Practical Research: Planning and Design plus MyLab Education with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package (What's New in Ed Psych / Tests & Measurements)

An engaging, cross-disciplinary guide to research methodology Practical Research: Planning and Design is a do-it-yourself, how-to manual for planning and conducting research. Suitable for a wide variety of courses in basic research methodology, the book uses a conversational tone, step-by-step instructions, and practical suggestions to guide the reader from the selection of a problem to the preparation of a completed report. The 12th Edition has been updated to include the latest technology-based strategies and online tools. Other key changes include a better balance between quantitative and qualitative methods and the addition of a new chapter on action research. Also available with MyLab Education MyLab(TM) is the teaching and learning platform that empowers you to reach every student. By combining trusted author content with digital tools and a flexible platform, MyLab personalizes the learning experience and improves results for each student. MyLab Education helps students bridge the gap between theory and practice--better preparing them for success in their future endeavors. Note: You are purchasing a standalone product; MyLab Education does not come packaged with this content. Students, if interested in purchasing this title with MyLab Education, ask your instructor to confirm the correct package ISBN and Course ID. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information. If you would like to purchase both the physical text and MyLab Education, search for: 0134802764 / 9780134802763 Practical Research: Planning and Design plus MyLab Education with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package Package consists of: 0134775651 / 9780134775654 Practical Research: Planning and Design 0134776186 / 9780134776187 MyLab Education with Pearson eText -- Access Card -- for Practical Research: Planning and Design Education,Testing & Measurement,reference,Research Cover Title Page Copyright Page Preface Acknowledgments Global Edition Acknowledgments Brief Contents Contents PART I The Fundamentals Chapter 1 The Nature and Tools of Research What Research Is Not What Research Is Philosophical Assumptions Underlying Research Methodologies Tools of Research The Library and Its Resources Computer Technology Measurement Statistics Language PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Communicating Effectively Through Writing GUIDELINES: Writing to Communicate GUIDELINES: Using the Tools in Word‐Processing Software The Human Mind Critical Thinking Deductive Logic Inductive Reasoning Scientific Method Theory Building Collaboration with Other Minds Reflections on Noteworthy Research Exploring Research in Your Field PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Identifying Important Tools in Your Discipline CHECKLIST: Interviewing an Expert Researcher Application Exercises For Further Reading PART II Focusing Your Research Efforts Chapter 2 The Problem: The Heart of the Research Process Finding Research Projects PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Identifying and Presenting the Research Problem or Question GUIDELINES: Choosing an Appropriate Problem or Question GUIDELINES: Writing a Purpose Statement CHECKLIST: Evaluating a Purpose Statement Dividing the Main Research Problem or Question into Subproblems Subproblems Versus Pseudo‐Subproblems Characteristics of Subproblems Identifying Subproblems Taking a Paper‐and‐Pencil Approach Using Mind‐Mapping (Brainstorming) Software Every Research Problem Needs Further Delineation Identifying a Relevant Theoretical or Conceptual Framework Stating Hypotheses Distinguishing Between Research Hypotheses and Null Hypotheses in Quantitative Research Identifying the General Concepts and Possibly Also Specific Variables That Are the Focus of the Investigation CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS EXERCISE: Identifying Independent, Dependent, Mediating, and Moderating Variables Defining Terms Stating Assumptions Identifying Delimitations and Limitations Importance of the Study Writing the First Chapter or Section of a Research Proposal PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Writing the First Section of a Proposal Checklist: Evaluating Your Proposed Research Project PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Reappraising a Proposed Research Problem Guidelines: Fine‐Tuning Your Research Problem or Question Application Exercises For Further Reading Chapter 3 Review of the Related Literature Understanding the Role of the Literature Review Strategies for Locating Related Literature Using the Library Catalog Using Online Databases Consulting with Reference Librarians Surfing the Internet Using Citations and Reference Lists of Scholars Who Have Gone Before You Identifying Your Sources: The Importance of Adhering to an Appropriate Style Manual PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Planning a Literature Search GUIDELINES: Using Your Library Time Efficiently PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Evaluating the Research of Others CHECKLIST: Evaluating a Research Article Knowing When to Quit Organizing and Synthesizing the Literature into a Cohesive Review PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Writing the Literature Review GUIDELINES: Writing a Clear and Cohesive Literature Review A Sample Literature Review Application Exercises For Further Reading Chapter 4 Planning Your Research Project Planning a General Approach Research Planning Versus Research Methodology The Nature and Role of Data in Research Data Are Transient and Ever Changing Primary Data Versus Secondary Data Planning for