Power Plant Instrumentation and Control Handbook : A Guide to Thermal Power Plants

Front-Matter_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Control-Handbook Front Matter Copyright_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Control-Handbook Copyright Preface_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Control-Handbook Preface Acknowledgments_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Control-Handbook Acknowledgments Chapter-1---Introduction_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Control-Handbo Introduction Introduction Fundamental Knowledge About Basic Process Ideas Within and Outside the System Zeroeth Law of Thermodynamics Energy Work Specific Heat Perfect Gas Boyle´s Law and the Charles Law Boyle´s Law-Law I Charles Law-Law II General and Combined Equation Universal Gas Constant Avogadro´s Law/Hypothesis-Law III First Law of Thermodynamics Internal Energy Adiabatic Work Law of the Conservation of Energy Constant Volume Process Constant Pressure or Isobaric Process Enthalpy Constant Temperature of the Isothermal Process Second Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engine Kelvin Planck Statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics Clausius Statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics Recapitulation: Various Cycles: Carnot, Rankine, Regenerative, and Reheat Reversible Cycle: Carnot Application of Carnot Cycle in a Power Plant Carnot Theorem or Corollary 2 Properties of Steam Steam Table Wet Steam Superheated Steam Entropy Corollary 5 Temperature-Entropy Diagram Entropy of Different Phases of Water and Steam Entropy of Water Entropy of Steam Entropy of Superheated Steam Temperature-Entropy Diagram of Steam Pressure-Volume Diagram Steam Generators/Boilers Boiler Classifications Use Tube Contents Furnace Position and Firing Heat Source Forced or Natural Circulation Regenerative Cycle/Heater/Extraction System Regenerative Cycle Various Valves and Their Operations Main Steam Stop Valve Nonreturn (Check) Valve Start-Up Vent Valve Safety (Pop-Up) Valve Electromatic Safety (or Relief) Valve Spring-Loaded Safety Valve Blowdown Valve Continuous Blowdown Valve Intermittent Blowdown Valve Drain Valve Steam Trap Steam Separator Reheat Cycles in Utility Boiler-Hot and CRH Lines Reheat Cycle in Utility Boiler Gas Turbine Types (Frames)/Black Startup GT Basic Closed Loop Cycle GT Basic Open Loop Cycles GT Cycles With Heat Exchangers/Regenerator GT Cycles With Intercooling and Reheating GT With Single and Double Shaft (Turboshaft) GT With Single Shaft GT With Double Shaft (Turboshaft) GT Firing Temperature and Pressure Ratio Turbine Firing Temperature Turbine Pressure Ratio Various Sections of GT GT Inlet Sections GT Compressor Section With Diffuser GT Combustor With Transition Section Turbine Section of GT Black Starting of GT Different Steps to Implement Black Start Different Systems to Implement Black Start Self-Contained Black Start Black Start Through Variable Frequency Drive or Load Commutated Inverter VFD/LCI to Drive the GT Directly Black Start Through DG With Automatic Voltage Regulator Directly Connected to the GT Generator (Without VFD/LCI) Black Start Through Hydraulic Drive Black Start Through Electric Drive (Induction Motor) GT With Compressed Air Energy Storage Facility GT Emissions NOX Control in GT NOX Control of GT Through Lean Air/Fuel Ratio Control NOX Control of GT Through Lean Premixed Air/Fuel Combustion NOX Control of GT Through Selective Catalytic Reduction GT as External Combustion Engine GT Fuels GT Control Systems Speed/Load Control Systems Temperature Control System Fuel Flow Control System Air Flow Control System Effects of Atmospheric Condition on GT Operation Influencing Factors of GT Efficiency and Performance Recovery Boilers: Introduction Process Boiler: Steam Supply at Different Pressures Compared With Steam Turbine Operation for Utility Purposes Back-Pressure Turbine Pass Out Turbine Pressure-Reducing and Desuperheating Station: Purpose and Importance for Process Boilers/Initial Heating Up and Othe ... Pressure-Reducing and Desuperheating Station Objective of the System System Description Vacuum and Dump Condenser Vacuum Condenser Dump Condenser Air-Cooled Dump Condenser Water-Cooled Dump Condenser System Description of Different Types of Dump Condensers System Description of Dump Condensers in CHP Plants System Description of Dump Condensers in Thermal Power Plants Process Parameters and Ranges Purpose of Parameter Measurements Measurements for Plant Safety Measurement for Efficient Running/Control of the Plant Type of Instruments and Their Selection: Discussion Pressure Elements/Gauges/Switches/Transmitters Flow Measurement Level Gauges/Switches/Transmitters Temperature Measurement Bibliography Chapter-2---Main-Equipmen_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Control-Handb Main Equipment Overview of Main Equipment Types, Function, and Description Boiler Fuel and Air/Draft System Feed Water System Steam System Turbine Turbine Oil System Turning Gear/Barring Gear HP/LP Bypass System Governor and Isolation Valves Gland Sealing Systems Condenser Steam Ejectors or External Vacuum Pumps, Vacuum Breaker Circulating Water Pump System or Cooling Towers Condensate Extraction Pumps Heat Exchangers (Drain/Gland Steam Cooler, LP Heaters) Boiler Feed Pumps Generator and Exciter Hydrogen Cooling System Hydrogen and Seal Oil System Excitation System Stator Cooling Water System Generator Inerting System Steam Generator: Boiler Boiler/Steam Generator Subsystems Fuel System Feed Water System (Ref. ) Blow Down and Chemical Dosing System Steam System (Ref. ) Deaerator Soot Blowing System Boiler Circulating Water System Mills and Pulverizers Pumps and Heating Units Fans Forced Draught Fans Induced Draught Fans Primary Air Fans Seal Air Fans Scanner Air Fans Fans: Functions of ID, FD FANS, Effect on Control System, Control Devices Fans Axial Fans (Ref. A) Control Device of Axial Fans Radial/Centrifugal Fans (Ref. B) Control Device of Radial Centrifugal Fans Functions of ID and FD Fans Functions of FD Fans Forced Draught Fans (FD Fan) Induced Draught Fans (ID) Air Flue Gas Path Equipment Air Heaters Classification of Air Heaters Recuperative Air Heaters Regenerative Air Heaters Steam Coil Air Preheater and Corrosion Control Dust Collector Units Mechanical Dust Collector Units Electrostatic Precipitator Flue Gas Desulfurization Plant Flue Gas Denitrification Plant Stoichiometric Air-Fuel Ratio and Excess Air Firing System Type of Firing Systems Fixed-Type Firing Corner or Tangential Firing Combustion Air Start-Up Procedure Mills/Pulverizers/Feeders/Primary Air/Burners Selection of Equipment Advantages of Using a Mill/Pulverizer Functions and Controls The Mill/Pulverizers The Feeders The Primary Air The Burners The Igniters Seal Air Fans Scanner Air Fans Ignition Support F.O. Systems Oil Unloading System Storage and Transfer System Pumping and Heating Unit Tangential Tilt Burners (Ref ) Reheat Temperature Control by Tangential Tilting Burner Assembly Reheat Temperature Control by Gas dampers Gas Dampers in Main Flue Gas Path Gas Dampers in Bypass Flue Gas Path Reheat Temperature Control by Gas Recirculation Damper Flue Gas Recirculation Introduced in the Furnace Flue Gas Recirculation Introduced in the Combustion Air Boiler Tube Failure and Metal Temperature Major Reasons for Boiler Tube Failure Tube Inside or Water-side Corrosion Tube Outside or Fireside Corrosion Superheater Fireside Ash Corrosion High-Temperature Oxidation