Practical Electronics: Components and Techniques: Components and Techniques

How much do you need to know about electronics to create something interesting, or creatively modify something that already exists? If you’d like to build an electronic device, but don’t have much experience with electronics components, this hands-on workbench reference helps you find answers to technical questions quickly. Filling the gap between a beginner’s primer and a formal textbook, __Practical Electronics__ explores aspects of electronic components, techniques, and tools that you would typically learn on the job and from years of experience. Even if you’ve worked with electronics or have a background in electronics theory, you’re bound to find important information that you may not have encountered before. Among the book’s many topics, you’ll discover how to: * Read and understand the datasheet for an electronic component * Use uncommon but inexpensive tools to achieve more professional-looking results * Select the appropriate analog and digital ICs for your project * Select and assemble various types of connectors * Do basic reverse engineering on a device in order to modify (hack) it * Use open source tools for schematic capture and PCB layout * Make smart choices when buying new or used test equipment Table of Contents Preface Who This Book Is For How This Book Is Organized Conventions Used in This Book Safari® Books Online How to Contact Us Endorsements Acknowledgments Chapter 1. Electrons in Motion Atoms and Electrons Electric Charge and Current Current Flow in a Basic Circuit Ohm’s Law Power Resistance Example: Building a Voltage Divider Summary Chapter 2. Fasteners and Adhesives Screws and Bolts Screw and Bolt Sizes Screw and Bolt Drive Types Screw and Bolt Head Styles Selecting Screws and Bolts Washers Self-Tapping Screws Rivets Adhesives and Bonding Glues, Epoxies, and Solvents Working with Wood and Paper Working with Plastic Working with Metal Special-Purpose Adhesives Summary Chapter 3. Tools Screwdrivers Pliers Wire Cutters Wire Strippers Crimping Tools Socket and Hex Drivers Clamps Vises Rotary Tools Grinders Drills Drill Bits Taps and Dies Small Hand Saws Miniature Power Saws Specialty Metalworking Tools Tweezers Soldering Tools Magnifiers and Microscopes Workspaces Summary Chapter 4. Tool Techniques Working with Fasteners Screwdriver Sizes and Types Self-Tapping Screws Hex-Socket-Head Fasteners and Hex Wrenches Hex-Head Fasteners and Socket Wrenches Adjustable Wrenches Wrenches (Spanners) Rivets Dealing with Stubborn Fasteners Soldering and Desoldering Solder Types Soldering Technique Desoldering Wires and Through-Hole Parts Surface-Mount Soldering Surface-Mount Desoldering Cutting Rod and Bar Stock Sheet Stock Drilling Selecting A Drill Size Drilling Speed Drilling Thin Sheet Stock Lubricants Punches and Pilot Holes Using a Step Drill Common Drilling Problems Taps and Dies Modification Cutting Jeweler’s Saw Rotary Tool Summary Chapter 5. Power Sources Batteries Battery Packages Primary Batteries Secondary Batteries Miniature Button/Coin Batteries Battery Storage Considerations Using Batteries Battery Circuits Selecting Batteries Power Supply Technology Wall Plug-in DC Power Supplies Bench DC Power Supplies Modular and Internal DC Power Supplies Photovoltaic Power Sources Fuses and Circuit Breakers Fuses Circuit Breakers Summary Chapter 6. Switches One Switch, Multiple Circuits Switch Types Toggle Rocker Slide Rotary Pushbutton Snap-Action Slide and Rotary Switch Circuits Switch Selection Criteria Switch Caveats Summary Chapter 7. Connectors and Wiring Wire and Cable Wire Gauges Insulation Twisted Pairs Shielding Multi-Conductor Cables Stripping Wire Insulation Connectors Connector Termination Connector Types Assembling Connectors Soldered Terminals Crimped Terminals Connector Backshells IDC Connectors Ethernet Connectors Summary Chapter 8. Passive Components Tolerance Voltage, Power, and Temperature Packages Resistors Physical Forms Fixed Resistors Variable Resistors Special-Purpose Resistors Resistor Markings Capacitors Capacitance Values Capacitor Types Variable Capacitors Surface-Mount Capacitors Chokes, Coils, and Transformers Chokes Coils Variable Inductors Transformers Packages Summary Chapter 9. Active Components How to Read a Datasheet Datasheet Organization Datasheet Walk-Through Collecting Datasheets Electrostatic Discharge Packaging Overview Through-Hole Parts Surface-Mount Parts Using Different Package Types Diodes and Rectifiers Small-Signal Diodes Rectifiers Light-Emitting Diodes Zener Diodes Exotic Diodes