عملی کردن باستان‌شناسی: مقدمه‌ای بر باستان‌شناسی منابع فرهنگی (ویرایش دوم)

This comprehensive reference book addresses the questions and problems of cultural resource archaeology for graduate students and practicing archaeological field workers. Neumann and Sanford use their decades of field experience to discuss in great detail the complex processes involved in conducting a CRM project. Dealing with everything from law to logistics, archival research to zoological analysis, project proposals to report production, they provide an invaluable sourcebook for archaeologists who do contract work in the United States. After introducing the legal and ethical aspects of cultural resources management, the authors describe the processes of designing a proposal and contracting for work, doing background research, conducting assessment, testing, mitigation work (Phase I, II, and III), laboratory analysis, and preparing reports for project sponsors. The volume's emphasis on practical problems, use of extensive examples, and detailed advice on a host of subjects make it an ideal training manual and reference tool for archaeologists and field schools. Front Cover ......Page 1 Title Page ......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 Preface to the Second Edition......Page 12 Preface to the First Edition......Page 14 Acknowledgments......Page 16 CREDITS......Page 17 OVERVIEW OF CONTENTS......Page 20 RESOURCES LEGISLATION......Page 24 Cultural Resources......Page 26 1.2.2. WPA Archaeology and Its In uence on Modern Professional Archaeology......Page 28 DEPENDENCE......Page 29 PROBLEM VERSUS CIRCUMSTANTIAL RESEARCH PROBLEM......Page 31 1.2.2.4. ANALYSIS AND PUBLICATION......Page 32 Professional Archaeology......Page 33 ACADEMIC GROWTH......Page 35 1.2.3.3. BIFURCATION......Page 36 IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 40 1.3.2. Archaeology Outside of the University......Page 44 1.4. SUMMARY......Page 47 2.1. PURPOSES AND OBJECTIVES......Page 50 SECTION 106 PROCESS......Page 52 Unknown......Page 0 “Protection of Historic Properties”......Page 53 2.2.2.2. SIGNIFICANCE AND 36 CFR 60......Page 56 2.2.2.3. THE PARTIES IN THE SECTION 106 PROCESS......Page 59 2.2.2.4. STEPS ALONG THE WAY: THE PROCESS......Page 60 SECTION 106 PROCESS......Page 64 PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS......Page 69 REPORTING STANDARDS......Page 70 Environmental Policy Act......Page 71 2.3.2.1. ADDITIONAL LEGISLATION......Page 73 2.3.2.2. REGULATIONS......Page 75 2.3.2.3. GUIDELINES......Page 76 2.5. MUNICIPAL AND COUNTY REGULATIONS......Page 77 3.1. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES......Page 80 3.2.1. Levels of Government and Needs......Page 83 3.2.2. Where Government Needs Are Published......Page 85 3.2.3. Responding to a Request for Proposals (RFP)......Page 88 3.2.3.1. CONTENTS OF A BID PACKAGE......Page 90 3.2.3.3. QUALIFICATIONS STATEMENT......Page 91 3.2.3.4. TECHNICAL PROPOSAL......Page 93 3.2.3.5. COMPETITIVE BUDGET ESTIMATES......Page 94 “Best-and-Final”......Page 97 3.3. PRIVATE-SECTOR CONTRACTS......Page 100 3.3.2. Locating Private-Sector Clients......Page 102 3.3.3. Assembling a Bid Package......Page 104 3.3.3.1. CONTENTS OF A BID PACKAGE......Page 105 3.3.3.2. QUALIFICATIONS STATEMENT......Page 106 TORY AGENCIES......Page 107 3.3.3.4. COMPETITIVE BUDGET ESTIMATES......Page 108 3.4. SUMMARY......Page 110 4.1. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES......Page 114 4.2.1. History of the Undertaking......Page 115 4.2.2. History of the Project Area......Page 118 4.2.2.1. INTERVIEWS......Page 119 4.2.2.2. STATE SITE FILES SEARCH......Page 124 TION OFFICE[R])......Page 126 TION......Page 127 SOIL SURVEY......Page 130 4.4. HISTORIC BACKGROUND NARRATIVE......Page 133 4.5. PREHISTORIC BACKGROUND NARRATIVE......Page 134 4.6. SUMMARY......Page 136 5.1. INTENT AND GOALS......Page 138 PRE-FIELD PREPARATION......Page 139 5.2.1. Site and Region Documentation......Page 140 5.2.2. Contacts, Public Relations......Page 142 5.2.3. Labor Estimates......Page 144 5.2.4.2. HIRING OR ASSIGNING FIELD PERSONNEL......Page 148 Housing, Per Diem, Transport......Page 149 5.2.7.1. PROJECT MAPS......Page 151 5.2.7.2. SUBSURFACE SURVEY: PLANNING SHOVEL TEST TRANSECTS......Page 153 5.3. FIELD......Page 159 CESSION......Page 160 5.3.1.2. LAND-USE