Post-Disaster Governance in Southeast Asia: Response, Recovery, and Resilient Societies (Disaster Risk Reduction)

This book aims to provide insight into how Southeast Asian countries have responded to disasters, recovered, and rebuilt. It investigates emergency response and disaster recovery cases at national levels and from regional perspectives. Recovery from great disasters poses great challenges to affected countries in terms of organization, financing, and opportunities for post-disaster betterment. Importantly, disasters are critical moments in which to achieve disaster risk reduction, especially in the context of climate change and Sustainable Development Goals. Insights from these cases can help other countries better prepare for response and recovery before the next disaster strikes. While the experiences of disaster risk reduction and climate change implementation in Southeast Asian countries have been well documented, tacit knowledge from emergency response and recovery from these countries has not been transformed into explicit knowledge. There are only a few books that integrate information and lessons from post-disaster governance in Southeast Asia as a region, and because of the importance of providing real and recent situations, this book will interest many policymakers, practitioners, and academics. The information presented here will lead to a better understanding of how to plan for future disasters and improve governance to ensure effective emergency response as well as encouraging a build back better and safer towards a more resilient and sustained recovery. Foreword Acknowledgments Contents Editors and Contributors 1 Introduction: Strengthening Post-disaster Governance Platforms Toward Disaster Resilience 1.1 Collaborating for Resilience: A Key Agenda for Sustainable and Inclusive Disaster Governance 1.2 Transformative Platform from Post-disaster Collaborative Governance Toward Resilient Societies 1.2.1 Preparing Conditions Before Disaster 1.2.2 Essential Elements and Determinant Factors for Resilient Recovery 1.2.3 How to Ensure the Wheel of Post-disaster Governance Rolls Sustainably? 1.3 Chapter Overviews 1.4 Concluding Remarks References Part I Governing Disaster in ASEAN Region 2 National Response to the Global Pandemic of Covid-19: Evidence from Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Methods 2.3 Review on Governmental Early Response on Covid-19: From January to March 2020 2.3.1 ASEAN Early Response 2.3.2 Comparison Between Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam 2.4 Further Response: Systematic Review on Government Policy 2.4.1 Institutional Arrangements 2.4.2 Regulations 2.4.3 Approach 2.4.4 Policy and Budget on the Health, Social, and Economic Sectors 2.4.5 Leadership 2.4.6 Local Community Response: Local Wisdom and Social Capital 2.4.7 Latest Update on Covid-19 Governance (as of August 2020) 2.5 Discussion 2.6 Conclusion References 3 Post-Haiyan: Alternatives for Disaster Management Law and Governance in the Philippines 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Background Study 3.1.2 Disaster Governance: Definition, Scope and Limitations 3.1.3 NDRRMC: The Current Disaster Governance Structure in the Philippines 3.1.4 Disaster Governance from Mere Coordination to Management at All Levels 3.1.5 Haiyan in 2013: Enter OPARR 3.2 Methodology and Research Design 3.2.1 Research Design 3.2.2 Data Collection Methods 3.3 Presentation, Discussion and Analysis of Result 3.3.1 DRRM Post-Haiyan in the Eyes of the CSO Representatives 3.3.2 Policy Options on Post-Haiyan Disaster Governance in the Philippines 3.4 Conclusion References 4 Improving Disaster Recovery Governance: Lessons from the Two Ad-Hoc Recovery Agencies 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Recovery Governance: A Working Definition 4.1.2 Contextual Lens 4.2 The Case of BRR, Indonesia 4.2.1 Context of Recovery Governance 4.2.2 Rationale for Establishment 4.2.3 Governance Challenges 4.2.4 Succeeding Initiatives 4.3 The Case of OPARR, Philippines 4.3.1 Context of Recovery Governance 4.3.2 Rationale for Establishment 4.3.3 Governance Challenges 4.3.4 Succeeding Initiatives 4.4 Insights on Improving Recovery Governance 4.4.1 Permanent Institution for Recovery 4.4.2 Institutionalisation of Flexible Processes 4.4.3 Open Recovery Database 4.5 Conclusion References 5 Transformation of Post-disaster Governance of Indonesian Peatland Wildfires 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Methodology 5.2.1 Conceptual Frameworks 5.2.2 Data Collection and Data Analysis 5.3 Results 5.3.1 Post-1982 Wildfires: A Cycle of Vulnerability 5.3.2 Post-1997 Wildfires: Conflicting Policies 5.3.3 Post-2015 Wildfires: Protection of Peatland (Ecosystem) 5.3.4 Trajectory of the Progress of Post-disaster Governance 5.4 Discussion 5.5 Conclusion References 6 Assessing the Value of Localisation and New Actors Using Network Approach: Evidence from Shelter Clusters in ASEAN 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Methodology 