Powertrain systems for net-zero transport : proceedings of the 2021 Powertrain Systems for Net-Zero Transport Conference, London, UK, 7-8 December 2021

The transport sector continues to shift towards alternative powertrains, particularly with the UK Government⁰́₉s announcement to end the sale of petrol and diesel passenger cars by 2030 and increasing support for alternatives. Despite this announcement, the internal combustion continues to play a significant role both in the passenger car market through the use of hybrids and sustainable low carbon fuels, as well as a key role in other sectors such as heavy-duty vehicles and off-highway applications across the globe. Building on the industry-leading IC Engines conference, the 2021 Powertrain Systems for Net-Zero Transport conference (7-8 December 2021, London, UK) focussed on the internal combustion engine⁰́₉s role in Net-Zero transport as well as covered developments in the wide range of propulsion systems available (electric, fuel cell, sustainable fuels etc) and their associated powertrains. To achieve the net-zero transport across the globe, the life-cycle analysis of future powertrain and energy was also discussed. Powertrain Systems for Net-Zero Transport provided a forum for engine, fuels, e-machine, fuel cell and powertrain experts to look closely at developments in powertrain technology required, to meet the demands of the net-zero future and global competition in all sectors of the road transportation, off-highway and stationary power industries Cover 1 Half Title 2 Title Page 4 Copyright Page 5 Table of Contents 6 Organising Committee 10 SESSION 1: IC ENGINES FOR LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES 12 Combustion sensitivity to charge motion in a dilute jet ignition engine 14 Experimental study of intelligent valve actuation for high efficiency spark ignition engines 32 SESSION 2: IC ENGINES FOR HEAVY-DUTY AND OFF-HIGHWAY 48 The effects of cylinder deactivation in future hybridised biogas dual fuel trucks 50 Using intake port water injection to reduce NOx emissions for heavy-duty multi-cylinder diesel engine applications 65 Heavy duty hydrogen ICE: Production realisation by 2025 and system operation efficiency assessment 81 SESSION 3: ENGINES WITH SUSTAINABLE FUELS (E.G HYDROGEN, E-FUELS, BIOMETHANE) 98 Future liquid & gaseous energy carriers: A key prerequisite for carbon-free mobility 100 Effect of diesel-ethanol fuel blends on engine performance and combustion behaviour of Compression Ignition (CI) engines 114 Magma xEV and sustainable liquid fuels – steps towards net-zero propulsion 130 Thermal swing coatings for future sustainable heavy-duty IC engines 155 SESSION 4: SIMULATION, MODELLING AND EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 172 ‘Modelling and simulation of transient clutch system dynamics’ 174 Large-Eddy simulation of a Wankel rotary engine for range extender applications 184 SESSION 5: REAL-WORLD DRIVING EMISSION (RDE) AND EMISSIONS ANALYSIS 206 RDE vehicle emissions improvements assessed on a London route 208 The increasing importance of particles, volatile organic compounds, nitrous oxide, and ammonia in future real-world emissions re 223 SESSION 6: REAL-WORLD DRIVING EMISSION (RDE) AND EMISSIONS CONTROL SYSTEMS 242 RDE Plus: Accurate replication of real-world vehicle testing within the chassis dynamometer laboratory using HORIBA RDE+ solutions 244 Impact of ethanol and butanol blends with gasoline on hybrid electric vehicle emissions from RDE and WLTP 281 Ultra-low NOx and PN with integrated emission control systems for light-duty gasoline and heavy-duty diesel vehicles 295 SESSION 7: POWERTRAIN DEVELOPMENT SYSTEMS AND ANALYSIS 312 Research on experimental design method of engine system based on D-optimal design 314 Life cycle analysis of power electronics and electric machines for future electrified passenger cars 326 SESSION 8: POWERTRAIN DEVELOPMENT SYSTEMS FOR HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE 344 MAHLE modular hybrid powertrain for large passenger cars and light commercial vehicles 346 Numerical evaluation and optimization of a hybrid vehicle employing a hydrogen internal combustion engine as a range extender 365 Author index 385 Combustion sensitivity to charge motion in a dilute jet ignition engine; Experimental study of intelligent valve actuation for high efficiency spark ignition engines; The effects of cylinder deactivation in future hybridised biogas dual fuel trucks; Using intake port water injection to reduce NOx emissions for heavy-duty multi-cylinder diesel engine applications; Heavy duty hydrogen ICE: Production realisation by 2025 and system operation efficiency assessment; Future liquid & gaseous energy carriers: A key prerequisite for carbon-free mobility; Effect of diesel-ethanol fuel blends on engine performance and combustion behaviour of Compression Ignition (CI) engines; Magma xEV and sustainable liquid fuels – steps towards net-zero propulsion; Thermal swing coatings for future sustainable heavy-duty IC engines; "‘Modelling and simulation of transient clutch system dynamics’"; Large-Eddy simulation of a Wankel rotary engine for range extender applications; RDE vehicle emissions improvements assessed on a London route; "The increasing importance of particles,volatile organic compounds,nitrous oxide,and ammonia in future real-world emissions regulation"; RDE Plus: Accurate replication of real-world vehicle testing within the chassis dynamometer laboratory using HORIBA RDE+ solutions; Impact of ethanol and butanol blends with gasoline on hybrid electric vehicle emissions from RDE and WLTP; Ultra-low NOx and PN with integrated emission control systems for light-duty gasoline and heavy-duty diesel vehicles; Research on experimental design method of engine system based on D-optimal design; Life cycle analysis of power electronics and electric machines for future electrified passenger cars; MAHLE modular hybrid powertrain for large passenger cars and light commercial vehicles; Numerical evaluation and optimization of a hybrid vehicle employing a hydrogen internal combustion engine as a range extender Combustion sensitivity to charge motion in a dilute jet ignition engine,Experimental study of intelligent valve actuation for high efficiency spark ignition engines,The effects of cylinder deactivation in future hybridised biogas dual fuel trucks,Using intake port water injection to reduce NOx emissions for heavy-duty multi-cylinder diesel engine applications,Heavy duty hydrogen ICE: Production realisation by 2025 and system operation efficiency assessment,Future liquid & gaseous energy carriers: A key prerequisite for carbon-free mobility,Effect of diesel-ethanol fuel blends on engine performance and combustion behaviour of Compression Ignition (CI) engines,Magma xEV and sustainable liquid fuels – steps towards net-zero propulsion,Thermal swing coatings for future sustainable heavy-duty IC engines,‘Modelling and simulation of transient clutch system dynamics’,Large-Eddy simulation of a Wankel rotary engine for range extender applications,RDE vehicle emissions improvements assessed on a London route,The increasing importance of particles, volatile organic compounds, nitrous oxide, and ammonia in future real-world emissions regulation,RDE Plus: Accurate replication of real-world vehicle testing within the chassis dynamometer laboratory using HORIBA RDE+ solutions,Impact of ethanol and butanol blends with gasoline on hybrid electric vehicle emissions from RDE and WLTP,Ultra-low NOx and PN with integrated emission control systems for light-duty gasoline and heavy-duty diesel vehicles,Research on experimental design method of engine system based on D-optimal design,Life cycle analysis of power electronics and electric machines for future electrified passenger cars,MAHLE modular hybrid powertrain for large passenger cars and light commercial vehicles,Numerical evaluation and optimization of a hybrid vehicle employing a hydrogen internal combustion engine as a range extender The transport sector continues to shift towards alternative powertrains, particularly with the UK Government0́9s announcement to end the sale of petrol and diesel passenger cars by 2030 and increasing support for alternatives. Despite this announcement, the internal combustion continues to play a significant role both in the passenger car market through the use of hybrids and sustainable low carbon fuels, as well as a key role in other sectors such as heavy-duty vehicles and off-highway applications across the globe. Building on the industry-leading IC Engines conference, the 2021 Powertrain Systems for Net-Zero Transport conference (7-8 December 2021, London, UK) focussed on the internal combustion engine0́9s role in Net-Zero transport as well as covered developments in the wide range of propulsion systems available (electric, fuel cell, sustainable fuels etc) and their associated powertrains. To achieve the net-zero transport across the globe, the life-cycle analysis of future powertrain and energy was also discussed. Powertrain Systems for Net-Zero Transport provided a forum for engine, fuels, e-machine, fuel cell and powertrain experts to look closely at developments in powertrain technology required, to meet the demands of the net-zero future and global competition in all sectors of the road transportation, off-highway and stationary power industries