HISTORY AND THE SOIL PROFILE......Page 162 5.3.2.1. SUBSURFACE TESTING BY SHOVEL TESTING......Page 168 5.3.2.2. SETTING UP SHOVEL TESTING IN THE FIELD......Page 170 SECTION 1. GENERAL PROJECT INFORMATION......Page 172 SECTION 3. SPECIFIC FIELD RECORDS......Page 178 SECTION 4. BAG INVENTORY/FIELD SPECIMEN SHEETS......Page 179 5.4. POST-FIELD......Page 180 5.4.1. Level of Analyses Expected......Page 181 5.4.2. Addressing Basic Phase I Issues......Page 183 5.4.3. General Structure of Report......Page 184 5.4.4. Additional Tasks: Site Forms......Page 185 5.5. SUMMARY......Page 186 6.1. INTENT AND GOALS......Page 188 6.2.1. Phase I Investigations and Recommendations......Page 190 6.2.2. Research and Sampling Strategies......Page 191 6.2.3. Site and Region Documentation......Page 192 6.2.4. Contacts, Public Relations......Page 194 6.2.5. Labor Estimates......Page 197 6.2.6. Staff ng Needs......Page 200 6.2.6.2. HIRING OR ASSIGNING FIELD PERSONNEL......Page 201 Housing, Per Diem, Transport......Page 202 6.2.8. Equipment and Supply Needs......Page 204 6.2.9.1. PROJECT MAPS......Page 205 CESSION......Page 206 6.3.2.2. SETTING UP IN THE FIELD......Page 208 6.3.2.3. EXECUTION OF FIELD WORK......Page 210 6.3.3. Field Notes and Records......Page 216 SECTION 2. GENERAL FIELD NOTES......Page 220 SECTION 4. FEATURE RECORDS......Page 222 6.4. POST-FIELD......Page 226 6.4.1. Level of Analyses Expected......Page 230 6.4.2. Addressing the Basic Phase II Issues......Page 233 6.4.3. General Structure of Report......Page 234 6.5. SUMMARY......Page 236 7.1. INTENT AND GOALS......Page 238 7.2. DATA RECOVERY PLAN......Page 240 7.2.1. Project History and Background......Page 242 7.2.3. History of Site Investigations......Page 243 7.2.4. Place of Site in Overall History/Prehistory......Page 244 7.2.5. Research Issues and Reasons for Signif cance......Page 245 Data Recovery Plan......Page 247 PRE-FIELD PREPARATION......Page 248 7.3.2. Local Contacts, Public Relations......Page 249 7.3.3. Labor Estimates......Page 251 7.3.4. Staff ng Needs......Page 254 7.3.4.1. NON-FIELD SUPPORT PERSONNEL......Page 258 7.3.4.2. HIRING OR ASSIGNING FIELD PERSONNEL......Page 259 7.3.6. Equipment and Supply Needs......Page 260 GATIONS......Page 261 7.4.1.3. LANDSCAPE HISTORY......Page 262 7.4.2.1. GENERAL......Page 269 7.4.2.2. NOTEBOOKS AND RECORD KEEPING......Page 273 7.4.3. Closing Field Operations......Page 275 7.5.1. Collections Processing......Page 277 7.5.2. Analysis and Report Production......Page 278 7.6. CLOSING THE PROJECT......Page 279 7.7. SUMMARY......Page 280 8.1. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES......Page 282 8.2. BASIC LABORATORY STRUCTURE......Page 283 8.2.1. Physical Plant and Equipment Needs......Page 284 8.2.2. Conf guration......Page 290 8.2.3. Budgeting......Page 291 8.2.4.1. MANAGEMENT AND INTERNAL SCHEDULING......Page 292 8.3.2.1. CLEANING, STABILIZATION, CONSERVATION......Page 293 8.3.2.2. CATALOGUING......Page 294 8.3.2.3. LABELING AND PREPARATION FOR CURATION......Page 296 8.3.2.4. DATABASES AND RELATED MANAGEMENT......Page 298 8.3.3.1. REDUCTION......Page 299 8.4.1. Levels of Analysis: Laboratory Recordation......Page 301 8.4.2. Levels of Analysis: Data Manipulation......Page 303 8.5.1. Ownership, Curation, Jurisdiction......Page 305 8.6. SUMMARY......Page 307 9.1. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES......Page 310 9.2.1.1. BACKGROUND......Page 313 9.2.1.2. ANALYSIS......Page 314 9.2.1.3. FIGURES AND GENERAL ARTWORK......Page 315 COVER, TITLE PAGE, CONTENTS, FORMS......Page 319 ABSTRACTS, MANAGEMENT/EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES......Page 320 CHAPTER 2: ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND......Page 321 CHAPTER 4: FIELD AND ANALYTICAL METHODS......Page 322 CHAPTER 6: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 323 APPENDIXES......Page 325 9.4.1. Section 106 Review......Page 326 9.4.2. Non–Section 106 Review......Page 330 9.6. SUMMARY......Page 332 CODE OF CONDUCT......Page 334 STANDARDS OF RESEARCH PERFORMANCE......Page 335 References Cited......Page 338 Index......Page 348 About the Authors......Page 364 This book is an excellent reference tool for consulting firms, contractors, graduate students, and others who need to know the nuts and bolts of professional archaeology.