ساخت سفال و جوامع در هزاره پنجم پیش از میلاد در استان فارس، جنوب غربی ایران

This book explores pottery making and communities during the Bakun period (c. 5000 – 4000 BCE) in the Kur River Basin, Fars province, southwestern Iran, through the analysis of ceramic materials collected at Tall-e Jari A, Tall-e Gap, and Tall-e Bakun A & B. Firstly, it reconsiders the stratigraphy and radiocarbon dates of the four sites by reviewing the descriptions of excavation trenches, then presents a new chronological relationship between the sites. The book sets out diachronic changes in the the Bakun pottery quantitatively, namely the increase of black-on-buff ware and the gradual shift of vessel forms. It also presents analyses of pottery-making techniques, painting skills, petrography, and geochemistry and clarifies minor changes in the chaînes opératoires and major changes in painting skill. Finally, the book discusses the organisation of pottery production from a relational perspective. It concludes that the more fixed community of pottery making imposed longer apprenticeship periods and that social inequality also increased. Cover Title Page Copyright page Contents Page List of Figures List of Figures Introduction Figure 1.1 Map of West Asia and prehistoric sites mentioned in this thesis (Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community) Figure 1.2 Map of intermontane valleys and prehistoric sites in southern Iran (traced from Petrie 2011: Figure 8.1 and modified by Miki) Figure 1.3 Map of the Kur River Basin and prehistoric and historic sites The theoretical framework for craft-production studies Figure 3.1 The occurrence of term ‘craft specialization’ in the literature since 1900 (made by Google Books Ngram Viewer) Figure 3.2 Diagrams of organisation A) systemic perspective, B) relational perspective Figure 3.3 Diagrams of making a material and relations between skill, material, skilled person, mental template, and environment. A) making as projection, B) making as correspondence Figure 3.4 Diagram of relationship between community of practice and Ingold’s concept of skill Figure 3.5 Diagram of relationship between community of practice and entanglement Methodology Figure 4.1 Black-on-buff ware (BOBW) collected at Tall-e Bakun A and curated in UMUT (Photo by Miki) Figure 4.2 Mineral tempered black-on-buff ware (MBOBW) collected at Tall-e Bakun A (top) and vegetal tempered black-on-buff ware (VBOBW) collected at Tall-e Bakun B (bottom), now curated in UMUT (Photo by Miki) Figure 4.3 Vegetal-tempered coarse ware (VCW) collected at Tall-e Jari A and curated in UMUT (Photo by Miki) Figure 4.4 Mineral-tempered coarse ware (MCW) collected at Tall-e Bakun A, curated in UMUT (Photo by Miki) Figure 4.5 Red burnished ware collected at Tall-e Bakun A (left) and the Neolithic ware collected at Tall-e Jari A (right) curated in UMUT (Photo by Miki) Figure 4.6 Open, closed, and special forms of black-on-buff ceramics (retraced from Langsdorff and McCown 1942: Pl. 9:1; 11:8,14; 12:1,5,10,13; 14:13; 15:6; 16:7; 17:22,25; 18:5; Alizadeh 2006: Figure 37:A; Egami and Sono 1962: Figure 31:4) Figure 4.7 Measurement points of open form and closed form. D=Diameter, H= Height Figure 4.8 Biplot of rim angle and Height/rim diameter of open forms (top) and the distribution of complete vessel forms (bottom) Figure 4.10 Rim-shape subdivision of open forms and closed forms Figure 4.9 Estimate procedure of complete vessel forms from potsherds: 1: judgement of open/closed, 2: judgement of wall thickness, 3: judgement of painted side, 4: judgement of complete vessel form based on rim angle, rim diameter, and published complete Figure 4.11 Base-shape subdivision of with/without ring bases (retraced from Vanden Berghe 1952: Pl. XLIX) Figure 4.12 Examples of element, motif, and structure of open vessel painted on its exterior (upper) and open vessel painted on its interior (lower). M means motif (retraced from McCown and Langsdorff 1942: Pl. 4:2; Egami and Sono 1962: Figure 30:4) Figure 4.13 Terminology of horizontal design structures of exterior-painted open vessels (1) (retraced from Egami and Sono 1962: Figure24:1) Figure 4.14 Terminology of horizontal design structures of exterior-painted open vessels (2) (retraced from Egami and Masuda 