Power Quality in Modern Power Systems

Power Quality in Modern Power Systems presents an overview of power quality problems in electrical power systems, for identifying pitfalls and applying the fundamental concepts for tackling and maintaining the electrical power quality standards in power systems. It covers the recent trends and emerging topics of power quality in large scale renewable energy integration, electric vehicle charging stations, voltage control in active distribution network and solutions to integrate large scale renewable energy into the electric grid with several case studies and real-time examples for power quality assessments and mitigations measures. This book will be a practical guide for graduate and post graduate students of electrical engineering, engineering professionals, researchers and consultants working in the area of power quality.- Explains the power quality characteristics through suitable real time measurements and simulation examples - Explanations for harmonics with various real time measurements are included - Simulation of various power quality events using PSCAD and MATLAB software - PQ disturbance detection and classification through advanced signal processing and machine learning tools - Overview about power quality problems associated with renewable energy integration, electric vehicle supply equipment's, residential systems using several case studies Power Quality in Modern Power Systems Copyright Contributors Preface Acknowledgment 1. Power quality and its characteristics 1.1 How do changes in voltage, current, or frequency impact the quality of power? 1.2 Types of power quality problems 1.3 Transients 1.3.1 Cause 1.3.2 Impact 1.3.3 Types 1.3.3.1 Impulsive transients 1.3.3.2 Oscillatory transients 1.3.4 Example 1.4 Short duration RMS variation 1.4.1 Voltage sag 1.4.1.1 Causes 1.4.1.2 Impact 1.4.1.3 Example 1.4.2 Voltage swell 1.4.2.1 Cause 1.4.2.2 Impact 1.4.2.3 Example 1.4.3 Interruption 1.4.3.1 Cause 1.4.3.2 Impact 1.4.3.3 Example 1.5 Long duration voltage variation 1.5.1 Undervoltage 1.5.1.1 Cause 1.5.1.2 Impact 1.5.1.3 Example 1.5.2 Overvoltage 1.5.2.1 Cause 1.5.2.2 Impact 1.5.3 Sustained interruption 1.5.3.1 Cause 1.5.3.2 Impact 1.5.3.3 Example 1.6 Unbalance or imbalance 1.6.1 Cause 1.6.2 Impact 1.6.3 Example 1.7 Voltage fluctuations 1.7.1 Cause 1.7.2 Impact 1.7.3 Example 1.8 Waveform distortion 1.8.1 Harmonics 1.8.2 Interharmonics 1.8.2.1 Cause 1.8.2.2 Impacts 1.8.3 DC offset 1.8.3.1 Cause 1.8.3.2 Impacts 1.8.4 Notching 1.8.4.1 Cause 1.8.4.2 Impacts 1.8.5 Noise 1.8.5.1 Cause 1.8.5.2 Impacts 1.9 Annexure 1.1 1.10 Annexure 1.2 1.11 Annexure 1.3: harmonics 1.11.1 Odd harmonics 1.11.2 Even harmonics 1.11.3 Tripplen harmonics References Further reading 2. Power system harmonics 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Types of harmonic distortion 2.2.1 Voltage harmonics 2.2.2 Current harmonics 2.3 Harmonic-producing loads 2.3.1 Single-phase rectifiers 2.3.2 Three-phase rectifiers 2.4 Point of common coupling 2.4.1 Source-side harmonics 2.4.2 Load-side harmonics 2.5 Impact of harmonics on connected loads sharing the same feeder 2.6 Impact of harmonics in multitenanted premises 2.7 Evaluation of harmonics in the system 2.7.1 Total harmonic distortion 2.7.2 Total demand distortion 2.7.3 Total rated current distortion 2.8 Resonance 2.8.1 Series resonance 2.8.2 Parallel resonance 2.8.3 How to prevent the system resonance condition 2.9 Annexure 2.1 References Further reading 3. Power quality problems with renewable energy integration 3.1 Motivation 3.2 Renewable energy sources and their integration 3.3 Power quality analysis with RES 3.3.1 Voltage fluctuations 3.3.2 Voltage transients 3.3.3 Voltage unbalance/sag/swell 3.3.4 Origins of harmonics 3.3.5 Consequences/impacts of harmonics 3.4 Mathematical modeling of power systems with RES 3.5 Artificial intelligence-based controllers 3.5.1 Artificial neural network-based controller 3.5.2 ANN controller for separation of events related to PQ of RES 3.5.3 ANN controller for harmonic separation 3.5.4 Fuzzy logic controller 3.5.5 Fuzzy logic