Practical Biostatistics for Medical and Health Sciences (Aug 22, 2024)_(9819730821)_(Springer)

This book addresses the challenge of presenting biostatistics to medical and health science audiences coherently. Tailored for students and researchers, its 13 chapters progress logically from foundational concepts like measurement scales and statistical calculations to advanced topics such as probability, correlation, regression and Health and disease measures. Practical examples enhance relevance, and its gradual approach ensures easy comprehension even for non-statisticians. The book's practical emphasis shines as it culminates in teaching the use of SPSS software for result interpretation, bridging theory and practice effectively. It empowers medical professionals to confidently understand and apply statistical concepts in their work, serving as an indispensable resource in navigating the intricacies of biostatistics in medical and health sciences. Preface Contents 1 Measuring Scales 1.1 Statistics and Its Applications 1.2 Type of Data 1.3 Exercises 2 Tables and Charts 2.1 Introduction 2.2 How to Construct a Frequency Table 2.3 Types of Frequencies 2.4 Features of Table Classification 2.5 Graphs 2.6 Exercises 3 Summarizing Data 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Measures of Central Tendency 3.3 Measures of Dispersion 3.4 The Effect of Constant Changes on Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion 3.5 Exercises 4 Probability 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Definitions 4.3 Principles of Probability 4.4 Conditional Probability 4.5 Bayes’ Theorem 4.6 Bayes’ Theorem and Epidemiology 4.7 Odds and Probability 4.8 Counting Principle 4.9 Expected Value 4.10 Exercises 5 Discrete Distributions 5.1 Introductions 5.2 Binomial Distribution 5.3 Multinomial Distribution 5.4 The Limit of the Binomial Distribution 5.5 Geometric Distribution 5.6 Hypergeometric Distribution 5.7 Poisson Distribution 5.8 Exercises 6 Normal Distribution 6.1 Normal Distribution 6.1.1 Distribution Function and Density Function 6.1.2 The Properties of the Normal Distribution 6.2 The Standard Normal Distribution 6.2.1 Skewness and Kurtosis of Normal Distributions 6.2.2 Assessing Normality of a Distribution 6.3 t Distribution 6.4 Chi-Square Distribution 6.5 Exercises 7 Sampling and Sample Size 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Definitions 7.3 Sampling Techniques 7.4 Sample Size 7.4.1 Sample Size Determination for Estimating a Single Population Mean 7.4.2 Sample Size Determination to Estimate the Proportion 7.4.3 Sample Size Determination for Comparing the Mean of Two Populations 7.4.4 Sample Size Determination to Compare the Proportion of Two Populations 7.5 Exercises 8 Estimation and Statistical Inference 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Estimation 8.3 Estimation of the Mean 8.3.1 Point Estimate of the Mean 8.3.2 Interval Estimate of the Mean 8.4 Point and Interval Estimation of a Population Proportion 8.5 Central Limit Theorem 8.6 Estimation of Variance and Standard Deviation 8.7 Exercises 9 Health and Disease Measures 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Difference Between Ratios, Rates, and Proportions 9.3 Rates 9.3.1 Incidence 9.3.2 Prevalence 9.3.3 Mortality Rate 9.4 Standardization 9.4.1 Procedure for Direct Standardization 9.4.2 Procedure for Indirect Standardization 9.5 Screening Tests 9.5.1 Confidence Interval for Screening Tests 9.6 Cohen’s Kappa Coefficient 9.6.1 Confidence Interval for Cohen’s Kappa 9.7 Relative Risk (RR) 9.8 Odds Ratio (OR) 9.9 Risk Difference or Excess Risk 9.10 Exercises 10 Foreground Toolbox for Hypothesis Testing 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Definitions 10.3 The Steps for Testing Hypotheses 10.4 Applications of Statistical Tests 10.5 Common Statistical Tables 11 Hypothesis Testing 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Comparing the Mean of a Population with a Fixed Value 11.3 Comparing the Mean of Two Populations 11.4 Comparison of the Mean of the Two Paired Samples 11.5 Comparing Population Proportion with a Fixed Proportion 11.6 Comparison the Proportions in Two Independent Groups 11.7 Testing the Equality of Variance of Two Groups 11.8 Goodness-Of-Fit Tests 11.9 Association and Dependence of Variables in Contingency Tables 11.10 Fisher’s Exact Test for Small Samples 11.11 Tests of Homogeneity 11.12 Chi-Squared Test for Trend 11.13 McNemar’s Test for Paired Proportions 11.14 Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Tests? 11.15 How to Present the Results of a Statistical Test 11.16 Exercises 12 Correlation and Regression 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Correlation 12.2.1 Pearson Correlation Coefficient 12.2.2 Confidence Interval for Pearson Correlation Coefficient 12.2.3 The Significant Test of the Pearson Correlation Coefficient 12.2.4 Running Correlation Coefficient on SPSS 12.2.5 The Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient 12.2.6 Confidence Interval for Spearman Correlation Coefficient 12.2.7 Kendall’s Rank Correlation Coefficient 12.2.8 Test Statistic and Confidence Interval for Kendall’s Tau Correlation Coefficient 12.2.9 Point-Biserial Correlation 12.2.10 Running Point-Biserial Correlation on SPSS 12.2.11 Partial Correlation Coefficient 12.2.12 Comparing Two Correlation Coefficients 12.2.13 Precautions 12.3 Regression 12.3.1 Assumptions for Linear Regression 12.3.2 Confidence Interval and Significant Test for Regression Coefficient 12.3.3 Running Simple Linear Regression in SPSS 12.4 Coefficient of Determination 12.5 Exercises 13 Analysis of Variance 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Multiple t-Tests or ANOVA 13.3 Mechanism of ANOVA 13.4 Commonly Used Definitions in ANOVA 13.5 Assumptions for One-Way ANOVA 13.6 Hypotheses in ANOVA 13.7 The ANOVA Table 13.8 Running ANOVA on SPSS 13.9 Identifying Which Means is Different 13.10 Exercises Appendix A Selected Statistical Function in Excel Appendix B Common Statistical Tables Answer to Exercises References