mesh-size effects......Page 502 4.2 Faults with raft foundation (Test15 & Test14_R)......Page 503 REFERENCES......Page 505 2 PREDICTION SYSTEM FOR SLOPE FAILURE DUE TO RAINFALL......Page 507 3.2 Numerical model for apparent cohesion......Page 509 4.2 Results of numerical models for voids and apparent cohesion......Page 510 REFERENCES......Page 512 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 513 3 STUDY AREA......Page 514 3.2 Spatial distribution of landslides......Page 515 5 SITE CHARACTERIZATION OF SOIL DEPTH......Page 516 6.2 Revised input data......Page 517 7.2 Classification error matrix......Page 518 REFERENCES......Page 519 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 520 3.1 Determination method......Page 521 4 RELIABLITY-BASED DESIGN METHOD......Page 522 5.3 Stability analysis......Page 523 5.4 Reliability analysis......Page 524 REFERENCES......Page 525 2 ROAD SLOPE DISASTER PREVENTION: PRESENT STATE AND PROBLEMS......Page 526 3.2 Configuration of slope risk evaluation system......Page 527 3.4 Water level prediction and failure probability calculation system......Page 528 3.5 Slope Risk Calculation System......Page 529 4.2 Rainfall pattern and annual failure probability......Page 530 REFERENCES......Page 531 3.1 Disasters during and before the Meiji period......Page 532 4.1.1 Levee design and safety limit (control responsibility limit)......Page 533 4.2.3 Levee breaches caused by leakage in the general part of the levee without overtopping......Page 534 5.3.2 Calculation of damage according to the potential for damage......Page 535 6.2 Longitudinal safety assessment of the levees at tone river......Page 536 7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 537 REFERENCE......Page 538 Case records of geohazards and mitigation projects......Page 539 2.2 Seismic reflection study......Page 540 2.5 Continuity of deformations of layered sediment by faulting......Page 544 REFERENCES......Page 546 1.2 Backfill Soil Characteristics at Site......Page 547 1.4 Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) at Laem Chabang port......Page 548 2.2 Evaluation of Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR)......Page 549 2.3 Evaluation of Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR) based on SPT value......Page 550 REFERENCES......Page 551 3.1 Objective fundamentals and how to define......Page 553 3.2 Results of fundamentals......Page 556 4 ESTIMATED SCALE OF NATURAL DAMS......Page 558 REFERENCES......Page 559 2.1.1 Disaster history and meteorological feature around the landslide site......Page 560 2.2.1 Boring investigation......Page 561 3.1 Temporary countermeasure......Page 562 4 MECHANISM OF THE LANDSLIDE......Page 564 5 PERMANENT COUNTERMEASURE......Page 565 REFERENCES......Page 566 2 ABOUT DYNAMICS OF GEOHAZARDS EROSIVE PROCESSES......Page 567 3 EROSION-FALLING TYPE......Page 568 5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 569 REFERENCES......Page 570 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 571 3.1 Relationship between landslide movement and groundwater composition......Page 572 3.2 Continuous and remote monitoring at a site......Page 573 3.3 Landslide prediction using the remote monitoring system......Page 574 REFERENCES......Page 575