Power-Sharing Executives: Governing in Bosnia, Macedonia, and Northern Ireland (National and Ethnic Conflict in the 21st Century)

To achieve peaceful interethnic relations and a stable democracy in the aftermath of violent conflict, institutional designers may task political elites representing previously warring sides with governing a nation together. In Power-Sharing Executives , Joanne McEvoy asks whether certain institutional rules can promote cooperation between political parties representing the contending groups in a deeply divided place. Examining the different experiences of postconflict power sharing in Bosnia, Macedonia, and Northern Ireland, she finds that with certain incentives and norms in place, power sharing can indeed provide political space for an atmosphere of joint governance or accommodation between groups. Power-Sharing Executives explains how the institutional design process originated and evolved in each of the three nations and investigates the impact of institutional rules on interethnic cooperation. McEvoy also looks at the role of external actors such as international organizations in persuading political elites to agree to share power and to implement power-sharing peace agreements. This comparative analysis of institutional formation and outcomes shows how coalitions of varying inclusivity or with different rules can bring about a successful if delicate consociationality in practice. Power-Sharing Executives offers prescriptions for policymakers facing the challenges of mediating peace in a postconflict society and sheds light on the wider study of peace promotion. Cover 1 Title 4 Copyright 5 Contents 8 1. Power Sharing, Institutional Design, and External Actors 10 PART I. NORTHERN IRELAND 46 2. The Sunningdale Executive: Lessons from Failed Power Sharing 48 3. The Good Friday Agreement 1998: An Inclusive Coalition 70 4. The 2007–11 Executive: A New Era in Northern Ireland Politics? 96 PART II. BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 114 5. Power-Sharing Stalemate in Post-Dayton Bosnia 116 6. From Dayton to Brussels? 141 PART III. MACEDONIA 166 7. Macedonia: From Independence to the Ohrid Framework Agreement 168 8. Toward a Binational Macedonia? 191 Conclusion 213 Notes 236 Index 282 A 282 B 282 C 282 D 282 E 283 F 283 G 283 H 283 I 283 J 284 K 284 L 284 M 284 N 284 O 284 P 284 R 285 S 285 T 285 U 285 V 286 W 286 X 286 Z 286 Acknowledgments 288 Based on interviews with power-sharing executives and external actors in Bosnia, Macedonia, and Northern Ireland, this in-depth study explores the challenges of promoting cooperation and accommodation between elites representing contending groups in deeply divided places.