controller for DC link capacitor voltage matching 3.5.6 Fuzzy logic controller for current adaptation and modulation 3.6 Simulation results and analysis 3.7 Conclusion References 4. Fault ride-through (FRT) capability and current FRT methods in photovoltaic-based distributed generators 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Fault ride-through strategies for PV power plants 4.3 Fault ride-through methods in PV power plants 4.3.1 External FRT methods 4.3.1.1 Energy storage-based methods 4.3.1.2 Power electronics-based method 4.3.1.3 FACTS-based methods 4.3.2 External FRT methods 4.3.2.1 Inverter-resident FRT methods 4.4 Assessment of current FRT methods for PV power plants 4.5 Conclusion References 5. Power quality problems associated with electric vehicle charging infrastructure 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Types of charging station 5.3 Power quality problems associated with EVSE and its impacts 5.3.1 Power quality problems from EV charging station into the grid 5.3.2 Power quality problems from grid into EV charging station 5.3.3 Case study: harmonics analysis for a DC fast charger of 150kW rating 5.4 Mitigation of impact of higher penetration of EVs into distribution system 5.4.1 Energy storage system 5.4.2 Distributed FACTS devices 5.4.3 Demand response 5.5 Conclusion References Further reading 6. Impact of power quality issues in residential systems 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Power quality disturbances in residential systems 6.2.1 Unpredictable disturbances 6.2.2 Residential customers 6.2.2.1 Overvoltage and undervoltage 6.2.2.2 Harmonics 6.2.2.3 Voltage flickers 6.2.2.4 Voltage sags 6.2.2.5 Voltage swells 6.2.2.6 Transients 6.2.2.7 Voltage unbalance (voltage imbalance) 6.2.2.8 Interruptions 6.2.2.9 Frequency deviation 6.2.3 Effects of power quality in residential systems 6.3 Power quality measurement 6.4 Study of power quality disturbances caused by a home appliance using MATLAB/Simulink 6.4.1 Modeling methodology 6.4.2 Power quality impacts due to single-phase nonlinear loads 6.4.3 Power quality impacts due to single-phase AC motors starting 6.5 Mitigation techniques 6.5.1 Power factor correction (compensation) 6.5.2 Harmonic filter 6.5.3 Power quality-based equipment 6.5.3.1 Chokes 6.5.3.2 Neutral blocking filter 6.5.3.3 Zigzag reactors 6.5.4 Surge protection devices 6.5.5 Programmable protection devices for household appliances 6.6 Conclusion References 7. Voltage control in active distribution networks 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Voltage quality requirements 7.3 Traditional voltage control strategies 7.4 Voltage control strategies in active distribution networks 7.4.1 Transmission and distribution systems: two different scenarios 7.4.2 Novel voltage control strategies 7.4.3 Case study 7.4.3.1 Base case: passive network 7.4.3.2 High distributed generation and low demand 7.4.3.3 High demand due to electric vehicles and low generation 7.5 Conclusions References 8. Voltage dips caused by faults in a transmission system: a monitoring case study of a sensitive industrial consumer 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Methodology 8.2.1 Proposed approach for voltage dip quantification 8.2.2 Proposed approach for grouping the faults and voltage dips 8.3 Case study and results 8.3.1 Quantification of voltage dips and comparison of IEEE 1564 and brazilian grid code 8.3.2 Grouping the main influence variables 8.3.3 Assessment of the voltage dip vulnerability area 8.4 Conclusions References Further reading 9. Power quality improvement by a double-source multilevel inverter with reduced device and standing voltage on switches 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Proposed structure 9.2.1 Converter configuration 9.2.2 Operational scheme 9.2.3 Standing voltage on switches 9.2.4 Cascaded version of the proposed topology 9.3 Modulation technique 9.4 Power loss analysis 9.4.1 Switching losses 9.4.2 Conduction losses 9.4.3 Capacitor ripple losses 9.5 Capacitor design 9.6 Comparative analysis 9.7 Simulation results 9.8 Power quality analysis 9.8.1 Form factor 9.8.2 Ripple factor 9.8.3 Harmonic factor 9.8.4 Total harmonic distortion 9.9 Conclusions References 10. E-STATCOM (energy storage+STATCOM): a solution to integrate large-scale wind farms into the grid at medium and high power l ... 