Waterwall Fireside Corrosion Fireside Corrosion Fatigue Tube Outside or Fireside Erosion Stress Rupture Short-Term Overheating High Temperature Creep or Long-Term Overheat Dissimilar Metal Welds High-Temperature Graphitization Fatigue Mechanical Vibration Fatigue Thermal Fatigue Corrosion Fatigue Measurement of Boiler Tube Metal Temperatures Measuring Location of Boiler Tube Metal Temperatures Problems and Solutions of Measuring Boiler Tube Metal Temperatures Boiler Drum, Pressure Parts With Locations Boiler Accessories Drum Internals (Ref. ) Type of Superheaters and Reheaters (Ref. ) Economizers Boiler Water Circulation Natural Water Circulation Forced Water Circulation Water Circulation in Once-through/Supercritical or Ultracritical Steam Generators Miscellaneous Boiler Equipment Main Steam Stop Valve Nonreturn (Check) Valve Start-Up Vent Valve Safety (Pop Up)Valve Electromagnetic Safety (or Relief) Valve Spring-Loaded Safety Valve Blow Down Valve Continuous Blow Down Valve Intermittent Blow Down Valve Drain Valve Steam Trap Steam Separator Swing Check Valve Turbine Type Steam Turbines: Turbine Types and Classification Impulse Turbine Pressure Compounded Impulse Turbine (Ref. ) Velocity Compounded Impulse Turbine (Ref. ) Pressure Velocity Compounded Turbine (Ref. ) Impulse-Reaction Turbine (Ref. ) Basic Turbine Type: HP, IP, LP Cylinders Turbine Oil Systems Lubricating Oil (Ref. ) Control Oil (Ref. ) Jacking Oil (Ref. ) Extraction and Gland Sealing System Condenser and Evacuation System Function What is Vacuum Type of Condenser Operation of Condenser Evacuation of Condenser (Ref. ) Evacuation Methods Steam Jet Air Ejectors (Ref. ) Single-Nozzle Ejector Multiple Nozzle Ejector Types Spindle-Operated Ejector Liquid Ring Vacuum Pump (Ref. ) Dry Vacuum Pump Once-Through Oil Vacuum Pump Mode of Evacuation Methods: Hogging and Holding Performance Starting Air Ejector and Priming Air Ejector Start-Up and Thermal Stress Types of Start-Up Procedures Damage Mechanisms Creep Low Cycle Fatigue Combined Effect of Creep and Low Cycle Fatigue Relation of Stress, Temperature, and Start-Ups Stress and Temperature Curves With Relation to Time Stress and Temperatures Curves With Relation to Longer Soaking Time Stress and Temperatures Curves With Relation to Fast Start-Up Miscellaneous Turbine Auxiliaries Turbine Bearings Main Bearing Thrust Bearing Gland Packing, Gland Steam Condenser (GSC), and Gland Exhaust Fan Gland Packing Gland Steam Condenser and Gland Exhaust Fan Priming System for Water Box and CW Pumps Priming Devices Priming Air Ejector Liquid Ring Vacuum Pump Dry Vacuum Pump Once Through Oil Vacuum Pump Selection of the Priming Devices Vacuum Breaker Main Objectives of Providing Vacuum Breaker Capacity/Sizing of Vacuum Breaking Valves Types of Vacuum Breaking Valves Location of Vacuum Breaking Valves Online Condenser Tube Cleaning System Principle of Operation (Ref. ) Basic Objectives Materials of Construction Condensate Polishing Unit Requirement of Condensate Polishing Unit (Ref. ) Presence of Corrosive Materials Particulate or Suspended Matter Dissolved Salts Types of Ion Exchangers Mixed Bed Exchanger Lead Cation Resin followed by Mixed Bed of Strong Cation/Anion Resins Cation-Anion-Cation Stacked Bed Exchanger Simple Cation Bed Exchanger Regeneration of Resins Capacity of the Polishing Unit Quality of the Polishing Unit Turbine Supervisory Instrumentation Eccentricity Thrust Position Phase or Key Phasor or Phase Angle Measurement of Expansion Shell or Case Expansion Differential Expansion Speed Measurement of Vibration Shaft Relative Vibration Absolute Vibration Turbine Governing Valve Position Temperature Generator Basic Generator Details Rotor (Field) Field Flashing Stator (Armature) Working Principle Cooling of Stator and Rotor Hydrogen Cooling Including Seal Oil System The Hydrogen System Moisture in Hydrogen Cooling System The Seal Oil System Generator Excitation: Types With Advantages and Disadvantages Direct Current Excitation Rotating-Type Excitation System Static Type Excitation System Generator Field Excitation: Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages and Disadvantages: Brush and Brushless Excitation Advantages and Disadvantages: Permanent Magnets Advantages Disadvantages Boiler Feed Pump And Condensate Extraction Pump: Associated Measurements Boiler Feed Pumps Selection Criteria of BFP Types of Boiler Feed Pumps Boiler Feed Pumps With Equidirectional Impellers Boiler Feed Pumps With Opposite Directional Impellers Boiler Feed Pumps With Associated Measurements Condensate Extraction Pumps Selection Criteria of Condensate Extraction Pumps Type of Condensate Extraction Pumps Condensate Extraction Pumps With Associated Measurements Deaerators and Heaters Deaerator Reason for Deaeration Working Principles of Deaerator Types of Deaerator (Ref. ) Tray Type of Deaerator Spray Type of Deaerator Regenerative Feed Water Heaters Open Type Regenerative Feed Heaters Closed Type Regenerative Feed Heaters Broad Comparison Between Open and Closed Regenerative Feed Water Heaters Operation Description of Closed Regenerative Feed Heaters CW and ACW System Function and Description Circulating Water System Once-Through Circulating Water System Once-Through Circulating Water System Components Closed Cycle Type or Recirculating Type Circulating Water System Types of Closed Cycle Type or Recirculating Type CW Systems Mechanical Induced Draft Cooling Tower Natural Draft Cooling Tower Auxiliary Cooling Water and Closed Cooling Water Systems Auxiliary Cooling Water System and Components Closed/Clarified Cooling Water System Closed/Clarified Cooling Water System Components CW Make-Up and Treatment System Prevention of Microbiological Growth and Treatment System CW Make-Up and Treatment System Using Seawater Drift Problem With Cooling Tower (CT) Using Seawater Instrumentation Requirement for a CW System Auxiliary and Associated Subsystems of a CW/ACW/CCW System Demineralizing (DM) Plant Function and Description () Necessity of a DM Plant and System Requirements Inlet Water Quality Requirement for DM Plant Operation Requirement of DM Water for Other Systems System Operation of DM Plant Components and Their Function in DM Plant Operation Pressure Sand Filter Activated Carbon Filter Principle of Operation of ACF Factors Influencing Efficient Filtration Types of Activated Carbon Filter Materials Used for Activated Carbon Filter Specification of Activated Carbon Filter Advantages/Disadvantages of Using ACF Filter for Seawater Application Ion Exchange Units Cation Exchanger Resins Anion Exchanger Resins Mixed Bed Exchangers Regeneration of Resins Decarbonators and Degassers Drain Neutralization System Advantages and Limitations Expected Quality of Various Components Controls and Instrumentation Controls Instrumentation Coal Handling: Basic System Function and Description Influencing Factors of CHP Concept Design () Coal Source, Quality, and Size Unloading Track Hopper Unloading System Wagon Tippler Unloading System Coal Crushing Coal Jaw Crusher Jaw Crusher Operating Principles Coal Hammer Crusher Coal Hammer Crusher Operating Principles Ring Granulator Ring Granulator Operating Principle Coal Stacker and Reclaimer at Stockyard Dust Control System and Ventilation system Other Important Accessories Instrumentation and Control Brief Details of Conveyor Safety Switches Pull Chord Switches Belt Sway Switch Zero Speed Switch Ash Handling: Basic System Function and Description Properties of Ash Physical Properties Chemical Properties