1962: Figure20:5) Figure 4.15 Terminology of horizontal design structures of exterior-painted open vessels (3) (retraced from McCown 1942: Pl. 26:8) Figure 4.16 Terminology of horizontal design structures of closed vessels (retraced from Alizadeh 2006: Figure 42:C) Figure 4.17 Terminology of horizontal design structures of interior-painted open vessels (retraced from Egami and Sono 1962: Figs. 28:1 and 30:2) Figure 4.18 Summary of analytical methods used in this research for answering four research questions Chronological relations of the Bakun-period sites Figure 5.1 Contour map of Tall-e Jari A and estimated locations of Alizadeh’s trenches (retraced from Egami et al. 1977: Pl. I.) Figure 5.2 Section of Masuda’s trench (1) and comparison between the section of Masuda’s trench and estimated sections of Alizadeh’s trenches (2) (retraced from Egami et al. 1977: Pl. I.) Figure 5.3 Plan of excavated architectures at Tall-e Jari A (retraced from Egami et al. 1977: Pl. II.) Figure 5.4 Plan of the trench of 1932 season, Masuda’s trench, and estimated locations of Alizadeh’s main trench at Tall-e Bakun B (retraced from Google Earth) Figure 5.5 Comparison between the trench of 1932 season, Masuda’s trench and estimated section of Alizadeh’s main trench at Tall-e Bakun B (modified and retraced from Egami and Masuda 1962:Figure 4; Alizadeh 2006: Figure 11) Figure 5.6 Section and plan of the trenches excavated by Sono at Tall-e Gap (retraced from Egami and Sono 1962: Figure 5) Figure 5.7 Perforated discs found from Trench GAEII of Level 4 at Tall-e Gap (Photo by Miki) Figure 5.8 Perforated discs found from Trench GAEII of Level 4 at Tall-e Gap (Photo by Miki) Figure 5.10 Perforated discs found from Trench GAT-5,6 of Level 16 at Tall-e Gap (Photo by Miki) Figure 5.9 Misfired pottery found from Trench GAT-6 of Level 9 at Tall-e Gap (Photo by Miki) Figure 5.11 Perforated discs found from Masuda’s trench at Tall-e Bakun A (Photo by Miki) Figure 5.12 Misfired pottery found from Masuda’s trench at Tall-e Bakun A (Photo by Miki) Figure 5.13 Comparison of sections of trenches of 1932, 1937, and 1956 seasons (modified and retraced from McCown and Langsdorff 1942: Figure 4; Alizadeh 2006: Figure 13; Egami and Masuda 1962: Figure 3) Figure 5.14 Integration of all the calibrated radiocarbon dates from the Bakun-period sites with results of a Bayesian statistical test Materials and analyses of wares, vessel forms, and design structures Figure 6.1 Schematic plans and sections for calculating the soil volume of each level at Squares GAT-1 and GAT-2 at Tall-e Gap 147 Figure 6.2 Count (left) and count percentage (right) of wares found in each site. Upper two graphs show counts of complete vessels and rim sherds. Lower two graphs show counts of neck and body sherds Figure 6.3 Weight (left) and weight percentage (right) of wares found in each site Figure 6.4 Schematic plans and sections for calculating the soil volume of each site Figure 6.5 Total number (left) and weight (right) of wares per m3 found in each site Figure 6.6 Count (left) and count percentage (right) of BOBW vessel forms found in each site. Upper two graphs show counts of complete vessels and rim sherds. Lower two graphs show counts of neck and body sherds Figure 6.7 Count (C) and count percentage (A, B, D) of BOBW rim shapes of open and closed vessels found in each site Figure 6.8 Count percentage of BOBW base shapes of open vessels found in each site Figure 6.9 Box plots of BOBW rim angles, rim diameters, and vessel heights of exterior-painted open vessels (A, C, E) and interior-painted open vessels (B, D, F) in each site Figure 6.10 Sequence model of drawing elements of the horizontal design structure of an exterior-painted open vessel Figure 6.11 Result of the presence/absence of each structural component of open vessels painted on their exteriors at Tall-e Gap Figure 6.12 Sequence model of drawing elements of the horizontal design structure of an interior-painted open vessel Figure 6.13 Result of the presence/absence of each structural component of open vessels painted on their interiors at Tall-e Gap Figure 6.14 Result of the presence/absence of each structural component of closed vessels at Tall-e Gap Figure 6.15 Result of the presence/absence of each structural component