Praxagoras of Cos on arteries, pulse and pneuma : fragments and interpretation

The Distinction That Praxagoras Of Cos (4th-3rd C. Bc) Made Between Arteries And Veins And His Views On Pulsation And Pneuma Are Two Significant Turning Points In The History Of Ideas And Medicine. In This Book Orly Lewis Presents The Fragmentary Evidence For This Topic And Offers A Fresh Analysis Of Praxagoras' Views On The Soul And The Functions Of The Heart And Pneuma. In So Doing, She Highlights The Empirical Basis Of Praxagoras' Views And His Engagement With Earlier Medical Debates And With Aristotle's Physiology. The Study Consists Of An Edition And Translation Of The Relevant Fragments (some Absent From The Standard 1958 Edition) Followed By A Commentary And A Synthetic Analysis Of Praxagoras' Views And Their Place In The History Of Medicine And Ideas--publisher Description. Introduction -- Life And Works -- Praxagoras And The History Of Medicine And Philosophy -- The Present Study -- Part I. The Fragments -- Introduction To The Fragments And Source-authors -- The Fragments -- The Source-authors -- Part Ii. The Doctrines Of Praxagoras -- Praxagoras On Arteries And Pulse -- What Are The Arteries? -- The Origins Of Praxagoras' Conception Of Arteries -- The Role Of Pneuma -- Conclusion -- The Doctrines Of Praxagoras -- Praxagoras In Context : The Place Of His Doctrines In The History Of Greco-roman Medicine And Philosophy. By Orly Lewis. Includes Bibliographical References (pages 311-336) And Index. ‎Contents 7 ‎Preface and Acknowledgments 11 ‎Note on Bibliography and Abbreviations 14 ‎List of Tables 15 ‎Introduction 17 ‎1. Life and Works 17 ‎2. Praxagoras and the History of Medicine and Philosophy 22 ‎3. The Present Study 25 ‎Part 1. The Fragments on Arteries, Pulse and Pneuma 29 ‎Introduction to the Fragments and Source-Authors 31 ‎1. The Fragments 31 ‎1.1. Overview 31 ‎1.2. Criteria for Inclusion 32 ‎1.3. Presentation and Arrangement 34 ‎1.3.1. Fragments and Testimonia 34 ‎1.3.2. Form of Presentation 36 ‎1.3.3. The Commentary and Cross-References 36 ‎1.3.4. Order 37 ‎1.4. Text and Translation 39 ‎1.4.1. The Text 39 ‎1.4.2. Apparatus 39 ‎1.4.3. Translation 40 ‎2. The Source-Authors 41 ‎2.1. General Overview 41 ‎2.2. The Main Source-Authors 42 ‎2.2.1. Galen 43 ‎2.2.2. Anonymous of Paris 45 ‎Text and Translation 49 ‎Anatomy of Arteries 52 ‎Physiology of Arteries 62 ‎Pneuma and Soul 76 ‎Pathology of Arteries and Pneuma 84 ‎Commentary 101 ‎Anatomy of Arteries 103 ‎1. Rufus of Ephesus, On the Names of the Parts of the Human Body 208–211, p. 163,3–12 Daremberg/Ruelle 103 ‎Contents 103 ‎Context 103 ‎Comments 103 ‎2a. Galen, On the Anatomy of the Womb, 10.6–11, CMG V 2,1, pp. 52,22–54,21 Nickel (= K. 2.904,7–906,5) 109 ‎Contents 109 ‎Context 109 ‎Comments 109 ‎2b. Galen, Commentary on the Aphorisms of Hippocrates 5.45, K. 17B.838,8–16 116 ‎Contents 116 ‎Context 116 ‎Comments 116 ‎3. Galen, On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato 1.6.11–2.1.2, pp. 80,16–90,28 De Lacy (= K. 5.187,3–200,10) 118 ‎Contents 118 ‎Context 118 ‎Comments 119 ‎Physiology of Arteries 128 ‎4. Galen, On the Differences of the Pulse 1.2, K. 8.497,13–498,14 128 ‎Contents 128 ‎Context 128 ‎Comments 129 ‎5. Galen, On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato 6.1.10–12, p. 362,10–21 De Lacy (= K. 5.507,18–508,14) 133 ‎Contents 133 ‎Context 133 ‎Comments 134 ‎6. Galen, On the Differences of the Pulse 4.3, K. 8.721,18–725,6 135 ‎Contents 135 ‎Context 135 ‎Comments 136 ‎7. Ps.