Influencing Factors of AHP Concept Design Mode of Ash Disposal Bottom Ash System Wet Bottom Ash System () Semiwet Bottom Ash System With Submerged Flight Conveyor Semiwet Bottom Ash System With Submerged Scrapper Conveyor Dry Bottom Ash System Fly Ash Handling System Dry Fly Ash Handling System Wet Fly Ash Handling System Ash Water System Bottom-Ash Water System Fly-Ash Water System Ash Disposal System Wet-Ash Disposal System Dry Ash Disposal System () Bibliography Chapter-3---Plant-P-amp-ID--Process_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Con Plant P&ID (Process) Discussions Introduction (P&ID Process) P&ID Basics Instrumentation Symbols in P&ID Piping Representation in P&ID Process Parameter in P&ID Equipment in P&ID Discussion on P&ID Redundancies for Transmitters (Sensor) Transmitter (Sensor) Redundancy Considerations Transmitter Monitoring and Inhibiting Selection Redunancy for One of Two Selections Two Transmitters (Sensor) in High (or Low Selection) One of Two Transmitters (Sensors) Selection With Average Redundancy-Three Transmitters (Sensors) for Selection Three Transmitters (Sensors) in 2 of 3 Selection Three Transmitters (Sensors) in 2 of 3 Voting Logic Triple Modular Redundancy Analytical Instruments and Control Main Steam (P&ID) Objective and Function of the System System Description-Main Steam (Fig. 3.4) Process and Piping-Main Steam Bypass Path-Main Steam Process Plant Bypass Path-Main Steam (Fig. 3.7) HP Bypass Main Steam Sampling Lines Major System Equipment-Main Steam Major Parameters in Main Steam (MS) Process Parameters Monitoring of Process Parameter-Main Steam Controls in-Main Steam Redundancy in Measurement-Main Steam Miscellenous Points-Main Steam Reheat Steam (P&IDs): Cold and Hot Reheat Reheat Steam System Cold Reheat Steam System Objectives and Functions of the System System Description-Cold Reheat Major System Equipment-Cold Reheat Steam Major Parameter Measuring Monitoring in-CRH Steam Process Parameter-CRH (Typical Values Only) Monitoring of Process Parameter-CRH Steam Controls in-CRH Steam Redundancy in Measurement-CRH Steam Micellenous Points-CRH Steam Hot Reheat Steam System Objectives and Functions of the System System Description-Hot Reheat (Fig. 3.9) Major System Equipment-Hot Reheat Steam Major Parameter Measuring Monitoring in-HRH Steam Process Parameter-HRH (Typical Values Only) Monitoring of Process Parameter-HRH Steam Controls in-HRH Steam Redundancy in Measurement-HRH Steam Micellenous Points-HRH Steam Extraction Steam (PandIDs): Bleed Steam Extraction Steam System Objectives and Functions of the System System Description-Extraction Steam Major System Equipment-Extraction Steam Major Parameter Monitoring in-Extraction Steam Process Parameter-Extraction Steam (Typical Turbine Continuous Rating-TMCR Values Indicated) Monitoring of Process Parameter-Ex. Steam (Fig. 3.10) Controls in-Extraction Steam Redundancy in Measurement-Extraction Steam Miscellaneous Points-Extraction Steam Auxiliary Steam (P&IDs) Auxiliary Steam System Objectives and Functions of the System System Description-Auxiliary Steam System Description-General (Figs. 3.11-3.14) System Description-Separate BAS/TAS (Fig. 3.11) System Description-Common as Header From Main Steam (Fig. 3.12) System Description-Common as Header From CRH Steam (Fig. 3.13) System Description-Common Header With Auto switchover (Figs. 3.12 and 3.13) System Description as Header Consumers (Fig. 3.14) Major System Equipment-Auxiliary Steam Major Process Parameters and Measuring Monitoring in-AS Process Parameter Monitoring of Process Parameter-Auxiliary Steam Controls in-Auxiliary Steam (Figs. 3.11-3.14) Redundancy in Measurement-Auxiliary Steam Micellenous Points-Auxiliary Steam FEED WATER STEAM (P&IDs) Feed Water (FW) System Objectives and Functions of the System System Description-Feed Water (FW) System Variations System Description-General (Fig. 3.16A and B) System Description-FW System Overall (Fig. 3.17) System Description-Feed Water Sampling System System Description-Feed Water System Motor-Operated BFP (Fig. 3.18) System Description-FW System TD BFP (Fig. 3.19) System Description-FW Feed Control Station (Fig. 3.20) Major System Equipment-Feed Water System Major Parameter Measuring Monitoring in-Feed Water Process Parameter-Feed Water (Typical Values Only) Monitoring of Process Parameter-Feed Water System Controls in-Feed Water System (Fig. 3.20) Redundancy in Measurement-Feed Water System Miscellaneous Points-Feed Water System Condensate System (P&IDs) Condensate System Objectives and Functions of the System System Description-Condensate System System Description-General (Fig. 3.21) System Description-Cond. System (LP Heaters Fig. 3.23) System Description-Condensate Return (Fig. 3.24) System Description-Cond. Level Controls (Fig. 3.25) In Fig. 3.25A and B, a Few Other Alternatives Are Shown System Description-Condensate Polishing Unit (Fig. 3.26) Major System Equipment-Condensate System Major Parameter Measuring Monitoring in-Condensate Process Parameter-Condensate (Typical Values Only) Monitoring of Process Parameter-Condensate System Controls in-Condensate System (Figs. 3.21 and 3.23-3.25) Redundancy in Measurement-Condensate System Miscellaneous Points-Condensate System Heater Drain and Vent (P&IDs) Heater Drain and Vent System Objectives and Functions of the System System Description-Heater Drain and Vent System System Description-Heater Vent (Fig. 3.27) System Description-Heater Drain (Figs. 3.27 and 3.28) Major System Equipment-Heater Drain and Vent System: Major Parameter Measuring Monitoring in-Heater Drain and Vent System Process Parameter-Heater Drain and Vent System (Typical Values Only) Monitoring of Process Parameter-Condensate System Air and Flue Gas System (P&IDs) (Outline of Pulverizer Instrumentation) Air and Flue Gas System Objectives and Functions of the System System Description-Air and Flue Gas System Description-Flue Gas (Figs. 3.31 and 3.32) System Description-Secondary Air System (Figs. 3.34, 3.36, and 3.37) System Description-Primary Air System (Figs. 3.34, 3.36, and 3.37) System Description-Scanner Air and Seal Air System Description-Monitoring and Controls (Fig. 3.37A and B) Major System Equipment-Air and Flue Gas Path Major Parameter Measuring Monitoring in-Air and Flue Gas Process Parameter-Air and Flue Gas (Typical Value) Monitoring of Process Parameter-Air and Flue Gas System Controls in-Air and Flue Gas System (Figs. 3.31, 3.32, and 3.34-3.36) Controls in Flue gas systems Controls in Air Systems Redundancy in Measurement Miscellaneous Points-Air and Flue Gas System Cogeneration P&ID (Gas Turbine HRSG) Cogeneration/Combined Cycle Plants Objectives and Functions of the System System Description System Description-Simple Cycle (Fig. 3.40A) System Description-Cogeneration/Combined Cycle Plant (Figs. 3.40B and 3.42) system Description-Heat Recovery Steam Generator Gas Turbine Control System Major Parameter Measuring Monitoring in-Cogeneration Plant-Gas Turbine Redundancy in-Gas Turbines Single-Shaft Combined-Cycle Configuration Misc. Other Systems Turbogenerator-Related PandIDs. System Description and Functions Turbine Lube Oil (LO) System (Fig. 3.44) Turbine Jacking Oil System (Fig. 3.45) Turbine Control Oil System (Fig. 3.46) Turbine Seal Steam System (Figs. 3.48 and 3.49) Turbine Evacuation System (Fig. 3.50) Generator Seal Oil System (Fig. 3.51) Generator H2 System (Fig. 3.52) Stator-Cooling Water System (Fig. 3.53) Steam Generator Related PandIDs. System Description and Functions SG Heavy (Fuel) Oil (HFO) System Light Oil and Atomizing Air System (Fig. 3.55) Atomization: Steam (Fig. 3.56) SG Burner Cooling, Ignitor, and Flame Detection System Boiler Circulation System (Fig. 3.57) Trends in Power Generation Process Increased Pressure, Temperature Operation Subcritical, Supercritical, Ultrasupercritical, and Approach to AUSC AUSC Power cycle Various Ways for Reducing Emissions and Increasing Efficiency Carbon Capture and Storage and Oxyfuel Combustion CFBC Technology Bibliography Chapter-4---General-Instrume_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Control-Ha General Instruments Introduction Pressure Measurements Temperature Gauges and Switches Elements for Remote Pressure Transmitters Elements for Remote Temperature Transmitters Temperature Transmitters Flow Measurement Sight Flow Glass Indicators Flow Switches Flow Elements or Differential Producers Flow Transmitters Level Measurement Level Gauge Level Switch Level Transmitter Pressure Measurement: Various Measuring Points and Range Selection Pressure Transmitter: Working Principle, Specification, Supplier, and Special Features Force Collector Types Capacitive Type Piezoresistive Strain Gauge Inductance/Reluctance (Electromagnetic) Piezoelectric Other Pressure Measurements (Normally Not Used in Power Plants) Optical Potentiometric Pressure Switch: Working Principle, Specification, Supplier, and Special Features Bourdon Tube-Operated Sensor Bellows Sensor Diaphragm Sensor Diaphragm Sealed Piston Accessories ON/OFF Differential/Deadband of Switch Contact Pressure Gauge: Working Principle, Specification, Supplier, and Special Features Temperature Measurement: Various Measuring Points and Range Selection Temperature Element: Types and Classification, Immersion Length, and Connection Type Temperature Elements RTDs THCs Voltage-Temperature Relationship in THC THC Connection to Instruments Cold Junction Compensation Thermistors Immersion Length Connection Types Temperature Transmitter: Working Principle, Specification, Supplier, and Special Features Transmitter (RTD Input) Transmitter (THC Input) Temperature Switches Temperature Gauges Mercury in Glass Mercury or Alcohol in Steel Bimetallic Gauges Flow Measurement, Various Measuring Points, Various Types, and Range Selection Units of Measurement Pressure-Based Measurements (Head Type Instruments) Venturi Meter Flow Nozzle Orifice Plate Dall Tube Pitot Tube Piccolo Tube Multihole Pressure Probes Aerofoil V Cone Flow Device Mechanical Flow Meter Flow Elements: Selection and Sizing Flow Measurement by DP Method The Venturi Meter Flow Nozzle Orifice Plate Krells Bar Orifice Plate Dall Tube Pitot Tube V Cone Flow Device Sizing of Flow Elements (Typical) Flow Measurement by Level Excursion Method (Ref. ) Flow Transmitters and Meters Different Types of Flow Transmitters Magnetic Flow Meters Ultrasonic Type Doppler, Transit Time, and Ultrasonic Type Doppler Frequency Shift Method Level Excursion Type Coriolis Flow Meters Coriolis Principles Vortex Flow Meter Swirl Flow Meters Mass Flow Meters Typical Applications Mechanical Flow Meter Variable Area Meter Piston Meter/Rotary Piston Oval Gear Meter Turbine Flow Meter Nutating Disk Meter Flow Switch: Working Principle Flapper or Paddle Type Target or Disk or Vane Type Flow Switch Diaphragm Type Flow Switch Shuttle Type Flow Switch Piston Type Flow Switch Thermal Mass Flow Type Flow Switch With Velocity-Based Actuation Flow Gauge Sight Flow Glass Full View Flow Rotary Type Drip, Ball, and Flapper Types Variable Area Type Variable Orifice Type Level Measurement Level Transmitters: Working Principle Pressure or DP Type Level Transmitter Displacer Type Level Transmitters Ultrasonic Type Level Transmitters Conductivity Type Level Transmitters Capacitance or RF Type Level Transmitters Air Bubbler Type Level Transmitters Magnetostriction and Guided Wave Radar Level Switch: Working Principle Magnetic and Mechanical Float Type Switch Gamma Ray Type Switch Displacer Type Level Switch Vibration or Tuning Fork Type Level Switch Rotating Paddle Type Level Switch RF Admittance Type Level Switch Level Gauge: Working Principle Direct Level Gauges Sight Level Gauge Glass Bicolor Level Gauges Float Type Gauge Float Pulley Type Gauge Float and Rotary Shaft Type Gauge Float and Magnet Type or Magnetic Level Gauge Displacer Type Gauge Indirect Type Level Conductivity Type Level Gauge Pressure Type Level Gauge Magnetostrictive and Guided Wave Radar Level Instruments Introduction Magnetostrictive Instruments Working Principles GWR Bibliography Chapter-5---Special-Instrum_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Control-Han Special Instrument Special Instruments: Introduction General Vibration Measurement Turbovisory Instruments Gas Analysis Steam and Water Analysis Sample Conditioning Blowdown and Dosing Control System Pollution-Related Analysis Vibration and Turbovisory Instruments General IDEA of Vibration Importance of Vibration Measurement Basic Building Blocks for Vibration Measuring System Vibration Measurement Points (Turbine Discussed Separately)-Condition Monitoring Turbovisory Instruments: Measuring Points Steam Turbine ( and ) Gas Turbine (GT) ( and ) Vibration and Turbovisory Measurement Issues Frequency Range Measuring Sensor/Transducers Factors Influencing Vibration Measurements Interpretation of Vibration Measurements Vibration Measurement Proximity Probes Eddy Current Proximity Probes () Eddy Current Proximity Probes Data Sheet Velocity-Seismic Probes Velocity Probe-Seismic Probe Working Principle Velocity-Seismic Probe Issues (B-D) Acceleration-Seismic Probes Acceleration Sensor-Working Principle Accelerometer-Seismic Probe (A-D) Application Note Machine Health/Condition Monitoring System The Concept of Monitoring and Analysis Condition Monitoring System Components Machine Vibration Analysis System Other Turbovisory Instruments STG TSI Specification Smaller STG Casing Expansion Valve Position Application Notes on Installation System Configuration () Gas Analyzers Gas Analysis Requirements and Types Analyzer Selection Criteria Component and Analysis Types Absorption Principle for Analysis Chemiluminescence Type Analysis System (Ref. ) Paramagnetic and Thermo Magnetic Oxygen Detection System Zirconia Oxygen Detection System () Thermal Conductivity Gas Detection System-Katharometer () Combustible Analyzer Gas Chromatograph Extractive Multianalysis System In Situ (Modified) Multianalysis System In Situ Multichannel Analysis System Opacity/Particulate Monitoring (A and B) Ammonia (in Flue Gas) Analyzer Mercury in Stack Gas Analyzer Oxygen Analyzers Oxygen Analyzer Types Zirconia Oxygen Analyzer Paramagnetic Oxygen Analyzer CO Analyzer CO Analyzer Feature CO Analyzer Specification CO2 Analyzer H2 (Purity) Gas Analyzer in TG H2 (Purity) Analyzer in Turbo-Generator H2 Analysis System (Complete Analysis System) Discussions on Flue Gas Measurements Oxyfuel Continuous Emission Monitoring (CEM) Flue Gas Flow Steam and Water Analysis System Basics of Steam and Water Chemistry With Measurements and Controls (Normal Utility Station/Boiler) SWAS-HRSG Condensate Polishing Unit SWAS Measurement Systems Conductivity Measurement Conductivity Analyzer Description Conductivity Analysis Working Principles Conductivity-pH pH Measurement pH Analyzer-Description pH Analyzer Working Principles (C) Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved Oxygen Analyzer-Description Amperometric DO Analysis Working Principles () Dissolved Oxygen Analyzer Working Principle (Optical Type) Residual Hydrazine