Practical Audio Electronics

__Practical Audio Electronics__ is a comprehensive introduction to basic audio electronics and the fundamentals of sound circuit building, providing the reader with the necessary knowledge and skills to undertake projects from scratch. Imparting a thorough foundation of theory alongside the practical skills needed to understand, build, modify, and test audio circuits, this book equips the reader with the tools to explore the sonic possibilities that emerge when electronics technology is applied innovatively to the making of music. Suitable for all levels of technical proficiency, this book encourages a deeper understanding through highlighted sections of advanced material and example projects including circuits to make, alter, and amplify audio, providing a snapshot of the wide range of possibilities of practical audio electronics. An ideal resource for students, hobbyists, musicians, audio professionals, and those interested in exploring the possibilities of hardware-based sound and music creation. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents List of Tables 2.1 Some typical resistivities for a range of materials 4.1 Mains power connecters around the world 7.1 DUS, DUG, TUN, TUP acronyms 7.2 DUS and DUG diode specifications 7.3 TUN and TUP transistor specifications 7.4 Crossing wires on schematic diagrams 7.5 Circuit layout component symbols 8.1 Resistance measurement results for two hand-held DMMs 9.1 The four fundamental electrical quantities 12.1 Resistor E-series preferred values 12.2 E-series and standard tolerances 12.3 Resistor colour codes 13.1 Capacitor types 13.2 Capacitor uses 13.3 Charge/discharge levels corresponding to various multiples of τ 14.1 Specifications for a range of transformers 15.1 Switch styles 15.2 Switch circuit symbols 16.1 Various diode specifications 17.1 Some typical BJT specifications 17.2 Simplified behaviour of an NPN BJT 17.3 Some typical JFET specifications 17.4 Some example MOSFET specifications 18.1 Selected ICs 18.2 Inverting opamp parameters in the voltage divider rule 18.3 Noninverting opamp parameters in the voltage divider rule 18.4 Some 4000 series ICs 18.5 AND and NAND gate truth table 20.1 Effect of different pickup combinations 20.2 Identifying the ends of a coil pickup winding A.1 Multipliers (factors of 1,000) A.2 Multipliers (factors of 10 and 100) B.1 Primary quantities C.1 Schematic symbol reference chart Learning by Doing 2.1 Static Electricity 2.2 Build an Electric Motor in Ten Minutes 2.3 Conductors and Insulators 4.1 Use a Phase Tester (aka Line Tester) 4.2 Wiring Plugs and Sockets 6.1 Component Specification Sheets 7.1 Schematic Diagram to Breadboard Layout 7.2 Schematic Diagram to Stripboard Layout 9.1 Ohm’s Law and Watt’s Law 9.2 Kirchhoff’s Current and Voltage Laws 10.1 Breadboarding Circuits 10.2 Stripboarding Circuits 12.1 The Voltage Divider Rule 14.1 Build a Passive DI Box 14.2 Transformer Driven Piezo 16.1 Diode Curve Tracing – Manual 16.2 Diode Curve Tracing – Automatic 16.3 Diode Clipping and Crossover Distortion 17.1 BJT Finger Switch 17.2 BJT Booster 17.3 One Transistor Fuzz Circuit 17.4 Measuring a JFET’s Pinch-Off Voltage and Saturation Current 17.5 JFET Buffer 17.6 Simple MOSFET Dimmer Circuit 17.7 Wiring a MOSFET as a Diode 18.1 Opamp Based Preamp Circuit 18.2 Voltage Regulator 18.3 NAND Gate Oscillator 18.4 Homemade Optocoupler 19.1 Tube Booster 20.1 Basic Electret Mic Circuit 20.2 Loudspeaker Wiring 20.3 Loudspeaker as a Microphone 20.4 Pickup Wiring 20.5 Piezo as a Pickup 20.6 Piezo as a Driver 20.7 Reverb Pan Drive and Recovery Circuit Proofs and Derivations 2.1 Units of Resistivity 4.1 Phase to Phase RMS Voltage Level 5.1 Signal Wavelengths 5.2 Peak, Average, and RMS Levels for Standard Wave Shapes 5.3 Average-Responding Error Levels 5.4 The Form of the Decibel Equation 9.1 The Variants of Watt’s Law 12.1 The General Form of the Parallel Rule 13.1 The LC Series Rule 13.2 The LC Parallel Rule 13.3 RC Filter Frequency Response Equation 14.1 Transformer Current Transformation Relationship 14.2 Transformer Impedance Transformation Relationship 18.1 Inverting Opamp Gain Equation 18.2 Noninverting Opamp Gain Equation Preface 1 Introduction I: Electrical Theory 2 Electricity Key Concepts in Electricity Electric Charge Static and Current Electricity Current and Circuits Direct and