-Rufus of Ephesus, Synopsis on the Pulse 2, p. 220,5–14 Daremberg/Ruelle 141 ‎Contents 141 ‎Context 141 ‎Comments 141 ‎8. Galen, On Tremor, Palpitation, Spasm and Rigour 1–5, K. 7.584.1–606,14 143 ‎Contents 143 ‎Context 143 ‎Comments 144 ‎9. Galen, On the Differences of the Pulse 4.2, K. 8.701,2–703,5 149 ‎Contents 149 ‎Context 149 ‎Comments 150 ‎10. Galen, On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato 6.7.1–7, pp. 404,38–406,21 De Lacy (= K. 5.560,16–562,8) 152 ‎Contents 152 ‎Context 152 ‎Comments 153 ‎11. Galen, Whether the Arteries Naturally Contain Blood 8.1–2, pp. 176–178 Furley/Wilkie (= K. 4.731,14–732,9) 156 ‎Contents 156 ‎Context 156 ‎Comments 156 ‎12. Galen, On Identifying the Pulse 4.3, K. 8.950,9–951,4 159 ‎Contents 159 ‎Context 159 ‎Comments 159 ‎13. Galen, On Abundance 11.11, p. 72,6–10 Otte (= K. 7.573,16–574,2) 161 ‎Contents 161 ‎Context 161 ‎Comments 161 ‎14. Galen, On Identifying the Pulse 4.2, K. 8.941,11–942,4 163 ‎Contents 163 ‎Context 163 ‎Comments 163 ‎15. Marcellinus, On Pulse 14, lines 281–287 Schöne 166 ‎Contents 166 ‎Context 166 ‎Comments 167 ‎Pneuma and Soul 174 ‎16. Galen, On the Use of Respiration 1.2–3.10, pp. 80–108 Furley/Wilkie (= K. 4.471,1–493,9) 174 ‎Contents 174 ‎Context 175 ‎Comments 175 ‎17. Galen, On the Usefulness of the Parts 5.15, Helmreich 1.295,9–17 (= K. 3.403,6–13) 183 ‎Contents 183 ‎Context 183 ‎Comments 184 ‎18. Galen, Whether the Arteries Naturally Contain Blood 2.1–2, pp. 146–148 Furley/Wilkie (= K. 4.706,5–707,10) 186 ‎Contents 186 ‎Context 187 ‎Comments 187 ‎19. Athenaeus of Naucratis, The Deipnosophists XV, 687d–688c, 36 Kaibel, pp. 520,11–522,8 190 ‎Contents 190 ‎Context 191 ‎Comments 191 ‎20. Tertullian, On the Soul 15.4–6, pp. 19,24–20,8 Waszink 192 ‎Contents 192 ‎Context 192 ‎Comments 193 ‎Pathology of Arteries and Pneuma 196 ‎21. Anonymous of Paris, On Acute and Chronic Diseases 11, pp. 80,22–82,10 Garofalo 196 ‎Contents 196 ‎Context 196 ‎Comments 197 ‎22. Anonymous of Paris, On Acute and Chronic Diseases 1, p. 2,1–21 Garofalo 203 ‎Contents 203 ‎Context 203 ‎Comments 203 ‎23. Anonymous of Paris, On Acute and Chronic Diseases 18, pp. 112,17–114,4 Garofalo 205 ‎Contents 205 ‎Context 206 ‎Comments 206 ‎24. Anonymous of Paris, On Acute and Chronic Diseases 19, pp. 116,22–118,2 Garofalo 208 ‎Contents 208 ‎Context 208 ‎Comments 208 ‎25. Anonymous of Paris, On Acute and Chronic Diseases 3, pp. 18,10–20,6 Garofalo 211 ‎Contents 211 ‎Context 211 ‎Comments 211 ‎26. Anonymous of Paris, On Acute and Chronic Diseases 20, p. 120,12–20 Garofalo 213 ‎Contents 213 ‎Context 214 ‎Comments 214 ‎27. Anonymous of Paris, On Acute and Chronic Diseases 4, pp. 24,21–26,8 Garofalo 217 ‎Contents 217 ‎Context 217 ‎Comments 217 ‎28. Anonymous of Paris, On Acute and Chronic Diseases 21, pp. 122,18–124,9 Garofalo 219 ‎Contents 219 ‎Context 219 ‎Comments 219 ‎29. Anonymous of Paris, On Acute and Chronic Diseases 22, pp. 130,21–132,3 Garofalo 222 ‎Contents 222 ‎Context 222 ‎Comments 222 ‎30. Anonymous of Paris, On Acute and Chronic Diseases 24, p. 136,4–10 Garofalo 223 ‎Contents 223 ‎Context 223 ‎Comments 223 ‎31. Anonymous of Paris, On Acute and Chronic Diseases 7, p. 50,2–14 Garofalo 224 ‎Contents 224 ‎Context 224 ‎Comments 224 ‎32. Anonymous of Paris, On Acute and Chronic Diseases 23, p. 132,21–134,3 Garofalo 226 ‎Contents 226 ‎Context 227 ‎Comments 227 ‎List of Verbatim Citations 228 ‎Possible Verbatim Citations (Presented in Indirect Speech) 228 ‎Part 2. The Doctrines of Praxagoras on Arteries, Pulse and Pneuma 229 ‎Chapter 1. Praxagoras on Arteries and Pulse 231 ‎1. Introduction 231 ‎2. What are the Arteries? 