Diode/Rectifier Axial Package Types Diode/Rectifier Surface-Mount Packages LED Package Types Transistors Small-Signal Transistors Power Transistors Field-Effect Transistors Conventional Transistor Package Types Surface-Mount Transistor Package Types SCR and TRIAC Devices Silicon-Controlled Rectifiers TRIACs Heatsinks Integrated Circuits Conventional IC Package Types Surface-Mount IC Package Types High-Current and Voltage Regulation ICs Summary Chapter 10. Relays Relay Background Armature Relays Reed Relays Contactor Relay Packages PCB Relays Lug-Terminal Relays Socketed Relays Selecting a Relay Relay Reliability Issues Contact Arcing Coil Overheating Relay Bounce Relay Applications Controlling Relays with Low-Voltage Logic Signal Switching Power Switching Relay Logic Summary Chapter 11. Logic Logic Basics Origin of Logic ICs Logic Families Logic Building Blocks: 4000 and 7400 ICs Closing the TTL and CMOS gap 4000 Series CMOS Logic Devices 7400 Series TTL Logic Devices CMOS and TTL Applications Programmable Logic Devices Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Programming a Microcontroller Types of Microcontrollers Selecting a Microcontroller Working with Logic Components Probing and Measuring Tips, Hints, and Cautions Electrostatic Discharge Control Summary Chapter 12. Discrete Control Interfaces The Discrete Interface Discrete Interface Applications Hacking a Discrete Interface Discrete Inputs Using a Pull-Up or a Pull-Down Resistor Using Active Input Buffering Using Relays with Inputs Optical Isolators Discrete Outputs Current Sinking and Sourcing Buffering Discrete Outputs Simple One-Transistor Buffer Logic-Level Translation The BSS138 FET The TXB0108 The NTB0101 Components Summary Chapter 13. Analog Interfaces Interfacing with an Analog World From Analog to Digital and Back Again Analog-to-Digital Converters Digital-to-Analog Converters Hacking Analog Signals Summary Chapter 14. Data Communication Interfaces Basic Digital Communications Concepts Serial and Parallel Synchronous and Asynchronous SPI and I2C SPI I2C A Brief Survey of SPI and I2C Peripheral Devices RS-232 RS-232 Signals DTE and DCE Handshaking RS-232 Components RS-485 RS-485 Signals Line Drivers and Receivers RS-485 Multi-Drop RS-485 Components RS-232 vs. RS-485 USB USB Terminology USB Connections USB Classes USB Data Rates USB Hubs Device Configuration USB Endpoints and Pipes Device Control USB Interface Components USB Hacking Ethernet Network Communications Ethernet Basics Ethernet ICs, Modules, and USB Convertors Wireless Communications Bandwidth and Modulation The ISM Radio Bands 2.45 GHz Short-Range 802.11 Bluetooth® Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Zigbee Other Data Communications Methods Summary Chapter 15. Printed Circuit Boards PCB History PCB Basics Pads, Vias, and Traces Surface-Mount Components Fabrication PCB Layout Determine Dimensions Arrange Parts Place Components Route Traces on the Solder Side Route Traces on the Component Side Create the Silkscreen Generate Gerber Files Fabricating a PCB PCB Guidelines Layout Grid Grid Spacing Location Reference Trace Width for Signals Trace Width for Power Trace Separation Via Size Via Separation Pad Size Sharp Corners Silkscreen Summary Chapter 16. Packaging The Importance of Packaging Types of Packaging Plastic Metal Stock Enclosures Plastic Enclosures Cast Aluminum Enclosures Extruded Aluminum Enclosures Sheet Metal Enclosures Building or Recycling Enclosures Building Plastic and Wood Enclosures Unconventional Enclosures Repurposing Existing Enclosures Designing Packaging for Electronics Device Size and Weight Environmental Considerations Thermal Considerations Sources Summary Chapter 17. Test Equipment Basic Test Equipment Digital Multimeters Using a DMM Oscilloscopes How an Oscilloscope Works Using an Oscilloscope Advanced Test Equipment Pulse and Signal Generators Logic Analyzers Buying Used and Surplus Equipment Summary Appendix A. Essential Electronics and AC Circuits Units of Measurement Voltage, Current, and Power Voltage Current Power Resistance Conductivity and Resistance Ohm’s Law Series Resistance Networks Parallel Resistance Networks Equivalent Circuits Voltage and Current Sources Lumped-Parameter Elements Thévenin’s Theorem Equivalent Circuit Applications AC Concepts Waveforms Other Waveforms AC Frequency, Voltage, and Power AC Phase Capacitance, Inductance, Reactance, and Impedance Capacitors Inductors Impedance and Reactance Solid-State Concepts The P-N Junction Diodes and Rectifiers Special-Purpose Diodes Transistors Operational Amplifiers Basic Op