Data Collection Linking Data and Research Methodology Comparing Quantitative and Qualitative Methodologies Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Designs PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Choosing a General Research Approach GUIDELINES: Deciding Whether to Use a Quantitative or Qualitative Approach Choosing Methods That Enhance the Value of Your Research Project Enhancing the Credibility of Your Findings Enhancing the Generalizability of Your Findings Choosing Appropriate Assessment Strategies Distinguishing Between Substantial and Intangible Phenomena Assessing Intangible Phenomena: An Example Types of Measurement Scales Nominal Scales Ordinal Scales Interval Scales Ratio Scales CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS EXERCISE: Identifying Scales of Measurement Validity and Reliability in Assessment Validity of Assessment Strategies Reliability of Assessment Strategies Thinking of Validity and Reliability as Reflections of Error in Your Assessments CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS EXERCISE: Identifying Problems with Validity and Reliability in Assessment Strategies Ethical Issues in Research Protection from Harm Voluntary and Informed Participation Right to Privacy Honesty with Professional Colleagues Institutional Review Boards Professional Codes of Ethics PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Planning an Ethical Research Study CHECKLIST: Determining Whether Your Proposed Study Is Ethically Defensible Critically Scrutinizing Your Overall Plan PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Judging the Feasibility of a Research Project CHECKLIST: Determining Whether a Proposed Research Project Is Realistic and Practical When You Can’t Anticipate Everything in Advance: The Value of a Pilot Study PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Developing a Plan of Attack Using Project Management Software and Electronic Planners Keeping an Optimistic and Task‐Oriented Outlook Application Exercises For Further Reading Chapter 5 Writing the Research Proposal Characteristics of a Proposal A Proposal Is a Straightforward Document A Proposal Is Not a Literary Production A Proposal Is Clearly Organized Organizing and Writing a Research Proposal Formatting Headings and Subheadings PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Writing Your Proposal GUIDELINES: Writing the First Draft GUIDELINES: Revising Your Proposal PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Strengthening Your Proposal CHECKLIST: Evaluating an Early Draft of a Research Proposal Final Thoughts About Proposal Writing A Sample Research Proposal Application Exercises For Further Reading PART III Research Designs Chapter 6 Descriptive Research Descriptive Research Designs Observation Studies Correlational Research A Caution About Interpreting Correlational Results Developmental Designs Experience‐Sampling Methods Survey Research Face‐to‐Face and Telephone Interviews Questionnaires Planning for Data Collection in a Descriptive Study PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Using Checklists, Rating Scales, and Rubrics PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Computerizing Observations PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Planning and Conducting Interviews in a Quantitative Study GUIDELINES: Conducting Interviews in a Quantitative Study PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Constructing and Administering a Questionnaire GUIDELINES: Constructing a Questionnaire GUIDELINES: Using Technology to Facilitate Questionnaire Administration and Data Analysis GUIDELINES: Maximizing Your Return Rate for a Questionnaire PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Using the Internet to Collect Data for a Descriptive Study Choosing a Sample in a Descriptive Study Sampling Designs Probability Sampling Nonprobability Sampling Sampling in Surveys of Very Large Populations PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Identifying a Sufficient Sample Size PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Choosing an Appropriate Sample in Descriptive Research CHECKLIST: Considering the Nature of the Population When Identifying Your Sampling Procedure Common Sources of Bias in Descriptive Studies Sampling Bias Instrumentation Bias Response Bias Researcher Bias PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Acknowledging the Probable Presence of Bias in Descriptive Research GUIDELINES: Identifying Possible Sampling Bias in Questionnaire Research CHECKLIST: Identifying Potential Sources of Bias in a Descriptive Study Interpreting Data in Descriptive Research Some Final Suggestions A Sample Dissertation Application Exercises For Further Reading Chapter 7 Experimental, Quasi‐Experimental, and Ex Post Facto Designs The Importance of Control Controlling for Confounding Variables Types of Experimental, Quasi‐Experimental, and Ex Post Facto Designs Pre‐Experimental Designs Design 1: One‐Shot Experimental Case Study Design 2: One‐Group Pretest–Posttest Design Design 3: Static Group Comparison True Experimental Designs Design 4: Control‐Group Pretest–Posttest Design Design 5: Solomon Four‐Group Design Design 6: Control‐Group Posttest‐Only Design Design 7: Within‐Subjects Design Quasi‐Experimental Designs Design 8: Nonrandomized Control‐Group Pretest–Posttest Design Design 9: Simple Time‐Series Design Design 10: Control‐Group Time‐Series Design Design 11: Reversal Time‐Series Design Design 12: Alternating‐Treatments Design Design 13: Multiple‐Baseline Design Using Designs 11, 12, and 13 in Single‐Case Intervention Research Ex Post Facto Designs Design 14: Simple Ex Post Facto Design Factorial Designs Design 15: Two‐Factor Experimental Design Design 16: Combined Experimental and Ex