of open vessels painted on their exteriors at Tall-e Jari A. Figure 6.16 Result of the presence/absence of each structural component of open vessels painted on their interiors at Tall-e Jari A Figure 6.17 Result of the presence/absence of each structural component of open vessels painted on their exteriors at Tall-e Bakun B Figure 6.18 Result of the presence/absence of each structural component of open vessels painted on their interiors at Tall-e Bakun B Figure 6.19 Result of the presence/absence of each structural component of open vessels painted on their exteriors at Tall-e Bakun A Figure 6.20 Result of the presence/absence of each structural component of open vessels painted on their interiors at Tall-e Bakun A Figure 6.21 Result of the presence/absence of each structural component of closed vessels at Tall-e Bakun A Figure 6.22 Schematic examples of horizontal design structure patterns of open vessels painted on their exteriors (DE) Figure 6.23 Schematic examples of horizontal design structure patterns of open vessels painted on their interiors (DI) Figure 6.24 Schematic examples of horizontal design structure patterns of closed vessels (DC) Analysis of pottery-making techniques Figure 7.1 The evidence of BOBW forming technique: a horizontal crack preserved on the exterior surface of a large jar, suggesting intermittent forming process (A20281) at Tall-e Bakun A (Photo by Miki. Courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University Figure 7.2 The evidence of BOBW forming technique: traces of penetrating the insides of the cones of funnel-shaped vessels using stick-like tools (A37365) at Tall-e Bakun A (Photo by Miki. Courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago) Figure 7.3 The evidence of MCW forming technique: traces of the horizontal cracks showing the sequential slab construction (A20280) at Tall-e Bakun A (Photo by Miki. Courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago) Figure 7.4 The evidence of MCW forming technique: the cloth impression which was covered by the clay coating (A36965) at Tall-e Bakun A (Photo by Miki. Courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago) Figure 7.5 The evidence of BOBW surface treatment technique: horizontal rows of vertical grooves on a large jar (A38235) at Tall-e Bakun A (Photo by Miki. Courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago) Figure 7.6 The evidence of BOBW surface treatment technique: horizontal rows of vertical grooves on a small jar (A20120) at Tall-e Bakun A (Photo by Miki. Courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago) Figure 7.7 The evidence of BOBW firing technique: imprints on the inner surfaces of open vessels (1: A20089, 2: A20116, and 3: A39436) at Tall-e Bakun A (Photo by OIC and Miki. Courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago) Figure 7.8 The evidence of BOBW firing technique: reddish parts on the exterior surfaces of large jars (A20271) at Tall-e Bakun A (Photo by Miki. Courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago) Figure 7.9 Terminology for the microstylistic analysis of a motif ‘zigzag and boxes’ (drawing directly traced from Langsdorff and McCown 1942: Pl. 36:14) Figure 7.10 Example A20096 (Photo by OIC and Miki. Courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago) Figure 7.11 Diagnostic examples of variables V1-V4 of ‘zigzag and boxes’ motif at Tall-e Bakun A (Photo by OIC and Miki. Courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago) Figure 7.12 Diagnostic examples of variables V5-V8 of ‘zigzag and boxes’ motif at Tall-e Bakun A (Photo by OIC and Miki. Courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago) Figure 7.13 Diagnostic examples of variables V9-V14 of ‘zigzag and boxes’ motif at Tall-e Bakun A (Photo by OIC and Miki. Courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago) Figure 7.14 Diagnostic examples of variables V15-V18 of ‘zigzag and boxes’ motif at Tall-e Bakun A (Photo by OIC and Miki. Courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago) Figure 7.15 Imprint of ‘zigzag and boxes’ motif preserved on the interior surface of a beaker with ‘zigzag and boxes’ motif (A20289) at Tall-e Bakun A (Photo by Miki. Courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago) Figure 