Practical heat treating : basic principles

This book describes the basic principles of heat-treating technology in clear, concise, and practical terms for students, emerging professionals, production personnel, and manufacturing or design engineers. It is an excellent resource and introductory guide on the practical whys and therefore of heat treatment including the tips and useful look-up information of a perennial reference book. With in-depth and comprehensive coverage, this book details many practical implications of heat treatment in terms of material and process selection and structure and property development, with insights on doing it right or more reliably. Derived from the author s decades of experience and familiarity with many of the publications and educational and programming products of ASM International, each chapter is amply illustrated with charts and supported by current or classic references for background or further reading. This thorough and practical coverage on the basic principles of heat treating will be a useful, attractive, and important addition to the bookshelf of anyone with an interest in heat treating. Chapters detail the basic metallurgy of heat treatment and the microstructural effects of heat treat processes on the major types of steels and nonferrous alloys. Extensive coverage is given to the reliable, effective, and cost-conscious heat treatment of carbon and low-alloy steels. Tool steels and stainless steels are also covered, along with a chapter that outlines the basic principles in heat treating aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, nickel alloys, magnesium alloys, and others. Heat Treatment of Aluminum and Other Nonferrous Alloys Annealing of Cold-Worked Metals Recovery Recrystallization Precipitation Hardening Aluminum Alloys Age Hardening Process Cobalt Alloys Copper Alloys Precipitation-Hardening Copper Alloys Spinodal-Hardening Copper Alloys Order-Hardening Copper Alloys Athermal (Martensitic-Type) Transformation Hardening of Copper Alloys Magnesium Alloys Nickel Alloys Titanium Alloys Other Nonferrous Alloys Heat Treatable Silver Alloys Heat Treatable Gold Alloys Lead and Tin Alloys Index Heat Treatment of Cast Irons General Considerations Critical Temperature Range of Cast Irons Temperature Control Atmosphere Control Stress Relief Selecting Stress-Relief Temperatures Other Stress-Relief Methods Annealing Normalizing Through Hardening and Tempering Austenitizing Quenching Tempering Austempering Surface Hardening of Cast Irons Metallurgical Aspects Applied Energy Surface Hardening Nitriding of Cast Irons Heat Treatment of Tool Steels Classification of Tool Steels Powder Metallurgy (PM) and Proprietary Tool Steels Principles and Processes of Tool Steel Heat Treating Normalizing and Annealing Normalizing Annealing Hardening and Tempering Stress Relieving Preheating Austenitizing Quenching Tempering Distortion Other Factors Associated with Distortion Unalloyed and Low-Alloy Cold-Worked Tool Steels Class W: Water-Hardening Steels Class O—Oil-Hardening Cold-Worked Steels Class L: Low-Alloy Special-Purpose Steels Class S: Shock-Resisting Steels Class F: Carbon-Tungsten Special-Purpose Steels Medium and High-Alloy Cold-Worked Tool Steels Class A: Medium-Alloy, Air-Hardening, Cold-Worked Steels Class D: High-Carbon, High-Chromium, Cold-Worked Steels Mold Steels Class P: Plastic Mold Steels Hot-Worked Steels Class H: Hot-Worked Steels Hardening High-Speed Tool Steels Class M and T: High-Speed Tool Steels Heat Treatment of High-Speed Tool Steels 18% Nickel Maraging Steels Heat Treatment of Stainless Steels Composition of Stainless Steels Classification of Stainless Steels Ferritic Stainless Alloys Austenitic Stainless Alloys Duplex (Ferritic-Austenitic) Stainless Alloys Martensitic Stainless Alloys Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Alloys Heat Treatment Processes General Practices Wrought Ferritic Stainless Alloys Annealing Possible Heat Treating Problems Wrought Austenitic Stainless Alloys Alloying Sensitization Intermediate Phases (σ, χ, and Laves) Annealing Bright Annealing Stress Relieving of Austenitic Grades Wrought Duplex Stainless Alloys (Ref 7) Annealing of Duplex Stainless Steels Wrought Martensitic Stainless Alloys Heat Treatment Preparations Annealing Hardening and Tempering Wrought Precipitation—Hardening Stainless Steels Martensitic PH Stainless Steels Semiaustenitic Wrought PH Stainless Steels Austenitic PH Stainless Steel Special Considerations for Stainless Steel Castings Ferritic, Austenitic, and Mixed Ferritic-Austenitic Casting Alloys Martensitic Casting Alloys Precipitation-Hardening Casting Alloys Heat Treatment of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels Carbon Steel Classification for Heat Treating Group I (0.08 to 0.25% C) Group II (0.30 to 0.50% C) Group III (0.55 to 0.95% C) Tempering of Quenched Carbon Steels Austempering of Steel Quenching Mediums for Austempering Carbon Steel Heat Treating Practices 1008 to 1019, 12xx, and 11xx Carbon Steels 1020 Recommended Practice 1035 Recommended Practice 1045, 