Preaching the Crusades to the eastern Mediterranean : propaganda, liturgy, and diplomacy, 1305-1352

Preaching was an integral part of the crusade movement. This book focuses on the efforts of the first four Avignon popes to organize crusade preaching campaigns to the Eastern Mediterranean and on the role of the secular and regular clergy in their implementation. Historians have treated the fall of Acre in 1291 as an arbitrary boundary in crusader studies for far too long. The period 1305-1352 was particularly significant for crusade preaching, yet it has not been studied in detail. This volume thus constitutes an important addition to the flourishing field of late medieval crusade historiography. The core of the book deals with two interlocking themes: the liturgy for the Holy Land and the popular response to crusade preaching between the papacies of Clement V and Clement VI. The book analyses the evolving use of the liturgy for the crusade in combination with preaching and it illustrates the catalytic role of these measures in driving popular pro-crusade sentiments. A key theme in the account is the analysis of the surviving crusade sermons of the Parisian theologians from the era. Critical editions of these previously neglected propagandistic texts are a valuable addition to our corpus of papal correspondence relating to the crusades in the later Middle Ages. This book will be of interest both to specialized historians and to students of late medieval crusading. Cover 1 Half Title 2 Title Page 4 Copyright Page 5 Dedication Page 6 Table of Contents 8 Acknowledgments 10 Abbreviations 12 Introduction 14 Notes 27 Chapter 1: Clement V’s and John XXII’s organization of preaching campaigns and the clergy’s role in their implementation 33 Ad recuperandum imperium Constantinopolitanum proficisci: French plans for the recapture of Constantinople – the promotion of Charles of Valois’s crusade 34 Verbum vivifice crucis publicare: Organising the preaching campaign for the Hospitallers’ passagium to Rhodes 38 Crux per prelatos et alios viros ydoneos per totam christianitatem predicaretur: The Council of Vienne and the epilogue to Clement V’s crusading organization 45 Statum miserabilem Terre Sancte considerans: Papal endeavours to reinvigorate the crusading zeal for the Holy Land, 1316–1322 49 Cruxque universaliter predicaretur tam in suis quam aliis regnis et terris: The crusade preaching campaigns in the context of Franco-papal crusade negotiations, 1322–1328 53 Committimus predicande concedendeque crucis officium: Between Avignon and Paris, crusade planning and propaganda during 1331–1334 59 Notes 62 Chapter 2: Organising and implementing preaching campaigns under Benedict XII and Clement VI 80 Contra Agarenos verbum crucis predicari: The continuation of the 1334 naval league and the promotion of Philip VI’s crusade – from initial support to final abandonment 80 Ad succurendum Christianis in Romanie partibus: Pope Clement VI, the preaching for the anti-Turkish league and the capture of Smyrna, 1342–1344 86 Filium Imbertum Dalphinum Viennensem, ducem et capitaneum exercitus contra Turcos deputandum: Dauphin Humbert II of Viennois’ leadership of the Christian armada against the Turks, 1345 88 Pro efficatiori succursu Christianorum verbum crucis vivifice mandavimus predicari: The preaching of the second phase of the Smyrna Crusade 95 Notes 99 Chapter 3: Preaching the crusades: Propaganda, liturgy and popular reaction in the early fourteenth century 110 Crusade propaganda and liturgy: Preaching testimonies in the chronicles of the early fourteenth century. The liturgy for the liberation of the Holy Land as a component of crusade propaganda 110 Popular responses to preaching 121 Notes 133 Chapter 4: University trained clergy and the preaching of the crusade, 1305–1333 147 Crux penitentie predicatur et imponitur volentibus transfretare de Egypto in Jerusalem: The crusade sermons for the Fourth Sunday in Lent (Laetare Jerusalem) 148 Stimulating Philip VI to assume the cross: Pierre de la Palud’s sermon on the feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, 1331 154 Crusade propaganda and diplomacy in the framework of the Franco-papal crusade negotiations, 1332–1333: The sermons of Pierre Roger, Archbishop of Rouen 166 The crusade sermons in the first half of the fourteenth century: An overview 181 Notes 186 Conclusion 201 Note 204 Appendix I: A list of crusade sermons from the first half of the fourteenth century 206 Appendix II: James of Lausanne’s sermon on the Fourth Sunday in Lent 209 Appendix III: Pierre Roger’s crusade sermon at the papal chapel in Avignon, 19 February 1332 214 Appendix IV: Pierre Roger’s crusade sermon at the papal chapel in Avignon, 16 July 1333 240 Appendix V: Clement VI’s sermon on the Dauphin Humbert II of Viennois’ leadership of the Christian armada against the Turks, 1345 272 Bibliography 282 Index 301