7.16 Histograms of skill scores of the published drawings in each vessel form at Tall-e Bakun A Figure 7.17 Histograms of skill scores of the published drawings with cross-hatches motifs (upper) and zigzags motifs (lower) at Tall-e Bakun A Figure 7.18 A possible work of an apprentice (A24869) found at Tall-e Bakun A (Photo by OIC. Courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago) Figure 7.19 The evidence of VCW smoothing technique and clay coating: a VCW vessel (Cat. 6.5: 6) at Tall-e Jari A (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.20 The method of estimating the number of motif units Figure 7.21 Histograms of skill scores of the published drawings in each vessel form at Tall-e Jari A Figure 7.22 Histograms of skill scores of the published drawings in each vessel form at Tall-e Bakun B Figure 7.23 The evidence of BOBW forming technique: large jars showing traces of incision on their neck joints (1-5) and open vessels showing traces incision on their base joints (6-7) at Tall-e Gap (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.24 The evidence of BOBW forming technique: a snake applique on the exterior-surface of a vessel at Tall-e Gap (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.25 The evidence of the forming technique of MCW (upper) and VCW (lower): clay coating on their interior and exterior surfaces at Tall-e Gap (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.26 The evidence of MCW forming technique: the cloth impression on the interior surfaces of MCW potsherds at Tall-e Gap (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.27 The evidence of BOBW surface treatment technique: rough smoothing using tools on the interior surfaces of large jars at Tall-e Gap (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.28 The evidence of BOBW surface treatment technique: diagonal rows of diagonal grooves on an large jar (upper) and horizontal rows of vertical grooves on an open vessel (lower) at Tall-e Gap. Red circles show the superimposition of smoothing and Figure 7.29 The evidence of BOBW surface treatment technique: reworked pottery scrapers at Tall-e Gap (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.30 The evidence of BOBW firing technique: imprints on the inner surfaces of vessels at Tall-e Gap (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.31 Histograms of skill scores of the published drawings in each vessel form at Tall-e Gap (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.32 Histograms of skill scores of the published drawings with zigzags motifs (upper) and cross-hatches motifs (lower) at Tall-e Gap Figure 7.33 A possible work of an apprentice (Cat. 6.20: 1) found at Tall-e Gap (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.34 Diagram of the chaîne opératoire of BOBW making Figure 7.35 Diagram of the chaîne opératoire of VCW making Figure 7.36 Diagram of the chaîne opératoire of MCW making Figure 7.37 Inter-site comparison of histograms of skill scores from the published drawings Figure 7.38 Fabric type A: fine-fabric black-on-buff ware in XP (RF006) (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.39 The presence of tiny red particles in Fabric type A in XP (GF007) (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.40 The presence of a black equant material filled with round vesicles in Fabric type A in XP (GF007) (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.41 The presence of a hair-like material in Fabric type A in XP (JF001) (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.42 Trace of a vegetal material in Fabric type A in XP (GF007) (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.43 Round voids generated by the high firing temperature in Fabric type A in XP (AF008) (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.44 Trace of slip on the left surface in Fabric type A in XP (AF006) (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.45 Trace of painting on the right surface in Fabric type A in XP (RF003) (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.46 Traces of secondary calcite in the voids (GF007) (left) and on the surface (JF002) (right) in Fabric type A in XP (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.47 Fabric type B: red siltstone included