Potential and Challenges of Low Carbon Fuels for Sustainable Transport (Energy, Environment, and Sustainability)

This book focuses on low carbon fuels a preferable class of fuels for Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) highlighting the effect of low carbon fuels on tailpipe emissions. This book aims to strengthen the knowledge base dealing with low carbon fuels as a sustainable transport fuel. The volume includes recent results and are focused on current trends of automotive sector. This book will be of interest to those in academia and industry involved in fuels, IC engines, engine instrumentation, and environmental research. Preface Contents Editors and Contributors Part I General 1 Introduction of Potential and Challenges of Low Carbon Fuels for Sustainable Transport Reference Part II Production and Fuel Injection Aspects 2 Some of the Bio-fuels for Internal Combustion Engines: Alcohols and Biodiesel 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Alcohols 2.2.1 Methanol, Ethanol, Butanol 2.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Alcohols 2.3 Biodiesel 2.3.1 Biodiesel Production Potential in Turkey and the World 2.3.2 Vegetable Oils and Use of Vegetable Oils as the Diesel Engine Fuel 2.3.3 Biodiesel Production Process and Production Methods 2.3.4 Biodiesel Fuel Specifications and Standards 2.4 The Effect of Biofuels on Economy, Engine Performance, Combustion, and Exhaust Emission Characteristics 2.5 Conclusions and Recommendations References 3 Production of Bioethanol from Microalgal Feedstock: A Circular Biorefinery Approach 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Microalgae as a Sustainable and Renewable Feedstock for Energy Generation 3.2.1 Microalgal Metabolites for Fuel and Feed 3.3 Bioethanol Production from Microalgae 3.3.1 Direct Bioethanol Production 3.3.2 Microalgal Biomass as a Feedstock for Bioethanol Production 3.3.3 Microalgal Bioethanol Production: Limitations 3.4 The Biorefinery Approach of Bioethanol Production from Microalgae 3.4.1 Biorefinery Route 1: Bioethanol Production Coupled with Other Biofuel Production 3.4.2 Biorefinery Route 2: Value Added Product Extraction Prior to Bioethanol Fermentation 3.4.3 Biorefinery Route 3: Bioethanol Production Followed by Utilization of the Solid Residue as Biomanure 3.5 Circular Bioeconomy for Third Generation Bioethanol Production 3.6 Techno Economic Evaluation of the Biorefinery Routes 3.7 Practical Implication of the Study 3.8 Conclusion References 4 Fuel Delivery System for Alternative Fuel Engines: A Review 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Fuel Delivery System of Conventional IC Engines 4.2.1 Fuel Delivery System of SI Engine 4.2.2 Fuel Delivery System of CI Engine 4.3 Approaches to Develop Fuel Delivery System to Adapt Alternative Fuel 4.4 Fuel Delivery System for SI Engine to Adapt Alternative Fuel 4.4.1 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 4.4.2 Natural Gas 4.4.3 Alcohols 4.4.4 Hydrogen 4.5 Fuel Delivery System for CI Engine to Adapt Alternative Fuel 4.5.1 Methanol 4.5.2 Biodiesel 4.5.3 DME 4.5.4 F-T Diesel Fuel 4.5.5 Coal—Water—Slurry 4.6 Fuel Delivery System for Dual Fuel Engine to Adapt Alternative Fuel 4.6.1 Natural Gas 4.6.2 Methanol 4.6.3 Ammonia 4.7 Summary References Part III Alcohol as a Fuel/Additive 5 Alcohols as Alternative Fuels for Transport 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Characteristics of Alcohol Fuels 5.2.1 Physical and Chemical Properties 5.2.2 Economic Status 5.3 Engine with Alcohol Fuels for Transports 5.3.1 Vehicles 5.3.2 Ships 5.3.3 Locomotives 5.3.4 Aviation 5.3.5 Non-road Vehicles 5.4 Fuel Cell