1045H Recommended Practice 1050 Recommended Practice 1060 Recommended Practice 1070 Recommended Practice 1080 Recommended Practice 1095 Recommended Practice 1137 Recommended Practice 1141 Recommended Practice 1144 Recommended Practice 1151 Recommended Practice 1522 and 1522H Recommended Practice 15B41H Recommended Practice 1552 Recommended Practice 1566 Recommended Practice Cast Carbon Steels Low-Alloy Steels H-Steels and Restricted Hardenability Free-Machining Alloy Steels Effects of Alloying and Hardenability Low-Alloy Steel Heat Treating Practices Effects of Tempering 4037and 4037H Recommended Practice 4140 and 4140H Recommended Practice 4340 and 4340H Recommended Practice E52100 Recommended Practice Austempering Martempering (Marquenching) Air-Hardening Steel Case Hardening (Ref 8) Carburizing Steels Carbonitriding Steels Ferritic Nitrocarburizing Nitriding Steels Steels for Induction or Flame Hardening Hardening and Tempering of Steel Austenitizing Austenitizing by Induction Heating Surface Protection of Parts Hardening Induction Hardening Quenching Systems Quenching Mediums Other Quenching Techniques Austempering Martempering Difficulties Associated with Hardening of Steel Quench Cracking Tempering Metallurgical Changes Caused by Tempering Stages of Tempering Tempering Temperatures Equipment for Tempering Tempering in Air Furnaces Tempering in Liquid Baths Induction Tempering Principal Tempering Variables Effect of Steel Composition Effect of Prior Microstructure Tempering versus Stress Relief Effect of Tempering on Dimensions Effect of Cooling from Tempering Temperature Embrittlement from Tempering Blue Brittleness Temper Embrittlement 500 °F Embrittlement 400 to 500 °C Embrittlement Multiple Tempering Elimination of Retained Austenite Protective-Atmosphere Tempering Exothermic Gas for Protection Tempering in Molten Salt Steam Treating and Tempering Selective Tempering Prompt Tempering Selection of Tempering Temperature Precipitation Hardening Effect of Carbon Effect of Other Elements Advantages of Precipitation Hardening Classification of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels Residual Elements Carbon Steels Higher Manganese Carbon Steels Boron-Treated Carbon Steels H-Steels Free-Machining Carbon Steels Effects of Free-Machining Additives Low-Alloy Steels Low-Alloy Manganese Steels Low-Alloy Molybdenum Steels Low-Alloy Chromium-Molybdenum Steels Low-Alloy Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Steels Low-Alloy Nickel-Molybdenum Steels (46xx and 48xx Series) Low-Alloy Chromium Steels Low-Alloy Silicon-Manganese Steels Mechanical Properties and Grain Size Steel Deoxidation Practice and Grain Size Hardness and Hardenability of Steels Introduction Jominy End-Quench Testing Hardenability Correlation Curves Jominy Equivalence Charts Factors Affecting Hardenability Effect of Alloys on Hardenability during Quenching Effect of Alloys on the Tempering Response (After Hardening) Effect of Carbon on Hardenability Data Hardenability Limits and H-Steels Transformation of Austenite and Quenching of Steel Isothermal Transformation Diagrams Effects of Alloying Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagrams Quenching of Steel Mechanism of Quenching Cooling Curves Quenching Process Variables Quenchants Quenchant Agitation Metallurgical Aspects of Quenching Residual Stresses and Distortion Quench Cracking Fundamentals of Steel Heat Treatment Introduction Constitution of Iron Iron Phase Transformation Phases of Heat-Treated Steel The Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram Austenite Ferrite Pearlite and Bainite Proeutectoid Ferrite and Cementite Martensite Tempered Martensite Structure of Metals and Alloys Atomic Bonding and Crystal Structure Space Lattices and Crystal Systems Crystal Imperfections and Plastic Deformation Point Defects Line Defects Surface or Planar Defects Volume Defects Crystalline Structure of Metals Face-Centered Cubic System Hexagonal Close-Packed System Body-Centered Cubic System Grains and Grain Boundaries Diffusion Heat Treatment and Diffusion Solid Solutions Substitutional Solid Solutions Interstitial Solid Solutions Solubility Limits Equilibrium Phase Diagrams Using Equilibrium Phase Diagrams Lever Rule About the Author Annealing of Metals and Normalizing of Steel Recovery, Recrystallization, and Grain Growth Recovery Recrystallization Grain Growth Subcritical Annealing of Steel Time-Temperature Relations Process Annealing Critical-Range Annealing of Steel Full Annealing of Steel Isothermal Annealing Annealing for Microstructure Pearlite Formation Spheroidizing Graphitization Solution or Quench Annealing Decarburization and Scaling Decarburization Scaling Prepared Atmospheres Exothermic Gas Dissociated Ammonia Steam Atmospheres Nitrogen with 0.5% Propylene Additive Normalizing Purpose of Normalizing Normalizing Practice Furnaces Furnace Equipment for Normalizing Induction Heating editing r0581904 s0581902 s0581903 t0581902 id2381193 a_editing e0581901 t0581904 id2382169 f0581906 s0581906 f0581909 t0581906 f0581910 f0581911 s0581908 s0581909 