medium-fabric of black-on-buff ware in XP (GF009) (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.48 Fabric type C: medium-fabric black-on-buff ware in XP (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.49 Fabric type D: calcite included medium-fabric black-on-buff ware in XP (JF004) (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.50 Fabric type E: organic material included fine-fabric black-on-buff ware in XP (JF011) (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.51 A dark clay material possibly due to poor clay mixing in Fabric type E in XP (JF011) (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.52 Fabric type F: greyish material included coarse-fabric black-on-buff ware in XP (AC009) (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.53 The presence of a greyish material in AC009, possibly overfired red siltstone and calcite (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.54 Fabric type G: red siltstone and calcite included coarse-fabric of mineral tempered coarse ware in XP (AC012) (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.55 The presence of red siltstones (left) and calcite (right) in AC012 in XP (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.56 The presence of fossils in GC005 (upper) and AC012 (lower) in XP (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.57 Trace of reddish clay coating/washing on the left surface in GC011 in XP (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.58 Fabric type H: vegetal temper included coarse-fabric vegetal tempered coarse ware in XP (RC011) (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.59 Traces of reddish clay coating/washing on the left surface of RC011 in XP (Photo by Miki) Figure 7.60 Geological map of the Kur River Basin (retraced from Geological survey of Iran) Figure 7.61 Result of HCA of 10 elements. Black dots indicate samples with secondary calcite Figure 7.62 Result of HCA of nine elements. Black dots indicate samples with secondary calcite Figure 7.63 Biplot of PCA of 10 elements. Black frames indicate samples with secondary calcite Figure 7.64 Biplot of PCA of nine elements. Black frames indicate samples with secondary calcite Figure 7.65 Cumulative count of ware-type samples in each HCA clustering group at each site with calcium (left: from Figure 7.61) and without calcium (right: from Figure 7.62) Figure 7.66 Biplot of PCA of 10 elements (same as Figure 7.63) Figure 7.67 Biplot of PCA of 10 elements (same as Figure 7.63) Figure 7.68 PCA biplot of 10 elements of only BOBW samples Figure 7.69 PCA biplot of 10 elements of only VCW samples Figure 7.70 Biplot of LDA of 10 elements. Site was used to calculate a discriminant model. Dot colours indicate site difference Figure 7.71 Biplot of LDA of 10 elements. Ware was used to calculate a discriminant model. Dot colours indicate ware difference Figure 7.72 LDA biplot of 10 elements of only BOBW samples. Site was used to calculate a discriminant model Figure 7.73 LDA biplot of 10 elements of only VCW samples. Site was used to calculate a discriminant model Figure 7.74 XRD diffractograms of samples JF004, JC003, and identified minerals. Figure 7.75 XRD diffractograms of samples BF002, BC011, and identified minerals. Figure 7.76 XRD diffractograms of samples GF001, GF003, GC004, GC005 and identified minerals. Figure 7.77 XRD diffractogram of samples AF006, AF008, AC009, and identified minerals. Discussion: reassembling the organisation of pottery production Figure 8.1 Pottery-attribute tanglegram of BOBW exterior-painted open vessels at Level 1 of Tall-e Jari A Figure 8.2 Pottery-attribute tanglegram of BOBW interior-painted open vessels at Level I of Tall-e Jari A (motif traced from Vanden Berghe 1952: Pl. XLIX-L) Figure 8.3 Pottery-attribute tanglegram of VCW at Tall-e Jari A (drawings traced from Egami et al. 1977: Pl. IV) Figure 8.4 The entanglement of village activities at Tall-e Jari A Figure 8.5 The entanglement of village activities at Tall-e Bakun B Figure 8.6 Pottery-attribute tanglegram of BOBW exterior-painted open vessels at Tall-e Gap Figure 8.7 Pottery-attribute tanglegram of BOBW closed vessels at Tall-e Gap (motifs traced from Egami and Sono 1962 Figs. 17:1, 5, 18:5,7, and 25: 2) Figure 8.8 Pottery-attribute tanglegram