Post Facto Design CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS EXERCISE: Identifying Quantitative Research Designs PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Determining Possible Cause‐and‐Effect Relationships CHECKLIST: Looking for Confounding Variables Meta‐Analyses Conducting Experiments on the Internet Testing Your Hypotheses, and Beyond PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Acknowledging the Probable Presence of Bias in Experimental Research CHECKLIST: Identifying Potential Sources of Bias and Potential Threats to External Validity in an Experimental, Quasi‐Experimental, or Ex Post Facto Study A Sample Dissertation Application Exercises For Further Reading Chapter 8 Qualitative Research Methods Research Problems and Methodology Choice in Qualitative Research Potential Advantages of a Qualitative Approach Qualitative Research Designs Case Study Ethnography Phenomenological Study Grounded Theory Study Narrative Inquiry Content Analysis CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS EXERCISE: Choosing a Qualitative Research Design Collecting Data in Qualitative Research PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Ensuring That Qualitative Data Collection Yields Credible, Trustworthy Data PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Selecting an Appropriate Sample for a Qualitative Study PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Making Observations in a Qualitative Study PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Planning and Conducting Interviews in a Qualitative Study GUIDELINES: Conducting a Productive Interview An Example in International Relations Using Technology to Facilitate Collection of Interview Data Criteria for Evaluating Qualitative Research PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Planning the Logistics of a Qualitative Study CHECKLIST: Pinning Down the Methodology of a Qualitative Study A Sample Dissertation Application Exercises For Further Reading Chapter 9 Mixed‐Methods Designs When Mixed‐Methods Designs Are Most Useful and Appropriate General Categories of Mixed‐Methods Research Convergent Designs Exploratory Sequential Designs Explanatory Sequential Designs Longitudinal Mixed‐Methods Designs Multiphase Iterative Designs CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS EXERCISE: Identifying Mixed‐Methods Research Designs Planning a Mixed‐Methods Study Identifying Research Questions and Hypotheses Conducting the Literature Review Choosing One or More Appropriate Samples Ensuring That the Study Will Have Reasonable Credibility Analyzing and Interpreting the Data Special Ethical Considerations in Mixed‐Methods Research PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Deciding Whether to Use a Mixed‐Methods Design CHECKLIST: Pinning Down the Logistics and Feasibility of a Mixed‐Methods Study A Sample Dissertation Application Exercises For Further Reading Chapter 10 Action Research and Participatory Designs Action‐Oriented Models and Designs Action Research/Teacher Research Design‐Based Research (DBR) Participatory Action Research (PAR) and Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) Community‐Based Research (CBR) Models Course‐Based Action Research Community‐Based Participatory Research Community‐Based Qualitative Research CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS EXERCISE: Choosing an Action‐Oriented Design PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Deciding Whether to Use Action Research and/or a Participatory Design CHECKLIST: Pinning Down the Logistics and Feasibility of Action Research, a Participatory Design, or a Combination of the Two Data Collection and Analysis in Action Research Disseminating the Findings of Action Research Projects PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Using Community Forums as a Means of Disseminating the Results of Action Research and Participatory Research Projects GUIDELINES: Planning and Conducting an Effective Community Forum A Sample Research Report Application Exercises For Further Reading PART IV Data Analyses Chapter 11 Analyzing Quantitative Data Exploring and Organizing a Data Set Organizing Data to Make Them Easier to Think About and Interpret Using Computer Spreadsheets to Organize and Analyze Data Choosing Appropriate Statistics Functions of Statistics Statistics as Estimates of Population Parameters Considering the Nature of the Data Single‐Group Versus Multi‐Group Data Continuous Versus Discrete Variables Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio Data Normal and Non‐Normal Distributions Choosing Between Parametric and Nonparametric Statistics Descriptive Statistics Measures of Central Tendency Curves Determine Means Measures of Central Tendency as Predictors Measures of Variability: Dispersion and Deviation How Great Is the Spread? Using the Mean and Standard Deviation to Calculate Standard Scores Keeping Measures of Central Tendency and Variability in Perspective Measures of Association: Correlation How Validity and Reliability of Assessment Strategies Affect Correlation Coefficients A Reminder About Correlations Inferential Statistics Estimating Population Parameters An Example: Estimating a Population Mean Point Versus Interval Estimates Testing Hypotheses Making Errors in Hypothesis Testing Examples of Statistical Techniques for Testing Hypotheses Meta‐Analysis Using Statistical Software Packages Interpreting the Data PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Analyzing and Interpreting Data in a Quantitative Study CHECKLIST: Choosing Statistical Procedures A Sample Dissertation Application Exercises For Further Reading Chapter 12 Analyzing Qualitative and Mixed‐Methods Data Qualitative Analysis Strategies General Strategies for Organizing and Analyzing