Hydrazine Analyzer-Description Electrochemical H Front-Matter_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Control-Handbook Front Matter Copyright_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Control-Handbook Copyright Preface_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Control-Handbook Preface Acknowledgments_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Control-Handbook Acknowledgments Chapter-1---Introduction_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Control-Handbo Introduction Introduction Fundamental Knowledge About Basic Process Ideas Within and Outside the System Zeroeth Law of Thermodynamics Energy Work Specific Heat Perfect Gas Boyle ́s Law and the Charles Law Boyle ́s Law-Law I Charles Law-Law II General and Combined Equation Universal Gas Constant Avogadro ́s Law/Hypothesis-Law III First Law of Thermodynamics Internal Energy Adiabatic Work Law of the Conservation of Energy Constant Volume Process Constant Pressure or Isobaric Process Enthalpy Constant Temperature of the Isothermal Process Second Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engine Kelvin Planck Statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics Clausius Statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics Recapitulation: Various Cycles: Carnot, Rankine, Regenerative, and Reheat Reversible Cycle: Carnot Application of Carnot Cycle in a Power Plant Carnot Theorem or Corollary 2 Properties of Steam Steam Table Wet Steam Superheated Steam Entropy Corollary 5 Temperature-Entropy Diagram Entropy of Different Phases of Water and Steam Entropy of Water Entropy of Steam Entropy of Superheated Steam Temperature-Entropy Diagram of Steam Pressure-Volume Diagram Steam Generators/Boilers Boiler Classifications Use Tube Contents Furnace Position and Firing Heat Source Forced or Natural Circulation Regenerative Cycle/Heater/Extraction System Regenerative Cycle Various Valves and Their Operations Main Steam Stop Valve Nonreturn (Check) Valve Start-Up Vent Valve Safety (Pop-Up) Valve Electromatic Safety (or Relief) Valve Spring-Loaded Safety Valve Blowdown Valve Continuous Blowdown Valve Intermittent Blowdown Valve Drain Valve Steam Trap Steam Separator Reheat Cycles in Utility Boiler-Hot and CRH Lines Reheat Cycle in Utility Boiler Gas Turbine Types (Frames)/Black Startup GT Basic Closed Loop Cycle GT Basic Open Loop Cycles GT Cycles With Heat Exchangers/Regenerator GT Cycles With Intercooling and Reheating GT With Single and Double Shaft (Turboshaft) GT With Single Shaft GT With Double Shaft (Turboshaft) GT Firing Temperature and Pressure Ratio Turbine Firing Temperature Turbine Pressure Ratio Various Sections of GT GT Inlet Sections GT Compressor Section With Diffuser GT Combustor With Transition Section Turbine Section of GT Black Starting of GT Different Steps to Implement Black Start Different Systems to Implement Black Start Self-Contained Black Start Black Start Through Variable Frequency Drive or Load Commutated Inverter VFD/LCI to Drive the GT Directly Black Start Through DG With Automatic Voltage Regulator Directly Connected to the GT Generator (Without VFD/LCI) Black Start Through Hydraulic Drive Black Start Through Electric Drive (Induction Motor) GT With Compressed Air Energy Storage Facility GT Emissions NOX Control in GT NOX Control of GT Through Lean Air/Fuel Ratio Control NOX Control of GT Through Lean Premixed Air/Fuel Combustion NOX Control of GT Through Selective Catalytic Reduction GT as External Combustion Engine GT Fuels GT Control Systems Speed/Load Control Systems Temperature Control System Fuel Flow Control System Air Flow Control System Effects of Atmospheric Condition on GT Operation Influencing Factors of GT Efficiency and Performance Recovery Boilers: Introduction Process Boiler: Steam Supply at Different Pressures Compared With Steam Turbine Operation for Utility Purposes Back-Pressure Turbine Pass Out Turbine Pressure-Reducing and Desuperheating Station: Purpose and Importance for Process Boilers/Initial Heating Up and Othe ... Pressure-Reducing and Desuperheating Station Objective of the System System Description Vacuum and Dump Condenser Vacuum Condenser Dump Condenser Air-Cooled Dump Condenser Water-Cooled Dump Condenser System Description of Different Types of Dump Condensers System Description of Dump Condensers in CHP Plants System Description of Dump Condensers in Thermal Power Plants Process Parameters and Ranges Purpose of Parameter Measurements Measurements for Plant Safety Measurement for Efficient Running/Control of the Plant Type of Instruments and Their Selection: Discussion Pressure Elements/Gauges/Switches/Transmitters Flow Measurement Level Gauges/Switches/Transmitters Temperature Measurement Bibliography Chapter-2---Main-Equipmen_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Control-Handb Main Equipment Overview of Main Equipment Types, Function, and Description Boiler Fuel and Air/Draft System Feed Water System Steam System Turbine Turbine Oil System Turning Gear/Barring Gear HP/LP Bypass System Governor and Isolation Valves Gland Sealing Systems Condenser Steam Ejectors or External Vacuum Pumps, Vacuum Breaker Circulating Water Pump System or Cooling Towers Condensate Extraction Pumps Heat Exchangers (Drain/Gland Steam Cooler, LP Heaters) Boiler Feed Pumps Generator and Exciter Hydrogen Cooling System Hydrogen and Seal Oil System Excitation System Stator Cooling Water System Generator Inerting System Steam Generator: Boiler Boiler/Steam Generator Subsystems Fuel System Feed Water System (Ref. ) Blow Down and Chemical Dosing System Steam System (Ref. ) Deaerator Soot Blowing System Boiler Circulating Water System Mills and Pulverizers Pumps and Heating Units Fans Forced Draught Fans Induced Draught Fans Primary Air Fans Seal Air Fans Scanner Air Fans Fans: Functions of ID, FD FANS, Effect on Control System, Control Devices Fans Axial Fans (Ref. A) Control Device of Axial Fans Radial/Centrifugal Fans (Ref. B) Control Device of Radial Centrifugal Fans Functions of ID and FD Fans Functions of FD Fans Forced Draught Fans (FD Fan) Induced Draught Fans (ID) Air Flue Gas Path Equipment Air Heaters Classification of Air Heaters Recuperative Air Heaters Regenerative Air Heaters Steam Coil Air Preheater and Corrosion Control Dust Collector Units Mechanical Dust Collector Units Electrostatic Precipitator Flue Gas Desulfurization Plant Flue Gas Denitrification Plant Stoichiometric Air-Fuel Ratio and Excess Air Firing System Type of Firing Systems Fixed-Type Firing Corner or Tangential Firing Combustion Air Start-Up Procedure Mills/Pulverizers/Feeders/Primary Air/Burners Selection of Equipment Advantages of Using a Mill/Pulverizer Functions and Controls The Mill/Pulverizers The Feeders The Primary Air The Burners The Igniters Seal Air Fans Scanner Air Fans Ignition Support F.O. Systems Oil Unloading System Storage and Transfer System Pumping and Heating Unit Tangential Tilt Burners (Ref ) Reheat Temperature Control by Tangential Tilting Burner Assembly Reheat Temperature Control by Gas dampers Gas Dampers in Main Flue Gas Path Gas Dampers in Bypass Flue Gas Path Reheat Temperature Control by Gas Recirculation Damper Flue Gas Recirculation Introduced in the Furnace Flue Gas Recirculation Introduced in the Combustion Air Boiler Tube Failure and Metal Temperature Major Reasons for Boiler Tube Failure Tube Inside or Water-side Corrosion Tube Outside or Fireside Corrosion Superheater Fireside Ash Corrosion High-Temperature Oxidation Waterwall Fireside Corrosion