of MCW at Tall-e Gap (vessel forms traced from Egami and Sono 1962: Figure 11:3) Figure 8.9 The entanglement of village activities at Tall-e Gap Figure 8.10 Pottery-attribute tanglegram of BOBW exterior-painted open vessels at Tall-e Bakun A (motifs traced from Herzfeld 1932: Taf. II:1; Langsdorff and McCown 1942: Pl. 4:3,10, 26:8, 36:13, 53:1) Figure 8.11 The entanglement of village activities at Tall-e Bakun A Figure 8.12 Comparison of village entanglements between Tall-e Jari A (c. 5000 BCE) and Tall-e Bakun B (c. 5000 BCE) Figure 8.13 Comparison of village entanglements between Tall-e Bakun B (c. 5000 BCE) and Tall-e Gap (c. 4700-4500 BCE) Figure 8.14 Comparison of village entanglements between Tall-e Gap (c. 4700-4500 BCE) and Tall-e Bakun A (c. 4500-4300 BCE) List of Tables Introduction Table 1.1 Chronology of Fars, Susiana, and Mesopotamia (taken from Petrie 2011: Table 8.1 and Delougaz and Kantor 1996: Table 42 and modified by Miki) Previous Studies Table 2.1 Chronological framework of the Bakun period proposed by Dyson 1965 Table 2.2 Chronological framework of the Bakun period proposed by Dittmann 1986 Table 2.3 Chronological framework of the Bakun period proposed by Voigt and Dyson 1992 Table 2.4 Published radiocarbon samples of the Bakun-period sites Table 2.5 Chronological framework of the Bakun period proposed by Alizadeh 2006 Table 2.6 Chronological framework of the Bakun period proposed by Potts and Roustaei 2006 Table 2.7 Chronological framework of the Bakun period proposed by Bernbeck et al. 2010 Methodology Table 4.1 Comparison of terminology of vessel forms proposed by former researchers. Left two columns presents the author’s classification system of complete vessel forms Table 4.2 Measurement results of open forms from the published data of four Bakun-period sites Table 4.2 continued Measurement results of open forms from the published data of four Bakun-period sites Table 4.2 continued Measurement results of open forms from the published data of four Bakun-period sites Table 4.3 Measurement results of closed forms from the published data of four Bakun-period sites Table 4.4 Classification of technical steps (vertical) and technical options in each technical step (horizontal) in pottery making techniques during the Bakun period from previous studies. The sequence of technical steps proceeds from the upper of the tab Figure 4.18 Summary of analytical methods used in this research for answering four research questions Chronological relations of the Bakun-period sites Table 5.1 Stratigraphy and ‘Quarters’ of Tall-e Jari A reported in Egami 1967 Table 5.2 Stratigraphy and ‘Sections’ of Tall-e Jari A reported in Egami et al. 1977 Table 5.3 Radiocarbon dates from Tall-e Jari A, Tall-e Bakun B, Tall-e Gap, and Tall-e Bakun A and their unmodelled and modelled dates Table 5.4 Comparison of stratigraphy between the trench of 1932 season and Masuda’s trench at Tall-e Bakun B Table 5.5 Stratigraphy, architectural remains and the presence of the pottery production related materials at Tall-e Gap (retraced from Egami and Sono 1962: 2 in English and modified by Miki) Table 5.6 List of pottery kilns found at Tall-e Bakun A Table 5.7 Comparison of stratigraphy between trenches of 1932, 1937, and 1956 season at Tall-e Bakun A Table 5.8 Chronological relations of the Bakun period sites based on the stratigraphy and radiocarbon dates Materials and analyses of wares, vessel forms, and design structures Table 6.1 Number of published vessels and potsherds in wares at each site Table 6.2 Total number of potsherds which were used for quantitative analysis and small pieces which were unused for the analysis and their total weight in the selected in each site Table 6.3 Count (upper) and proportion (lower) of wares found in each layer at excavation trench C of Tall-e Jari A Table 6.4 Weight (upper) and proportion (lower) of wares found in each layer at excavation trench C of Tall-e Jari A Table 6.5 Count (upper) and proportion (lower) of BOBW vessel forms found in each layer at excavation trench C of Tall-e Jari A Table 6.6 Count of BOBW rim shapes found in each layer at excavation trench C of Tall-e Jari A Table 6.7 Count of BOBW base shapes found in each layer at excavation trench C of Tall-e Jari A Table 6.8 Count (upper) and proportion (lower) of wares found in each level at Masuda’s trench of Tall-e Bakun B Table 6.10 Total number (upper) and weight (lower) of wares per m3 in each level at Masuda’s trench of Tall-e Bakun B Table 6.9 Weight (upper) and proportion (lower) of wares found in each level at Masuda’s trench of Tall-e Bakun B Table 6.11 Count (upper) and proportion (lower) of BOBW vessel forms in each level at Masuda’s trench of Tall-e Bakun B Table 6.12 Count of BOBW rim shapes in each level at Masuda’s trench of Tall-e Bakun B Table. 