e0581902 s0581910 s0581911 aplace a_refs f0595400 f0581937 f0581938 f0582402 f0582403 s0582403 f0582404 s0582407 f0582405 e0582400 f0582406 f0581939 f0581940 f0581943 f0581945 s0582300 a_editing a_ref r0582300 r0582301 r0582303 r0582304 r0582305 r0582311 r0582312 r0582313 r0582314 r0582316 r0582317 r0582318 r0582319 n0015940 id2382170 id2382180 id2382190 id2382211 id2382267 id2382285 id2382296 id2382308 id2382319 id2382330 id2382359 id2382426 id2382436 id2382449 id2382460 id2382470 id2382500 id2382566 id2382577 id2382590 id2382600 id2382611 id2382640 id2382707 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_Hlk21769969 hit_0 hit_1 a_place MarkReturn s0599028 s0599029 f0599007 f0599008 s0599031 s0598504 s0598505 s0598506 t0598503 s0598507 s0598508 t0596144 id2403487 id2403505 id2403518 id2403532 id2403545 id2403560 id2403573 id2403591 id2403601 id2403616 id2403629 id2403645 id2403659 id2403669 id2403684 id2403697 id2403713 id2403727 id2403737 id2403753 id2403766 id2403781 id2403795 id2403805 id2403821 id2403834 id2403849 s0596140 t0596145 id2403983 id2404001 id2404014 id2404028 id2404040 id2404056 id2404069 id2404087 id2404097 id2404112 id2404125 id2404138 id2404152 id2404162 id2404178 id2404191 id2404204 id2404218 id2404228 id2404243 id2404256 id2404269 s0596141 s0596142 t0596146 id2405446 id2405463 id2405476 id2405490 id2405503 id2405518 id2405531 id2405549 id2405560 id2405575 id2405588 id2405603 id2405617 id2405628 id2405643 id2405656 id2405671 s0596143 s0596145 t0596148 id2407245 id2407263 id2407275 id2407290 id2407302 id2407318 id2407330 id2407348 id2407359 id2407376 id2407392 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s0597319 s0597320 s0597321 s0597322 s0597323 s0597324 s0597325 s0597326 s0597603 s0597604 s0597605 s0597402 s0597403 s0597404 s0597405 s0597406 s0597407 s0597408 s0597409 s0597410 s0597411 s0597412 s0597413 s0597414 s0597415 s0597416 s0597417 s0597418 s0597419 s0597420 s0597421 s0597422 s0597423 s0597424 s0597425 s0597426 s0597427 s0597437 s0597556 s0597557 f0597500 s0597559 f0597507 f0597508 id2396458 a_refs editing refs f0625008 f0625009 f0625010 s0625012 f0625012 s0625013 f0625014 s0625014 s0625015 s0625016 e0626400 s0628743 t0628719 MarkReturn s0627433 t0627409 s0627434 s0627435 s0627436 t0627401 t0627402 a_place f0626317 s0627438 s0627439 s0627440 a_editing s0627441 s0627442 _Hlk31006817 a_refs CH00_FM_6963_piii.pdf Heat Treatment of Aluminum and Other Nonferrous Alloys file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=1 Annealing of Cold-Worked Metals file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=2 Recovery file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=3 Recrystallization file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=4 Precipitation Hardening file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=6 Aluminum Alloys file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=7 Age Hardening Process file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=11 Cobalt Alloys file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=17 Copper Alloys file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=18 Precipitation-Hardening Copper Alloys file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=20 Spinodal-Hardening Copper Alloys file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=22 Order-Hardening Copper Alloys file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=22 Athermal (Martensitic-Type) Transformation Hardening of Copper Alloys file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=22 Magnesium Alloys file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=23 Nickel Alloys file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=27 Titanium Alloys file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=30 Other Nonferrous Alloys file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=33 Heat Treatable Silver Alloys file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=33 Heat Treatable Gold Alloys file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=34 Lead and Tin Alloys file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH12_6963.pdf#page=35 Index file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH13_IDX_6963.pdf#page=1 Heat Treatment of Cast Irons file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=1 General Considerations file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=2 Critical Temperature Range of Cast Irons file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=4 Temperature Control file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=4 Atmosphere Control file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=5 Stress Relief file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=6 Selecting Stress-Relief Temperatures file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=8 Other Stress-Relief Methods file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=9 Annealing file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=9 Normalizing file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=11 Through Hardening and Tempering