Fireside Corrosion Fatigue Tube Outside or Fireside Erosion Stress Rupture Short-Term Overheating High Temperature Creep or Long-Term Overheat Dissimilar Metal Welds High-Temperature Graphitization Fatigue Mechanical Vibration Fatigue Thermal Fatigue Corrosion Fatigue Measurement of Boiler Tube Metal Temperatures Measuring Location of Boiler Tube Metal Temperatures Problems and Solutions of Measuring Boiler Tube Metal Temperatures Boiler Drum, Pressure Parts With Locations Boiler Accessories Drum Internals (Ref. ) Type of Superheaters and Reheaters (Ref. ) Economizers Boiler Water Circulation Natural Water Circulation Forced Water Circulation Water Circulation in Once-through/Supercritical or Ultracritical Steam Generators Miscellaneous Boiler Equipment Main Steam Stop Valve Nonreturn (Check) Valve Start-Up Vent Valve Safety (Pop Up)Valve Electromagnetic Safety (or Relief) Valve Spring-Loaded Safety Valve Blow Down Valve Continuous Blow Down Valve Intermittent Blow Down Valve Drain Valve Steam Trap Steam Separator Swing Check Valve Turbine Type Steam Turbines: Turbine Types and Classification Impulse Turbine Pressure Compounded Impulse Turbine (Ref. ) Velocity Compounded Impulse Turbine (Ref. ) Pressure Velocity Compounded Turbine (Ref. ) Impulse-Reaction Turbine (Ref. ) Basic Turbine Type: HP, IP, LP Cylinders Turbine Oil Systems Lubricating Oil (Ref. ) Control Oil (Ref. ) Jacking Oil (Ref. ) Extraction and Gland Sealing System Condenser and Evacuation System Function What is Vacuum Type of Condenser Operation of Condenser Evacuation of Condenser (Ref. ) Evacuation Methods Steam Jet Air Ejectors (Ref. ) Single-Nozzle Ejector Multiple Nozzle Ejector Types Spindle-Operated Ejector Liquid Ring Vacuum Pump (Ref. ) Dry Vacuum Pump Once-Through Oil Vacuum Pump Mode of Evacuation Methods: Hogging and Holding Performance Starting Air Ejector and Priming Air Ejector Start-Up and Thermal Stress Types of Start-Up Procedures Damage Mechanisms Creep Low Cycle Fatigue Combined Effect of Creep and Low Cycle Fatigue Relation of Stress, Temperature, and Start-Ups Stress and Temperature Curves With Relation to Time Stress and Temperatures Curves With Relation to Longer Soaking Time Stress and Temperatures Curves With Relation to Fast Start-Up Miscellaneous Turbine Auxiliaries Turbine Bearings Main Bearing Thrust Bearing Gland Packing, Gland Steam Condenser (GSC), and Gland Exhaust Fan Gland Packing Gland Steam Condenser and Gland Exhaust Fan Priming System for Water Box and CW Pumps Priming Devices Priming Air Ejector Liquid Ring Vacuum Pump Dry Vacuum Pump Once Through Oil Vacuum Pump Selection of the Priming Devices Vacuum Breaker Main Objectives of Providing Vacuum Breaker Capacity/Sizing of Vacuum Breaking Valves Types of Vacuum Breaking Valves Location of Vacuum Breaking Valves Online Condenser Tube Cleaning System Principle of Operation (Ref. ) Basic Objectives Materials of Construction Condensate Polishing Unit Requirement of Condensate Polishing Unit (Ref. ) Presence of Corrosive Materials Particulate or Suspended Matter Dissolved Salts Types of Ion Exchangers Mixed Bed Exchanger Lead Cation Resin followed by Mixed Bed of Strong Cation/Anion Resins Cation-Anion-Cation Stacked Bed Exchanger Simple Cation Bed Exchanger Regeneration of Resins Capacity of the Polishing Unit Quality of the Polishing Unit Turbine Supervisory Instrumentation Eccentricity Thrust Position Phase or Key Phasor or Phase Angle Measurement of Expansion Shell or Case Expansion Differential Expansion Speed Measurement of Vibration Shaft Relative Vibration Absolute Vibration Turbine Governing Valve Position Temperature Generator Basic Generator Details Rotor (Field) Field Flashing Stator (Armature) Working Principle Cooling of Stator and Rotor Hydrogen Cooling Including Seal Oil System The Hydrogen System Moisture in Hydrogen Cooling System The Seal Oil System Generator Excitation: Types With Advantages and Disadvantages Direct Current Excitation Rotating-Type Excitation System Static Type Excitation System Generator Field Excitation: Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages and Disadvantages: Brush and Brushless Excitation Advantages and Disadvantages: Permanent Magnets Advantages Disadvantages Boiler Feed Pump And Condensate Extraction Pump: Associated Measurements Boiler Feed Pumps Selection Criteria of BFP Types of Boiler Feed Pumps Boiler Feed Pumps With Equidirectional Impellers Boiler Feed Pumps With Opposite Directional Impellers Boiler Feed Pumps With Associated Measurements Condensate Extraction Pumps Selection Criteria of Condensate Extraction Pumps Type of Condensate Extraction Pumps Condensate Extraction Pumps With Associated Measurements Deaerators and Heaters Deaerator Reason for Deaeration Working Principles of Deaerator Types of Deaerator (Ref. ) Tray Type of Deaerator Spray Type of Deaerator Regenerative Feed Water Heaters Open Type Regenerative Feed Heaters Closed Type Regenerative Feed Heaters Broad Comparison Between Open and Closed Regenerative Feed Water Heaters Operation Description of Closed Regenerative Feed Heaters CW and ACW System Function and Description Circulating Water System Once-Through Circulating Water System Once-Through Circulating Water System Components Closed Cycle Type or Recirculating Type Circulating Water System Types of Closed Cycle Type or Recirculating Type CW Systems Mechanical Induced Draft Cooling Tower Natural Draft Cooling Tower Auxiliary Cooling Water and Closed Cooling Water Systems Auxiliary Cooling Water System and Components Closed/Clarified Cooling Water System Closed/Clarified Cooling Water System Components CW Make-Up and Treatment System Prevention of Microbiological Growth and Treatment System CW Make-Up and Treatment System Using Seawater Drift Problem With Cooling Tower (CT) Using Seawater Instrumentation Requirement for a CW System Auxiliary and Associated Subsystems of a CW/ACW/CCW System Demineralizing (DM) Plant Function and Description () Necessity of a DM Plant and System Requirements Inlet Water Quality Requirement for DM Plant Operation Requirement of DM Water for Other Systems System Operation of DM Plant Components and Their Function in DM Plant Operation Pressure Sand Filter Activated Carbon Filter Principle of Operation of ACF Factors Influencing Efficient Filtration Types of Activated Carbon Filter Materials Used for Activated Carbon Filter Specification of Activated Carbon Filter Advantages/Disadvantages of Using ACF Filter for Seawater Application Ion Exchange Units Cation Exchanger Resins Anion Exchanger Resins Mixed Bed Exchangers Regeneration of Resins Decarbonators and Degassers Drain Neutralization System Advantages and Limitations Expected Quality of Various Components Controls and Instrumentation Controls Instrumentation Coal Handling: Basic System Function and Description Influencing Factors of CHP Concept Design () Coal Source, Quality, and Size Unloading Track Hopper Unloading System Wagon Tippler Unloading System Coal Crushing Coal Jaw Crusher Jaw Crusher Operating Principles Coal Hammer Crusher Coal Hammer Crusher Operating Principles Ring Granulator Ring Granulator Operating Principle Coal Stacker and Reclaimer at Stockyard Dust Control System and Ventilation system Other Important Accessories Instrumentation and Control Brief Details of Conveyor Safety Switches Pull Chord Switches Belt Sway Switch Zero Speed Switch Ash Handling: Basic System Function and Description Properties of Ash Physical Properties Chemical Properties Influencing Factors of AHP Concept