Powertrain with Alcohols for Transports 5.4.1 Vehicles 5.4.2 Ships 5.4.3 Locomotive 5.4.4 Aviation 5.5 Conclusions References 6 Advances in the Use of Ethers and Alcohols as Additives for Improving Biofuel Properties for SI Engines 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Biofuel Additives 6.2.1 Methanol 6.2.2 Ethanol 6.2.3 Butanol 6.2.4 Ethers 6.2.5 Alcohol and Ether in Biofuels 6.3 Ethanol-Ether Admixed Biofuel-Properties and Engine Compatibility 6.4 The Mechanism of Performance of Alcohol Admixed Biofuel towards Ensuring High Engine Compatibility and Engine Performance 6.5 Characteristics of Alcohol and Ether-Admixed Biofuels for High Engine Performance: Source, Composition and Properties 6.5.1 Effect on Torque and Power 6.5.2 Effect on Fuel Consumption (FC) 6.5.3 Effect on NOx and HC Emissions 6.5.4 Effect of on Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide Emissions 6.6 Recent Advances in the Use of Ether and Ethanol Admixed Biofuels for Improved Engine Performance 6.6.1 Engine Modifications 6.6.2 Fuel Property-Enhancement 6.7 Concluding Remarks References 7 Influence of Oxygenated Fuel and Additives in Biofuel Run Compression Ignition Engine 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Fuel Improvements Techniques in CI Engine 7.2.1 Biodiesel Application in CI Engines 7.2.2 Application of Alcohol as Fuel in CI Engine 7.2.3 Emulsification in CI Engines 7.3 Conclusion References Part IV Carbon Neutrality 8 Future Sustainable Transport Fuels for Indian Heavy Duty Vehicles 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Internal Combustion Engines 8.1.2 Present Problems and Challenges 8.1.3 Different Approaches Toward CO2 and Air Pollution Mitigation 8.2 Prospective Transport Solution for India 8.2.1 Natural Gas 8.2.2 Methanol and Ethanol 8.2.3 DME 8.2.4 HVO 8.2.5 Synthetic Fuel 8.3 Review of Various Technologies and Suitable Alternate Fuels to Improve Older, Present Modern and Future Heavy Duty Diesel Engines 8.3.1 Older/Aged Fleet of Heavy Duty Vehicles 8.3.2 Modern Heavy Duty Engines 8.3.3 Modern Heavy Duty Engines on Path of Achieving 50% Brake Thermal Efficiency 8.3.4 Future Sustainable Heavy Duty Engines on Path of Achieving ≥ 50% Brake Thermal Efficiency 8.4 Summary References 9 Potential and Challenges of Using Biodiesel in a Compression Ignition Engine 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Fuel Properties of Biodiesel 9.3 Using Biodiesel as a Fuel in CI Engines 9.3.1 Effect of Biodiesel on Combustion Characteristics 9.3.2 Effect of Biodiesel on Engine Performance 9.3.3 Effect of Biodiesel on Engine Emissions 9.4 Various Modifications to Improve Engine Characteristics 9.4.1 Various Fuel Additives and Their Impact on Engine 9.4.2 Various Engine Modifications 9.5 Challenges of Using Biodiesel in Diesel Engines 9.5.1 Economic Analysis of Biodiesel Production 9.5.2 Engine Compatibility with Biodiesel 9.6 Current Status of Biodiesel 9.7 Conclusion References 10 Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel as a Drop-in Fuel for Decarbonized Maritime Transportation 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Status of Maritime Transportation 10.1.2 Emissions from Global Maritime Transportation 10.2 International Maritime Organization Actions 10.3 Biofuel 10.3.1 Generations of Biofuels 10.3.2 Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel 10.3.3 Raw Materials 10.3.4 Properties of Biodiesel 10.3.5 Safety and Storage 10.3.6 Engine Performance and Engine Manufacturer Warranty 10.3.7 Emissions 10.3.8 Biofuel Marine Applications 10.3.9 Comparison of FAME and HVO with Other Alternative Marine Fuels 10.4 Summary References