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Challenges of renewable power-dominated grids 10.3 Existing methods to provide grid codes 10.4 Concept of an E-STATCOM 10.4.1 Energy storage system in an E-STATCOM 10.4.2 Two-/three-level converter-based E-STATCOM 10.4.3 Modular multilevel converter-based E-STATCOM 10.5 System for performance study 10.6 Control methodology of an E-STATCOM 10.6.1 Operation of an MMC-based E-STATCOM 10.6.2 Operation of hybrid storage system 10.7 Discussion of results 10.8 Conclusion References 11. PQ disturbance detection and classification combining advanced signal processing and machine learning tools 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Methods 11.2.1 Advanced signal processing techniques 11.2.1.1 Wavelet transformation 11.2.1.2 Stockwell transformation 11.2.2 Artificial neural network 11.3 Proposed PQD detection and classification scheme 11.3.1 Mathematical models of PQD 11.3.2 Feature extraction explanation 11.4 Results and discussion 11.4.1 PQD detection results 11.4.2 PQD classification results 11.4.3 Validation of the proposed scheme 11.5 Conclusions 11.6 List of abbreviations Acknowledgments References 12. Recent trends and advances in power quality 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Business motivation 12.3 Measurement methodologies and techniques 12.3.1 Flicker measurement 12.3.2 Classification techniques using multiresolution methods 12.3.3 Alternative architecture design for building power quality monitoring systems 12.4 PQ data analytics: examples 12.4.1 Case 1: detection of a transient condition 12.4.2 Case 2: detection of a voltage sag 12.4.3 Case 3: detection of voltage dip in two phases 12.4.4 Case 4: detection of a voltage sag—downstream event restored after 1.2 s 12.4.5 Case 5: momentary interruption—short circuit cleared in the reclosure 12.4.6 Case 6: several reclosure event 12.4.7 Case 7: voltage dips in the network leading to overvoltage in the system in an EV environment 12.4.8 Case 8: impact on EV charging infrastructure during various PQ events 12.5 Recent trends on power quality 12.5.1 Impact of modern grid integration framework 12.5.2 Impact of supraharmonics 12.5.3 Impact of fast voltage variations 12.5.4 Developments in monitoring and integration opportunities 12.5.5 Data collection format 12.5.6 IoT-based framework for power quality solutions 12.6 Conclusion References Index A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P R S T U V W Z Power Quality In Modern Power Systems Presents An Overview Of Power Quality Problems In Electrical Power System, Providing A Critical Source For Identifying Pitfalls And Applying Fundamental Concepts For Tackling And Maintaining Electrical Power Quality Standards In Power Systems. Covering Current And Emerging Topics Of Power Quality In Smart Grid, Large Scale Renewable Energy Integration And Micro-grid, And National And International Power Quality Standards, This Reference Uses Case Studies And Real-time Measurements And Examples To Fully Explore Power Quality Analysis. This Represents Essential Reading For Graduate Students, Engineering Professionals, Researchers And Industrial Sectors Working In The Area Of Power Quality. Supported By Examples And Practical Case Studies To Enhance And Reinforce Learning Objectives This Book Includes Exercise Problems And Systematic Answers At End Of Each Chapter. Features Power Quality Problems Associated With Renewable Energy Integration, Electric Traction And Micro-grid With Case Studies And Modules As Examples Explains Power Quality Characteristics Through Suitable Real Time Measurements And Simulation Examples Explanations For Harmonics And Its Mitigations With Various Real Time Power Quality Measured Examples Are Included With Solutions And Precautionary Measures To Adopt __Power Quality in Modern Power Systems__