Design Mode of Ash Disposal Bottom Ash System Wet Bottom Ash System () Semiwet Bottom Ash System With Submerged Flight Conveyor Semiwet Bottom Ash System With Submerged Scrapper Conveyor Dry Bottom Ash System Fly Ash Handling System Dry Fly Ash Handling System Wet Fly Ash Handling System Ash Water System Bottom-Ash Water System Fly-Ash Water System Ash Disposal System Wet-Ash Disposal System Dry Ash Disposal System () Bibliography Chapter-3---Plant-P-amp-ID--Process_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Con Plant P&ID (Process) Discussions Introduction (P&ID Process) P&ID Basics Instrumentation Symbols in P&ID Piping Representation in P&ID Process Parameter in P&ID Equipment in P&ID Discussion on P&ID Redundancies for Transmitters (Sensor) Transmitter (Sensor) Redundancy Considerations Transmitter Monitoring and Inhibiting Selection Redunancy for One of Two Selections Two Transmitters (Sensor) in High (or Low Selection) One of Two Transmitters (Sensors) Selection With Average Redundancy-Three Transmitters (Sensors) for Selection Three Transmitters (Sensors) in 2 of 3 Selection Three Transmitters (Sensors) in 2 of 3 Voting Logic Triple Modular Redundancy Analytical Instruments and Control Main Steam (P&ID) Objective and Function of the System System Description-Main Steam (Fig. 3.4) Process and Piping-Main Steam Bypass Path-Main Steam Process Plant Bypass Path-Main Steam (Fig. 3.7) HP Bypass Main Steam Sampling Lines Major System Equipment-Main Steam Major Parameters in Main Steam (MS) Process Parameters Monitoring of Process Parameter-Main Steam Controls in-Main Steam Redundancy in Measurement-Main Steam Miscellenous Points-Main Steam Reheat Steam (P&IDs): Cold and Hot Reheat Reheat Steam System Cold Reheat Steam System Objectives and Functions of the System System Description-Cold Reheat Major System Equipment-Cold Reheat Steam Major Parameter Measuring Monitoring in-CRH Steam Process Parameter-CRH (Typical Values Only) Monitoring of Process Parameter-CRH Steam Controls in-CRH Steam Redundancy in Measurement-CRH Steam Micellenous Points-CRH Steam Hot Reheat Steam System Objectives and Functions of the System System Description-Hot Reheat (Fig. 3.9) Major System Equipment-Hot Reheat Steam Major Parameter Measuring Monitoring in-HRH Steam Process Parameter-HRH (Typical Values Only) Monitoring of Process Parameter-HRH Steam Controls in-HRH Steam Redundancy in Measurement-HRH Steam Micellenous Points-HRH Steam Extraction Steam (PandIDs): Bleed Steam Extraction Steam System Objectives and Functions of the System System Description-Extraction Steam Major System Equipment-Extraction Steam Major Parameter Monitoring in-Extraction Steam Process Parameter-Extraction Steam (Typical Turbine Continuous Rating-TMCR Values Indicated) Monitoring of Process Parameter-Ex. Steam (Fig. 3.10) Controls in-Extraction Steam Redundancy in Measurement-Extraction Steam Miscellaneous Points-Extraction Steam Auxiliary Steam (P&IDs) Auxiliary Steam System Objectives and Functions of the System System Description-Auxiliary Steam System Description-General (Figs. 3.11-3.14) System Description-Separate BAS/TAS (Fig. 3.11) System Description-Common as Header From Main Steam (Fig. 3.12) System Description-Common as Header From CRH Steam (Fig. 3.13) System Description-Common Header With Auto switchover (Figs. 3.12 and 3.13) System Description as Header Consumers (Fig. 3.14) Major System Equipment-Auxiliary Steam Major Process Parameters and Measuring Monitoring in-AS Process Parameter Monitoring of Process Parameter-Auxiliary Steam Controls in-Auxiliary Steam (Figs. 3.11-3.14) Redundancy in Measurement-Auxiliary Steam Micellenous Points-Auxiliary Steam FEED WATER STEAM (P&IDs) Feed Water (FW) System Objectives and Functions of the System System Description-Feed Water (FW) System Variations System Description-General (Fig. 3.16A and B) System Description-FW System Overall (Fig. 3.17) System Description-Feed Water Sampling System System Description-Feed Water System Motor-Operated BFP (Fig. 3.18) System Description-FW System TD BFP (Fig. 3.19) System Description-FW Feed Control Station (Fig. 3.20) Major System Equipment-Feed Water System Major Parameter Measuring Monitoring in-Feed Water Process Parameter-Feed Water (Typical Values Only) Monitoring of Process Parameter-Feed Water System Controls in-Feed Water System (Fig. 3.20) Redundancy in Measurement-Feed Water System Miscellaneous Points-Feed Water System Condensate System (P&IDs) Condensate System Objectives and Functions of the System System Description-Condensate System System Description-General (Fig. 3.21) System Description-Cond. System (LP Heaters Fig. 3.23) System Description-Condensate Return (Fig. 3.24) System Description-Cond. Level Controls (Fig. 3.25) In Fig. 3.25A and B, a Few Other Alternatives Are Shown System Description-Condensate Polishing Unit (Fig. 3.26) Major System Equipment-Condensate System Major Parameter Measuring Monitoring in-Condensate Process Parameter-Condensate (Typical Values Only) Monitoring of Process Parameter-Condensate System Controls in-Condensate System (Figs. 3.21 and 3.23-3.25) Redundancy in Measurement-Condensate System Miscellaneous Points-Condensate System Heater Drain and Vent (P&IDs) Heater Drain and Vent System Objectives and Functions of the System System Description-Heater Drain and Vent System System Description-Heater Vent (Fig. 3.27) System Description-Heater Drain (Figs. 3.27 and 3.28) Major System Equipment-Heater Drain and Vent System: Major Parameter Measuring Monitoring in-Heater Drain and Vent System Process Parameter-Heater Drain and Vent System (Typical Values Only) Monitoring of Process Parameter-Condensate System Air and Flue Gas System (P&IDs) (Outline of Pulverizer Instrumentation) Air and Flue Gas System Objectives and Functions of the System System Description-Air and Flue Gas System Description-Flue Gas (Figs. 3.31 and 3.32) System Description-Secondary Air System (Figs. 3.34, 3.36, and 3.37) System Description-Primary Air System (Figs. 3.34, 3.36, and 3.37) System Description-Scanner Air and Seal Air System Description-Monitoring and Controls (Fig. 3.37A and B) Major System Equipment-Air and Flue Gas Path Major Parameter Measuring Monitoring in-Air and Flue Gas Process Parameter-Air and Flue Gas (Typical Value) Monitoring of Process Parameter-Air and Flue Gas System Controls in-Air and Flue Gas System (Figs. 3.31, 3.32, and 3.34-3.36) Controls in Flue gas systems Controls in Air Systems Redundancy in Measurement Miscellaneous Points-Air and Flue Gas System Cogeneration P&ID (Gas Turbine HRSG) Cogeneration/Combined Cycle Plants Objectives and Functions of the System System Description System Description-Simple Cycle (Fig. 3.40A) System Description-Cogeneration/Combined Cycle Plant (Figs. 3.40B and 3.42) system Description-Heat Recovery Steam Generator Gas Turbine Control System Major Parameter Measuring Monitoring in-Cogeneration Plant-Gas Turbine Redundancy in-Gas Turbines Single-Shaft Combined-Cycle Configuration Misc. Other Systems Turbogenerator-Related PandIDs. System Description and Functions Turbine Lube Oil (LO) System (Fig. 3.44) Turbine Jacking Oil System (Fig. 3.45) Turbine Control Oil System (Fig. 3.46) Turbine Seal Steam System (Figs. 3.48 and 3.49) Turbine Evacuation System (Fig. 3.50) Generator Seal Oil System (Fig. 3.51) Generator H2 System (Fig. 3.52) Stator-Cooling Water System (Fig. 3.53) Steam Generator Related PandIDs. System Description and Functions SG Heavy (Fuel) Oil (HFO) System Light Oil and Atomizing