Amp Circuits Specialized Op Amps Noise Noise Sources AC Line Noise AC Ripple Spurious Noise RF Noise and RFI Recommended Reading and Further Exploration Appendix B. Schematics Wires and Current Paths Common Schematic Symbols Schematic Capture and EDA Tools Open Source and Commercial Tools for Schematic Capture Other Open Source Schematic Capture Tools Appendix C. Bibliography Appendix D. Resources Software Open Source Schematic Capture Tools CAE Software Tools PCB Layout Tools Hardware, Components, and Tools Electronic Component Manufacturers Electronics Distributors (USA) Discount and Surplus Electronics Mechanical Parts and Hardware (Screws, Nuts, Bolts) Microcontrollers, Kits, Parts, and Supplies Electronic Enclosures and Chassis Tools Test Equipment Printed Circuit Board Supplies and Fabricators Prototype and Fast-Turnaround Fabricators PCB Kit Sources eBay Other Sources Datasheets, Application Notes, and Manuals Datasheets Application Notes Manuals Appendix E. Components Lists Controllers 8-Bit Microcontrollers 16-Bit Microcontrollers 32-Bit Microcontrollers Memory Serial Interface EEPROM ICs Serial Interface SRAM ICs Serial Interface Flash ICs Logic 4000 Series CMOS Logic 7400 Series TTL Logic Interface Components Serial Interface ADC Devices Serial Interface DAC Devices Serial Interface Discrete I/O Expansion ICs Relay Drivers SPI Display Modules Various SPI/I2C Peripheral Devices Translation Interface-Level Translators Data Communications Components RS-232 Interface ICs RS-232 UART ICs RS-485 Transceiver ICs USB Interface ICs Ethernet Interface ICs 802.11b/g Ethernet Interface Modules Bluetooth Modules Bluetooth Low-Energy Components Bluetooth Low-Energy Modules ZigBee Modules Glossary Index How much do you need to know about electronics to create something interesting, or creatively modify something that already exists? If you’d like to build an electronic device, but don’t have much experience with electronics components, this hands-on workbench reference helps you find answers to technical questions quickly.Filling the gap between a beginner’s primer and a formal textbook, Practical Electronics explores aspects of electronic components, techniques, and tools that you would typically learn on the job and from years of experience. Even if you’ve worked with electronics or have a background in electronics theory, you’re bound to find important information that you may not have encountered before.Among the book’s many topics, you’ll discover how to:Read and understand the datasheet for an electronic componentUse uncommon but inexpensive tools to achieve more professional-looking resultsSelect the appropriate analog and digital ICs for your projectSelect and assemble various types of connectorsDo basic reverse engineering on a device in order to modify (hack) itUse open source tools for schematic capture and PCB layoutMake smart choices when buying new or used test equipment "How much do you need to know about electronics to create something interesting, or creatively modify something that already exists? If you're in a technical field such as software development, and don't have much experience with electronics components, this hands-on reference helps you find answers to technical questions quickly. Filling the gap between a beginner's primer and a formal textbook, Practical Electronics: Components and Techniques explores aspects of electronic components and techniques that you would typically learn on the job and from years of experience. Even if you've worked with electronics, or have a background in electronics theory, you're bound to find important information that you may not have encountered before. Among the book's many topics, you'll discover how to: Read the data sheet for an electronic component ; Use a variety of tools involved with electronics work ; Assemble various types of connectors ; Minimize noise and interference on a signal interface circuit. Explore topics not usually covered in theoretical books, and go deeper into practical aspects than a step-by-step, project-oriented approach, with Practical Electronics: Components and Techniques." -- provided by publisher This book is for anyone with a desire to build an electronic device of some sort, but, to the maximum extent possible, I have made no assumptions about your skill level. What I have assumed is that you might not be familiar with the hardware, components, tools, and techniques that are used in elec- tronics, or perhaps you already know some- thing about electronics but could use some help with some of the more arcane aspects of the craft.