235 ‎2.1. Course and Morphology 236 ‎2.2. Pulsation 238 ‎2.3. Contents 245 ‎2.4. Praxagoras’ Arteries: Conclusion 247 ‎3. The Origins of Praxagoras’ Conception of Arteries 248 ‎3.1. Morphology 249 ‎3.2. Pulsation 255 ‎3.3. Contents 262 ‎3.4. Conclusion 266 ‎Chapter 2. Praxagoras on Pneuma 268 ‎1. Introduction 268 ‎2. What is Pneuma? 270 ‎3. The Source and Origin of Pneuma 272 ‎3.1. The Heart as the (Only?) Source of Arterial Pneuma 272 ‎3.2. The Source of the Cardiac Pneuma and the Conversion of Air into Pneuma 275 ‎3.2.1. Encounter with Moist Substances, or Compression 277 ‎3.2.2. Mixing with an Internally Generated Vapour: the Concept of ‘Nourishment of Pneuma’ 280 ‎3.3. Conclusion 291 ‎4. The Role of Pneuma 291 ‎4.1. Motor Activity 291 ‎4.1.1. The Importance of Pneuma for Motion 291 ‎4.1.2. The ‘Mechanics’ of Motion: Arteries, Pneuma and Neura 294 ‎4.2. Sense-Perception 300 ‎4.3. Reason 303 ‎4.4. The Relation between Pneuma and Soul 308 ‎5. Conclusion 312 ‎Conclusion 315 ‎1. The Doctrines of Praxagoras 315 ‎1.1. Arteries and Pulse (Questions 1–3 and I) 315 ‎1.2. The Pneuma (Questions 4–6) 318 ‎1.3. Pneuma and Soul (Question 7) 318 ‎2. Praxagoras in Context: The Place of His Doctrines in the History of Greco-Roman Medicine and Philosophy 319 ‎2.1. Praxagoras and Earlier Authors (Question II) 319 ‎2.2. Praxagoras and Later Authors (Question III) 321 ‎Bibliography 327 ‎1. List of Abbreviations 327 ‎In Critical Apparatus 327 ‎2. Texts Used 328 ‎3. Translations Used 342 ‎4. Studies 343 ‎Concordances 353 ‎Index of Modern Authors 355 ‎Index of Ancient Sources 357 ‎Index of Greek and Latin Words in the Fragments 374 ‎1. Greek 374 ‎2. Latin 380 ‎Index of Subjects and Names 381 The distinction that Praxagoras of Cos (4th-3rd c. BC) made between arteries and veins and his views on pulsation and pneuma are two significant turning points in the history of ideas and medicine. In this book Orly Lewis presents the fragmentary evidence for this topic and offers a fresh analysis of Praxagoras'views on the soul and the functions of the heart and pneuma. In so doing, she highlights the empirical basis of Praxagoras'views and his engagement with earlier medical debates and with Aristotle's physiology. The study consists of an edition and translation of the relevant fragments (some absent from the standard 1958 edition) followed by a commentary and a synthetic analysis of Praxagoras'views and their place in the history of medicine and ideas. The book has been awarded the Young Historian Prize of the Académie Internationale d'Histoire de Sciences (2019). This Study Offers An Edition And Fresh Analysis Of The Fragmentary Evidence For The Views Of Praxagoras Of Cos (4th-3rd C. Bc) On Arteries, Pulsation And Pneuma. It Presents The Relevant Fragments And Draws New Conclusions On Praxagoras’ Views And Sources.