Alternating Current Voltage Resistance Power Electricity and Magnetism Conductors and Insulators References 3 Semiconductors Pure Silicon Doped Silicon The P-N Junction Diodes and Transistors Germanium Semiconductors References 4 Mains Electricity and Electrical Safety Mains Power Generation and Distribution Building Wiring The Fuse Box Wiring Safety Appliance Protection Classes Three Phase Power References 5 Signal Characteristics Time Domain and Frequency Domain Representations Phase and Polarity Rectification Clipping Crossover Distortion The Sine Wave Complex Signals Decibels References II: Practical Electronics 6 Component Overview Passive Components Semiconductor Devices Vacuum Tubes Transducers Miscellaneous Components References 7 Circuit Diagrams Block Diagrams Schematic Diagrams Breadboard Layouts Stripboard Layouts A More Elaborate Example References 8 Electronics Lab Equipment Bench Power Supply Units Function Generators Multimeters Oscilloscopes Audio Analysers and Advanced Test Gear References 9 Basic Circuit Analysis Primary Quantities Ohm’s Law Watt’s Law Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) Applying the Four Laws References 10 Constructing Circuits The Project Pipeline Initial Idea, Concept Development, and Background Research Procurement Prototyping, Testing, Development, and Final Layout Design Circuit Building Packaging References 11 Projects Project I – Low Power Audio Amplifier Project II – Stepped-Tone Generator Project III – Modulation Effect References III: Component Reference 12 Resistors E-Series Preferred Values Tolerance Resistor Colour Codes Power Rating Material and Temperature Coefficient Electrical Behaviour Series Rule and Parallel Rule Voltage Divider Rule (VDR) Variable Resistors Photoresistors Thermistors Instructive Examples References 13 Capacitors and Inductors Capacitors Inductors Characteristics of Capacitors and Inductors Device Impedance Series and Parallel Rules RLC Circuits References 14 Transformers How Transformers Work Transformation Equations Schematic Symbols Transformer Types and Applications References 15 Switches Switch Styles Poles and Throws Momentary vs. Latching Break-Before-Make vs. Make-Before-Break Positions vs. Throws – On/Off Switch Position Designators Circuit Symbols Electro-Mechanical and Electronic Switches Instructive Examples References 16 Diodes Electrical Characteristics Diode Types Schematic Symbols Circuits References 17 Transistors Transistor Types General Use and Operation Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) Junction Field Effect Transistors (JFETs) Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) References 18 Integrated Circuits Selected ICs Opamps IC Power Amps LM317 Voltage Regulator NE555 Precision Timer 4000 Series ICs Analog Optocouplers References 19 Vacuum Tubes Principles of Operation Diode Tubes Triode Tubes Low Voltage Tube Circuits References 20 Audio Transducers Microphones Loudspeaker Drivers Coil Pickups Piezo Elements Reverb Pans References Appendices A: Prefix Multipliers B: Quantities and Equations Primary Quantities Decibel Equations Fundamental Laws Resistor Equations RLC Equations Transformer Equations Opamp Equations C: Schematic Symbol Reference Chart D: Circuit Catalogue Circuit Index Breadboard Layouts Stripboard Layouts Bibliography Index "Practical Audio Electronics is a comprehensive introduction to basic audio electronics and the fundamentals of sound circuit building, providing the reader with the necessary knowledge and skills to undertake projects from scratch. Imparting a thorough foundation of theory alongside the practical skills needed to understand, build, modify, and test audio circuits, this book equips the reader with the tools to explore the sonic possibilities that emerge when electronics technology is applied innovatively to the making of music. Suitable for all levels of technical proficiency, this book encourages a deeper understanding through highlighted sections of advanced material and example projects including circuits to make, alter, and amplify audio, providing a snapshot of the wide range of possibilities of practical audio electronics. An ideal resource for students, hobbyists, musicians, audio professionals, and those interested in exploring the possibilities of hardware-based sound and music creation"-- Provided by publisher