file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=12 Austenitizing file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=12 Quenching file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=12 Tempering file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=14 Austempering file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=14 Surface Hardening of Cast Irons file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=16 Metallurgical Aspects file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=16 Applied Energy Surface Hardening file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=17 Nitriding of Cast Irons file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH11_6963.pdf#page=18 Heat Treatment of Tool Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=1 Classification of Tool Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=2 Powder Metallurgy (PM) and Proprietary Tool Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=3 Principles and Processes of Tool Steel Heat Treating file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=5 Normalizing and Annealing file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=9 Normalizing file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=9 Annealing file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=10 Hardening and Tempering file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=12 Stress Relieving file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=13 Preheating file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=13 Austenitizing file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=15 Quenching file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=21 Tempering file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=22 Distortion file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=24 Other Factors Associated with Distortion file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=25 Unalloyed and Low-Alloy Cold-Worked Tool Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=27 Class W: Water-Hardening Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=27 Class O—Oil-Hardening Cold-Worked Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=28 Class L: Low-Alloy Special-Purpose Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=30 Class S: Shock-Resisting Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=31 Class F: Carbon-Tungsten Special-Purpose Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=32 Medium and High-Alloy Cold-Worked Tool Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=33 Class A: Medium-Alloy, Air-Hardening, Cold-Worked Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=34 Class D: High-Carbon, High-Chromium, Cold-Worked Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=35 Mold Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=35 Class P: Plastic Mold Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=35 Hot-Worked Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=36 Class H: Hot-Worked Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=36 Hardening file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=38 High-Speed Tool Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=39 Class M and T: High-Speed Tool Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=39 Heat Treatment of High-Speed Tool Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=41 18% Nickel Maraging Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH10_6963.pdf#page=45 Heat Treatment of Stainless Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=1 Composition of Stainless Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=2 Classification of Stainless Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=4 Ferritic Stainless Alloys file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=8 Austenitic Stainless Alloys file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=8 Duplex (Ferritic-Austenitic) Stainless Alloys file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=9 Martensitic Stainless Alloys file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=9 Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Alloys file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=9 Heat Treatment Processes file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=10 General Practices file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=10 Wrought Ferritic Stainless Alloys file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=11 Annealing file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=14 Possible Heat Treating Problems file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=14 Wrought Austenitic Stainless Alloys file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=16 Alloying file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=18 Sensitization file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=19 Intermediate Phases (σ, χ, and Laves) file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=20 Annealing file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=21 Bright Annealing file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=25 