6.13 Count of BOBW base shapes in each level at Masuda’s trench of Tall-e Bakun B Table 6.14 Count (upper) and proportion (lower) of wares found in each level at Square GAT-1 of Tall-e Gap Table 6.15 Count (upper) and proportion (lower) of wares found in each level at Square GAT-2 of Tall-e Gap Table 6.16 Weight (upper) and proportion (lower) of wares found in each level at Square GAT-1 of Tall-e Gap. N/A: not available Table 6.17 Weight (upper) and proportion (lower) of wares found in each level at Square GAT-2 of Tall-e Gap. N/A: not available Table 6.18 Total number (left) and weight (right) of potsherds per m3 found in each level at Square GAT-1 of Tall-e Gap. N/A: not available Table 6.19 Total number (left) and weight (right) of potsherds per m3 found in each level at Square GAT-2 of Tall-e Gap. N/A: not available Table 6.20 Count (upper) and proportion (lower) of BOBW vessel forms found in each level at Square GAT-1 of Tall-e Gap Table 6.20 continued Count (upper) and proportion (lower) of BOBW vessel forms found in each level at Square GAT-1 of Tall-e Gap Table 6.21 Count (upper) and proportion (lower) of BOBW vessel forms found in each level at Square GAT-2 of Tall-e Gap Table 6.21 continued Count (upper) and proportion (lower) of BOBW vessel forms found in each level at Square GAT-2 of Tall-e Gap Table 6.22 Count of BOBW rim shapes found in published complete vessels at Tall-e Gap Table 6.23 Count of BOBW rim shapes found in each level at Square GAT-1 of Tall-e Gap Table 6.24 Count of BOBW rim shapes found in each level at Square GAT-2 of Tall-e Gap Table 6.25 Count of BOBW base shapes found in published complete vessels at Tall-e Gap Table 6.26 Count of BOBW base shapes found in each level at Square GAT-1 of Tall-e Gap Table 6.27 Count of BOBW base shapes found in each level at Square GAT-2 of Tall-e Gap Table 6.28 BOBW rim angles, rim diameters, and vessel heights of open vessel forms in published and diagnostic ceramics from Tall-e Gap. D: diameter, CV: coefficient of variation Table 6.29 Count (upper) and proportion (lower) of wares found in each context at Masuda’s trench at Tall-e Bakun A Table 6.30 Weight (upper) and proportion (lower) of wares found in each context at Masuda’s trench at Tall-e Bakun A Table 6.31 Count (upper) and proportion (lower) of BOBW vessel forms found in each context at Masuda’s trench at Tall-e Bakun A Table 6.32 Count of BOBW rim shapes found in each context at Masuda’s trench at Tall-e Bakun A Table 6.33 Count of BOBW rim shapes found in published complete vessels at Tall-e Bakun A Table 6.34 Count of BOBW base shapes found in each context at Masuda’s trench at Tall-e Bakun A Table 6.35 Count of BOBW base shapes found in published complete vessels at Tall-e Bakun A Table 6.36 The correlation between published complete open vessels of BOBW and their painted sides in Tall-e Bakun A Table 6.37 BOBW rim angles, rim diameters, and vessel heights of vessel forms in published complete vessels from Tall-e Bakun A. D: diameter, CV: coefficient of variation Table 6.38 The number and proportion of upper/lower subsidiary lines of vessels with GE1 at Tall-e Gap Table 6.39 Correlation between complete vessel forms and AE1 (left) and the number of upper/lower optional lines of vessels with AE1 (right) at Tall-e Bakun A Table 6.40 Correlation between complete vessel forms and AE4 (left) and the number of upper/lower optional lines of vessels with AE4 (right) at Tall-e Bakun A Table 6.41 Comparison of horizontal design structure patterns of open vessels painted on their exteriors between four sites and DE (design structure exterior) Table 6.42 Confirmed number (left) and percentage (right) of horizontal design structure patterns of open vessels