6.2.1 Inter-Organisational Network Study in Disaster and Emergency Response 6.2.2 Valuating Network-Wide Emergency Response Performance 6.2.3 Case Studies and Data Collection Method 6.2.4 Analytical Method 6.3 Case of the 2013 Typhoon Haiyan 6.3.1 Disaster Impact and Initial Emergency Response Setup 6.3.2 Emergency Response in the Shelter Cluster and Its Inter-Organisational Network 6.3.3 Coverage of Humanitarian Assistance 6.4 Case of the 2018 Central Sulawesi Earthquake and Tsunami 6.4.1 Disaster Impact and General Emergency Response Setting 6.4.2 Emergency Response in the Shelter Cluster and Its Inter-Organisational Network 6.5 Conclusion and Recommendation References 7 The Role of Institutional Vulnerability in the Adoption of ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER) at Local Level 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Factors Affecting International Agreement Implementation 7.2.1 Institutional Capacity 7.2.2 Law Domestication 7.2.3 The Role of NGOs 7.2.4 Institutional Vulnerability 7.3 Analytical Framework 7.4 The Role of Institutional Vulnerability in Affecting AADMER Adoption at Local Level 7.4.1 ASEAN International Agreements on DRR 7.4.2 AADMER Implementation in Indonesia 7.4.3 Local Government DRR Programmes in Indonesia 7.4.4 AADMER Implementation in Banten 7.4.5 AADMER Implementation in West Sumatra 7.5 Conclusion: AADMER Adoption in Local Government in Indonesia References Part II From Local to Global: Local Lessons Towards an Effective Response and Resilient Recovery 8 Post-tsunami Indonesia: An Enquiry into the Success of Interface in Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Origin of the Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (Ina-TEWS) 8.2.1 Conceptual Framework 8.2.2 The Case of Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System 8.2.3 Research Questions 8.3 Methodology 8.3.1 Data Collection 8.3.2 Analysis—Descriptive and Content Analysis 8.4 The Interface Process of the Ina-TEWS: Data Analysis and Findings 8.4.1 Decision-making Mechanism 8.4.2 Actors in the Interface Process 8.4.3 Standardisation and Legal Framework 8.4.4 Technical Capacity 8.4.5 Human Resource Capacity 8.4.6 Spatial and Socio-cultural Issues 8.4.7 Vertical and Horizontal Coordination 8.4.8 Formal and Informal Communication 8.4.9 Ongoing Evaluation 8.5 Conclusion and Recommendation 8.5.1 Conclusion 8.5.2 Recommendation References 9 Localising Disability-Inclusive Disaster Response in Indonesia 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Localisation of Disaster Response in Relation to Persons with Disabilities in Indonesia 9.3 DPOs in Indonesia and Their Involvement in Disasters 9.4 Case Studies 9.4.1 Case Study 1: Pidie Jaya, Aceh Project 9.4.2 Case Study 2: Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara Project 9.4.3 Case Study 3: Palu, Sigi, and Donggala, Central Sulawesi Project 9.5 Methodology 9.5.1 Strategies for Localising Disability-Inclusive Disaster Response 9.5.2 Reasonable Accommodation 9.5.3 Reflective Learning and Mentoring 9.6 Outcomes and Discussion 9.6.1 A New “Identity” as Humanitarian Actors 9.6.2 Increased DRR Capacities and Collaborative Action 9.6.3 Enhanced Quality of Disaster Response 9.7 Conclusion and Recommendation References 10 The Cultural-Based Model of Community Disaster Resilience in Merapi Communities in Indonesia 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Methodology 10.3 Discussion 10.3.1 Balerante and Petung: A Deeper Understanding 10.3.2 The Cultural-Based Model of Community Disaster Resilience in Merapi 10.4 Conclusion References 11 Livelihood and Resiliency: An Entrepreneurship of West Sumatran SMEs Aftermath Disasters 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Methodology 11.2.1 Definitions 11.2.2 Hypotheses Development 11.2.3 Research Design 11.3 Data Analysis 11.4 Discussion 11.5 Conclusion References 12 The Use of ‘Village Funds’ for Community-Based Disaster Risk Financing in Indonesia 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Methodology 12.3 Disaster Risk Financing 12.4 Discussion: The Use of Village Fund for Disaster Risk Financing in Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia 12.5 Conclusion References 13 Fighting the Impact of the Global Pandemic: A Media Analysis of Local Community Responses and Solidarity Actions in Indonesia 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Methodology 13.3 Literature Review 13.4 Covid-19: The Overview on Indonesia’s Situation 13.5 Result 13.5.1 Trend of Social Activities in the Community During Pandemic Covid-19 13.5.2 Communities’ Involvement Towards Early Response of the Covid-19 Pandemic 13.6 Discussion: The Findings Overview 13.7 Conclusion References Part III Closing Remark 14 Where Do We Go From Here? Key Takeaway Messages for Better Future Disaster Response and Recovery 14.1 The Evolution of Post-disaster Governance in Southeast Asia 14.2 Key Takeaway Messages 14.3 Closing Remarks: Where Do We Go from Here? Glossary