Stress Relieving of Austenitic Grades file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=25 Wrought Duplex Stainless Alloys (Ref 7) file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=28 Annealing of Duplex Stainless Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=29 Wrought Martensitic Stainless Alloys file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=32 Heat Treatment Preparations file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=33 Annealing file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=34 Hardening and Tempering file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=35 Wrought Precipitation—Hardening Stainless Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=39 Martensitic PH Stainless Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=42 Semiaustenitic Wrought PH Stainless Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=44 Austenitic PH Stainless Steel file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=47 Special Considerations for Stainless Steel Castings file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=48 Ferritic, Austenitic, and Mixed Ferritic-Austenitic Casting Alloys file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=48 Martensitic Casting Alloys file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=50 Precipitation-Hardening Casting Alloys file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH09_6963.pdf#page=50 Heat Treatment of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=1 Carbon Steel Classification for Heat Treating file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=3 Group I (0.08 to 0.25% C) file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=3 Group II (0.30 to 0.50% C) file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=4 Group III (0.55 to 0.95% C) file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=4 Tempering of Quenched Carbon Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=5 Austempering of Steel file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=5 Quenching Mediums for Austempering file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=6 Carbon Steel Heat Treating Practices file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=7 1008 to 1019, 12xx, and 11xx Carbon Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=8 1020 Recommended Practice file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=10 1035 Recommended Practice file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=10 1045, 1045H Recommended Practice file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=10 1050 Recommended Practice file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=11 1060 Recommended Practice file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=11 1070 Recommended Practice file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=11 1080 Recommended Practice file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=11 1095 Recommended Practice file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=11 1137 Recommended Practice file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=12 1141 Recommended Practice file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=12 1144 Recommended Practice file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=12 1151 Recommended Practice file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=12 1522 and 1522H Recommended Practice file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=12 15B41H Recommended Practice file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=13 1552 Recommended Practice file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=13 1566 Recommended Practice file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=13 Cast Carbon Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=13 Low-Alloy Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=14 H-Steels and Restricted Hardenability file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=15 Free-Machining Alloy Steels file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=15 Effects of Alloying and Hardenability file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=15 Low-Alloy Steel Heat Treating Practices file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=17 Effects of Tempering file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=18 4037and 4037H Recommended Practice file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=18 4140 and 4140H Recommended Practice file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=18 4340 and 4340H Recommended Practice file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=20 E52100 Recommended Practice file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=21 Austempering file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=21 Martempering (Marquenching) file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=21 Air-Hardening Steel file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=22 Case Hardening (Ref 8) file://CharlieUnit Files:AlphaBase:6963_ASM_External:paging_6963:CH08_6963.pdf#page=22 Carburizing Steels file