painted on their exteriors (DE) in each site Table 6.43 Confirmed number and proportion of upper/lower-optional-lines patterns of DE1 and DE4 in each site Table 6.44 Comparison of horizontal design structure patterns of open vessels painted on their interiors between four sites and DI (design structure interior) Table 6.45 Confirmed number (left) and proportion (right) of horizontal design structure patterns of open vessels painted on their interiors (DI) in each site Table 6.46 Comparison of horizontal design structure patterns of closed vessels between two sites and DC (design structure closed) Table 6.47 Confirmed number (left)and proportion (right) of horizontal design structure patterns of closed vessels (DC) in each site Analysis of pottery-making techniques Table 7.1 Directions and types of smoothing and scraping on the interior surfaces (upper) and exterior surfaces (lower) of the well-preserved BOBW vessels at Tall-e Bakun A Table 7.2 The cross-tabulations between number of motif-units and vessel forms (upper) and between complete vessel forms of open vessel painted on its exterior and number of motif-units (lower) at Tall-e Bakun A Table 7.3 Vessel forms (A), preserved surfaces (B), location (C), stylistic component (D), and stylistic relationship with original motifs(E) of imprints at Tall-e Bakun A Table 7.4 List of seven well-preserved vessels with an identical motif ‘zigzags and boxes’ curated in OIC. Reg No. means material registration number in OIC. OIP means the plate number in the publication of Langsdorff and McCown 1942 Table 7.5 Results of the microstylistic analysis of ‘zigzag and boxes’ motif (V1-V18) on six vessels Table 7.6 Standard deviation (S.D.) of number of short lines between motif-units in each row (V5) Table 7 This book explores pottery making and communities during the Bakun period (c. 5000 – 4000 BCE) in the Kur River Basin, Fars province, southwestern Iran, through the analysis of ceramic materials collected at Tall-e Jari A, Tall-e Gap, and Tall-e Bakun A & B. Firstly, it reconsiders the stratigraphy and radiocarbon dates of the four sites by reviewing the descriptions of excavation trenches, then presents a new chronological relationship between the sites. The book sets out diachronic changes in the the Bakun pottery quantitatively, namely the increase of black-on-buff ware and the gradual shift of vessel forms. It also presents analyses of pottery-making techniques, painting skills, petrography, and geochemistry and clarifies minor changes in the chaînes opératoires and major changes in painting skill. Finally, the book discusses the organisation of pottery production from a relational perspective. It concludes that the more fixed community of pottery making imposed longer apprenticeship periods and that social inequality also increased. Takehiro Miki completed his PhD at the Freie Universität Berlin in 2020. He currently works as a project research associate at the University Museum, the University of Tokyo. He has participated in fieldwork projects in Oman, Azerbaijan, and Pakistan. His research focuses on the processes of adopting and developing painted pottery, characteristic of southwest Asia from the fifth to third millennium BCE. This book explores pottery making and communities during the Bakun period (c. 5000 ? 4000 BCE) in the Kur River Basin, Fars province, southwestern Iran, through the analysis of ceramic materials collected at Tall-e Jari A, Tall-e Gap, and Tall-e Bakun A & B. Firstly, it reconsiders the stratigraphy and radiocarbon dates of the four sites by reviewing the descriptions of excavation trenches, then presents a new chronological relationship between the sites. The book sets out diachronic changes in the the Bakun pottery quantitatively, namely the increase of black-on-buff ware and the gradual shift of vessel forms. It also presents analyses of pottery-making techniques, painting skills, petrography, and geochemistry and clarifies minor changes in the chai?nes ope?ratoires and major changes in painting skill. Finally, the book discusses the organisation of pottery production from a relational perspective. It concludes that the more fixed community of pottery making imposed longer apprenticeship periods and that social inequality also increased