Poverty and Exclusion of Minorities in China and India

This book, a second edition, includes new data from the 2010 Census of India and NSS reports on consumer expenditure (2011-12), health and education (2014) to examine poverty in China and India, and how it connects with minorities. Poverty has generally become less acute in both China and India, thanks to an impressively rapid growth especially between 2010 and 2015 when the rest of the world including the US and the EU slowed down following the economic recession of 2008. But the issues of income and non-income inequalities (especially malnutrition in India), marginalization and social exclusion remain as acute as ever in both countries. As well as the use of new primary material in every chapter, the book also critically examines new relevant studies and responds to global perspectives on minority issues. It canvasses a broad range of subjects from global terrorism and civil wars in Libya and Syria, to the Arab Spring and the emergence of Islamic fundamentalism and the Islamic State (ISIS). Praise of the First Edition 7 Preface to the First Edition 9 Preface to the Second Edition 13 Acknowledgements 16 About the Book 18 Contents 20 About the Authors 22 List of Figures and Maps 23 List of Tables 25 1 Poverty, Ethnicity and Exclusion 31 Ethnicity, Religion and Caste 33 Ethnicity and Religion 34 Ethnicity, Caste and Poverty 37 Ethnicity, Caste and Poverty 40 Review of the Existing Literature 41 Country Studies 42 India 44 China 48 Comparative China–India Studies 51 The Context 53 Ethnicity and Social Exclusion 56 Review of Existing Studies on Exclusion 58 India 58 China 62 Concluding Remarks 64 References 68 2 Minorities in China and India 76 Religious and Ethnic Minorities 77 India 78 Religious Groups 78 Religious Minorities 80 Social Groups 82 Linguistic Minorities 85 China 85 Demographic Profiles of Selected Minorities 90 Regional Concentration of Minorities 96 Affirmative Action for Minorities 97 India 98 China 101 Employment 101 Education 102 Family Planning 104 A Comparative Perspective 106 References 110 3 Poverty Incidence Among Minorities 113 Poverty Incidence in India 114 Headcount Ratio 114 Mean Consumption Per Capita 118 Intensity of Poverty 121 Poverty Incidence in China 125 Poverty in the Five Chinese Autonomous Regions 128 Poverty Situation of Selected Counties 131 Xinjiang 131 Guangxi 133 Inner Mongolia 134 Qinghai 138 Anti-poverty Programme for China’s Western Region 139 Indian Anti-poverty Programmes 148 References 151 4 Inequalities and Access 153 Methodology for Estimating Income Inequality 154 Empirical Evidence of Income Inequality 157 China 157 India 162 A Comparative Perspective 167 Educational Access and Attainment 168 China 169 Tibet: A Special Case 176 India 180 A Comparative Perspective 187 Health Status and Access to Health Care 191 China 192 The Autonomous Regions 194 India 198 A Comparative Perspective 204 Concluding Remarks 207 References 211 5 Minority Migrants 216 The Extent of Minority Migration in China and India 217 China 217 India 221 CASS (2002) Migration Data for China 225 Chinese Migrants’ Income and Employment 227 Employment 231 Income Inequality 233 Chinese Migrants’ Perceptions of Their Well-Being 236 Poverty Incidence Among Indian Migrants 238 References 246 6 Jammu and Kashmir (India) and Xinjiang (China) 250 Jammu and Kashmir (India) 253 Growth, Poverty and Inequality 254 Literacy and Education 260 Health 263 A District-Level Analysis 264 Some Conclusions 268 Religious and Ethnic Identity 269 Kashmiri Pandits: A Case of Non-Muslim Identity 271 Other Identities and Aspirations 273 Human Rights Violations 275 Political Dialogue 277 Xinjiang (China) 278 Growth, Poverty and Inequality 281 Inequality 287 Literacy and Education 288 Health 290 Regional and County Analysis 293 Affirmative Action 295 Uyghur Ethnic Identity and Nationalism 296 Political, Social and Human Rights 298 A Comparative Picture 299 Concluding Remarks 301 References 306 7 Minority Inclusion and Welfare 312 Political Representation 314 India 314 China 319 Participation in Public and Private Sectors 324 India 325 China 326 Local Participation 328 India 328 Some Conclusions 330 China 331 The Impact of Inclusion on Minority Welfare 333 A China–India Comparison 338 Concluding Remarks 341 References 344 8 Minorities in a Global Perspective 347 Muslim and Tibetan Minorities in China and India 351 A Global Perspective 357 Xinjiang (China) 359 Tibet (China) 365 Kashmir (India) 371 The Impact of Globalization on Minorities 378 Conclusion 380 References 387 Bibliography 391 Name Index 409 Subject Index 415 This book, a second edition, includes new data from the 2011 Census of India, the 2010 Census of India and NSS reports on consumer expenditure (2011-12), health and education (2014) to examine the latest understanding of poverty in China and India, and how that connects with minorities. Poverty has generally become less acute in both China and India, thanks to an impressively rapid growth especially between 2010 and 2015 when the rest of the world including the US and the EU slowed down following the economic recession of 2008. But the issues of income and non-income inequalities (especially malnutrition in India), marginalization and social exclusion remain as acute as ever in both countries. As well as the use of new primary material in every chapter, the book also critically examines new relevant studies and responds to the global perspective of the minority issues. From the continuation of global terrorism and civil wars in Libya and Syria, to the Arab Spring and its fading, the persistence of conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, and the emergence of Islamic fundamentalism and the Islamic State (ISIS). As the book is mainly about Muslim minorities, these events have global bearing about their treatment and perceptions about them.-- Provided by publisher Annotation This work, a second edition, includes new data from the 2010 Census of India and NSS reports on consumer expenditure (2011-12), health and education (2014) to examine poverty in China and India, and how it connects with minorities. Poverty has generally become less acute in both China and India, thanks to an impressively rapid growth especially between 2010 and 2015 when the rest of the world including the US and the EU slowed down following the economic recession of 2008. But the issues of income and non-income inequalities (especially malnutrition in India), marginalisation and social exclusion remain as acute as ever in both countries. As well as the use of new primary material in every chapter, the book also critically examines new relevant studies and responds to global perspectives on minority issues Front Matter ....Pages i-xxxii Poverty, Ethnicity and Exclusion (A. S. Bhalla, Dan Luo)....Pages 1-45 Minorities in China and India (A. S. Bhalla, Dan Luo)....Pages 47-83 Poverty Incidence Among Minorities (A. S. Bhalla, Dan Luo)....Pages 85-124 Inequalities and Access (A. S. Bhalla, Dan Luo)....Pages 125-187 Minority Migrants (A. S. Bhalla, Dan Luo)....Pages 189-222 Jammu and Kashmir (India) and Xinjiang (China) (A. S. Bhalla, Dan Luo)....Pages 223-284 Minority Inclusion and Welfare (A. S. Bhalla, Dan Luo)....Pages 285-319 Minorities in a Global Perspective (A. S. Bhalla, Dan Luo)....Pages 321-364 Back Matter ....Pages 365-402