Qualitative Data Creswell’s Data Analysis Spiral An Example: Data Analysis in a Grounded Theory Study An Example: Data Analysis in a Content Analysis Study An Example: Data Analysis in an Ethnographic Study PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Using Computer Databases to Facilitate Data Organization and Analysis Acknowledging the Role of Researcher‐as‐Instrument in Qualitative Research PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Planning Data Analysis for a Qualitative Study CHECKLIST: Pinning Down the Data Analysis in a Qualitative Study Analyzing and Interpreting Mixed‐Methods Data PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Using Computer Software Programs to Facilitate Mixed‐Methods Data Analysis Systematic Reviews of Qualitative and Mixed‐Methods Studies PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Observing How Experienced Researchers Have Conducted Qualitative and Mixed‐Methods Research CHECKLIST: Evaluating a Qualitative or Mixed‐Methods Study A Sample Dissertation Application Exercises For Further Reading PART V Research Reports Chapter 13 Planning and Preparing a Final Research Report Getting Started Surfing the Internet for Writing Assistance Learn by Looking Essential Elements of a Research Report Explanation of the Research Problem or Question Description of Study Design and Data‐Collection Methods Presentation of the Data and Their Analyses Interpretations of the Data Identification of Possible Weaknesses of the Study Summary and Connections to a Broader Context Maintaining Your Academic Integrity Front Matter and End Matter Preliminary Pages Footnotes and Endnotes Reference List Appendix Content Organizing a Research Report Writing—and Finishing!—a Report PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Writing Your Final Report GUIDELINES: Writing a Clear, Coherent Report PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Developing a Writing Schedule GUIDELINES: Pinning Down and Adhering to a Workable Schedule PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Critiquing a Final Research Report CHECKLIST: Criteria for Critiquing a Research Report Beyond the Unpublished Research Report: Presenting and Publishing Conference Presentations PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Presenting Your Research at a Professional Conference GUIDELINES: Presenting an Effective Paper or Poster Journal Articles Sharing Authorship Responding to Reviewers’ Critiques A Closing Thought Application Exercises For Further Reading Appendices Appendix A Using a Spreadsheet: Microsoft Excel Using Excel to Keep Track of Literature Resources Using Excel to Record and Recode Data Reorganizing Data in Excel Using Excel to Perform Simple Statistical Analyses Appendix B Using SPSS Creating a Data Set Computing Basic Descriptive Statistics Computing Inferential Statistics Glossary References Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z For Introductory Research Methods Courses In Any Area Of Study. An Engaging, Cross-disciplinary Guide To Research Methodology. Practical Research: Planning And Design Is A Do-it-yourself, How-to Manual For Planning And Conducting Research. Suitable For A Wide Variety Of Courses In Basic Research Methodology, The Book Uses A Conversational Tone, Step-by-step Instructions, And Practical Suggestions To Guide The Reader From The Selection Of A Problem To The Preparation Of A Completed Report. The 12th Edition Has Been Updated To Include The Latest Technology-based Strategies And Online Tools. Other Key Changes Include A Better Balance Between Quantitative And Qualitative Methods And The Addition Of A New Chapter On Action Research -- From The Publisher. The Nature And Tools Of Research -- The Problem : The Heart Of The Research Process -- Review Of The Related Literature -- Planning Your Research Project -- Writing The Research Proposal -- Descriptive Research -- Experimental, Quasi-experimental, And Ex Post Facto Designs -- Qualitative Research Methods -- Mixed-method Designs -- Action Research And Participatory Designs -- Analyzing Quantitative Data -- Analyzing Qualitative And Mixed-methods Data -- Planning And Preparing A Final Research Report -- Appendix A. Using A Spreadsheet : Microsoft Excel -- Appendix B. Using Spss. Paul D. Leedy, Late Of American University And Jeanne Ellis Ormrod, University Of Northern Colorado (emerita) ; With Laura Ruth Johnson, Northern Illinois University. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. « For introductory Research Methods courses in any area of study. An engaging, cross-disciplinary guide to research methodology. Practical Research: Planning and Design is a do-it-yourself, how-to manual for planning and conducting research. Suitable for a wide variety of courses in basic research methodology, the book uses a conversational tone, step-by-step instructions, and practical suggestions to guide the reader from the selection of a problem to the preparation of a completed report. The 12th Edition has been updated to include the latest technology-based strategies and online tools. Other key changes include a better balance between quantitative and qualitative methods and the addition of a new chapter on action research **An engaging, cross-disciplinary guide to research methodology** __**Practical Research: Planning and Design**__ **12th Edition** **Also available with MyLab Education** **MyLab&;****Note:** **0134802764 / 9780134802763 __Practical Research: Planning and Design__ plus MyLab Education with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package*** 0134775651 / 9780134775654 __Practical Research: Planning and Design__ * 0134776186 / 9780134776187 MyLab Education with Pearson eText -- Access Card -- for __Practical Research: Planning and Design__