Air System (Fig. 3.55) Atomization: Steam (Fig. 3.56) SG Burner Cooling, Ignitor, and Flame Detection System Boiler Circulation System (Fig. 3.57) Trends in Power Generation Process Increased Pressure, Temperature Operation Subcritical, Supercritical, Ultrasupercritical, and Approach to AUSC AUSC Power cycle Various Ways for Reducing Emissions and Increasing Efficiency Carbon Capture and Storage and Oxyfuel Combustion CFBC Technology Bibliography Chapter-4---General-Instrume_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Control-Ha General Instruments Introduction Pressure Measurements Temperature Gauges and Switches Elements for Remote Pressure Transmitters Elements for Remote Temperature Transmitters Temperature Transmitters Flow Measurement Sight Flow Glass Indicators Flow Switches Flow Elements or Differential Producers Flow Transmitters Level Measurement Level Gauge Level Switch Level Transmitter Pressure Measurement: Various Measuring Points and Range Selection Pressure Transmitter: Working Principle, Specification, Supplier, and Special Features Force Collector Types Capacitive Type Piezoresistive Strain Gauge Inductance/Reluctance (Electromagnetic) Piezoelectric Other Pressure Measurements (Normally Not Used in Power Plants) Optical Potentiometric Pressure Switch: Working Principle, Specification, Supplier, and Special Features Bourdon Tube-Operated Sensor Bellows Sensor Diaphragm Sensor Diaphragm Sealed Piston Accessories ON/OFF Differential/Deadband of Switch Contact Pressure Gauge: Working Principle, Specification, Supplier, and Special Features Temperature Measurement: Various Measuring Points and Range Selection Temperature Element: Types and Classification, Immersion Length, and Connection Type Temperature Elements RTDs THCs Voltage-Temperature Relationship in THC THC Connection to Instruments Cold Junction Compensation Thermistors Immersion Length Connection Types Temperature Transmitter: Working Principle, Specification, Supplier, and Special Features Transmitter (RTD Input) Transmitter (THC Input) Temperature Switches Temperature Gauges Mercury in Glass Mercury or Alcohol in Steel Bimetallic Gauges Flow Measurement, Various Measuring Points, Various Types, and Range Selection Units of Measurement Pressure-Based Measurements (Head Type Instruments) Venturi Meter Flow Nozzle Orifice Plate Dall Tube Pitot Tube Piccolo Tube Multihole Pressure Probes Aerofoil V Cone Flow Device Mechanical Flow Meter Flow Elements: Selection and Sizing Flow Measurement by DP Method The Venturi Meter Flow Nozzle Orifice Plate Krells Bar Orifice Plate Dall Tube Pitot Tube V Cone Flow Device Sizing of Flow Elements (Typical) Flow Measurement by Level Excursion Method (Ref. ) Flow Transmitters and Meters Different Types of Flow Transmitters Magnetic Flow Meters Ultrasonic Type Doppler, Transit Time, and Ultrasonic Type Doppler Frequency Shift Method Level Excursion Type Coriolis Flow Meters Coriolis Principles Vortex Flow Meter Swirl Flow Meters Mass Flow Meters Typical Applications Mechanical Flow Meter Variable Area Meter Piston Meter/Rotary Piston Oval Gear Meter Turbine Flow Meter Nutating Disk Meter Flow Switch: Working Principle Flapper or Paddle Type Target or Disk or Vane Type Flow Switch Diaphragm Type Flow Switch Shuttle Type Flow Switch Piston Type Flow Switch Thermal Mass Flow Type Flow Switch With Velocity-Based Actuation Flow Gauge Sight Flow Glass Full View Flow Rotary Type Drip, Ball, and Flapper Types Variable Area Type Variable Orifice Type Level Measurement Level Transmitters: Working Principle Pressure or DP Type Level Transmitter Displacer Type Level Transmitters Ultrasonic Type Level Transmitters Conductivity Type Level Transmitters Capacitance or RF Type Level Transmitters Air Bubbler Type Level Transmitters Magnetostriction and Guided Wave Radar Level Switch: Working Principle Magnetic and Mechanical Float Type Switch Gamma Ray Type Switch Displacer Type Level Switch Vibration or Tuning Fork Type Level Switch Rotating Paddle Type Level Switch RF Admittance Type Level Switch Level Gauge: Working Principle Direct Level Gauges Sight Level Gauge Glass Bicolor Level Gauges Float Type Gauge Float Pulley Type Gauge Float and Rotary Shaft Type Gauge Float and Magnet Type or Magnetic Level Gauge Displacer Type Gauge Indirect Type Level Conductivity Type Level Gauge Pressure Type Level Gauge Magnetostrictive and Guided Wave Radar Level Instruments Introduction Magnetostrictive Instruments Working Principles GWR Bibliography Chapter-5---Special-Instrum_2019_Power-Plant-Instrumentation-and-Control-Han Special Instrument Special Instruments: Introduction General Vibration Measurement Turbovisory Instruments Gas Analysis Steam and Water Analysis Sample Conditioning Blowdown and Dosing Control System Pollution-Related Analysis Vibration and Turbovisory Instruments General IDEA of Vibration Importance of Vibration Measurement Basic Building Blocks for Vibration Measuring System Vibration Measurement Points (Turbine Discussed Separately)-Condition Monitoring Turbovisory Instruments: Measuring Points Steam Turbine ( and ) Gas Turbine (GT) ( and ) Vibration and Turbovisory Measurement Issues Frequency Range Measuring Sensor/Transducers Factors Influencing Vibration Measurements Interpretation of Vibration Measurements Vibration Measurement Proximity Probes Eddy Current Proximity Probes () Eddy Current Proximity Probes Data Sheet Velocity-Seismic Probes Velocity Probe-Seismic Probe Working Principle Velocity-Seismic Probe Issues (B-D) Acceleration-Seismic Probes Acceleration Sensor-Working Principle Accelerometer-Seismic Probe (A-D) Application Note Machine Health/Condition Monitoring System The Concept of Monitoring and Analysis Condition Monitoring System Components Machine Vibration Analysis System Other Turbovisory Instruments STG TSI Specification Smaller STG Casing Expansion Valve Position Application Notes on Installation System Configuration () Gas Analyzers Gas Analysis Requirements and Types Analyzer Selection Criteria Component and Analysis Types Absorption Principle for Analysis Chemiluminescence Type Analysis System (Ref. ) Paramagnetic and Thermo Magnetic Oxygen Detection System Zirconia Oxygen Detection System () Thermal Conductivity Gas Detection System-Katharometer () Combustible Analyzer Gas Chromatograph Extractive Multianalysis System In Situ (Modified) Multianalysis System In Situ Multichannel Analysis System Opacity/Particulate Monitoring (A and B) Ammonia (in Flue Gas) Analyzer Mercury in Stack Gas Analyzer Oxygen Analyzers Oxygen Analyzer Types Zirconia Oxygen Analyzer Paramagnetic Oxygen Analyzer CO Analyzer CO Analyzer Feature CO Analyzer Specification CO2 Analyzer H2 (Purity) Gas Analyzer in TG H2 (Purity) Analyzer in Turbo-Generator H2 Analysis System (Complete Analysis System) Discussions on Flue Gas Measurements Oxyfuel Continuous Emission Monitoring (CEM) Flue Gas Flow Steam and Water Analysis System Basics of Steam and Water Chemistry With Measurements and Controls (Normal Utility Station/Boiler) SWAS-HRSG Condensate Polishing Unit SWAS Measurement Systems Conductivity Measurement Conductivity Analyzer Description Conductivity Analysis Working Principles Conductivity-pH pH Measurement pH Analyzer-Description pH Analyzer Working Principles (C) Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved Oxygen Analyzer-Description Amperometric DO Analysis Working Principles () Dissolved Oxygen Analyzer Working Principle (Optical Type) Residual Hydrazine Hydrazine Analyzer-Description Electrochemica