Possible Long-Term Health Effects Of Short-Term Exposure To Chemical Agents, Volume 2: Cholinesterase Reactivators, Psychochemicals, and Irritants and Vesicants

POSSIBLE LONG-TERM HEALTH EFFECTS OF SHORT-TERM EXPOSURE TO CHEMICAL AGENTS......Page 2 Copyright......Page 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 8 PREFACE......Page 10 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY......Page 12 PSYCHOCHEMICALS......Page 13 IRRITANTS AND VESICANTS......Page 14 o-CHLOROBENZYLIDENE MALONONITRILE (CS)......Page 15 BROMBENZYL CYANIDE (CA), DIPHENYLAMINOCHLORARSINE (DM), and 1-METHOXY-1,3,5-CYCLOHEPTATRIENE (CHT)......Page 16 OVERVIEW......Page 17 Contents......Page 18 1 INTRODUCTION......Page 22 REFERENCES......Page 23 BACKGROUND......Page 24 REFERENCES......Page 28 CHARACTERISTICS......Page 30 BIOCHEMISTRY......Page 31 MECHANISMS OF ACTION......Page 33 PHARMACOKINETICS......Page 36 ADVERSE EFFECTS......Page 39 CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS......Page 46 Receptor Interactions......Page 49 MUTAGENIC, REPRODUCTIVE, AND CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS......Page 50 DELAYED AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS......Page 51 EFFECTS ON VOLUNTEERS......Page 52 REFERENCES......Page 57 CONCLUSIONS......Page 67 REFERENCES......Page 68 VOLUNTEER SCREENING, SELECTION, AND CLASSIFICATION......Page 69 CHEMISTRY......Page 74 Absorption......Page 75 Distribution......Page 76 Elimination (Pharmacokinetics)......Page 77 ANIMAL TOXICOLOGY......Page 78 NEUROPHARMACOLOGY......Page 82 Mutagenicity......Page 86 Summary......Page 87 DELAYED AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS......Page 88 Organic Brain Damage......Page 89 Food and Drug Administration Reports of Adverse Reactions......Page 90 EFFECTS ON VOLUNTEERS......Page 91 REFERENCES......Page 93 CHEMISTRY......Page 100 Absorption......Page 101 Distribution......Page 103 Metabolism......Page 104 Elimination......Page 105 Toxicity of DMHP......Page 106 MECHANISM OF ACTION......Page 108 NEUROPHARMACOLOGY......Page 109 DELAYED AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS......Page 110 EFFECTS ON VOLUNTEERS......Page 112 REFERENCES......Page 115 CONCLUSIONS......Page 119 BACKGROUND......Page 122 CHARACTERISTICS......Page 125 Mutagenicity......Page 126 Pathogenesis of Skin Lesions......Page 127 Carcinogenicity......Page 128 INDUSTRIAL AND MILITARY EXPOSURES......Page 129 Immediate Effects......Page 132 Eye Injuries......Page 134 Injury to the Nervous System and Other Organ Systems......Page 139 Long-Term Morbidity......Page 140 Tuberculosis......Page 141 Cancer......Page 142 EFFECTS ON HUMAN SUBJECTS AT EDGEWOOD......Page 145 SUMMARY......Page 148 REFERENCES......Page 149 BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY......Page 156 Mutagenicity......Page 157 Teratogenicity......Page 159 Carcinogenicity......Page 160 Lethal Effects......Page 161 Ocular Effects......Page 166 Cutaneous Effects......Page 168 Immediate Effects......Page 169 Experimental Human Exposures......Page 170 Tolerance......Page 175 Sensitization......Page 177 Himsworth Report, Part I......Page 178 Himsworth Report, Part II......Page 180 Mental Effects of Riots......Page 182 LONG-TERM FOLLOWUP......Page 183 EFFECTS ON HUMAN SUBJECTS AT EDGEWOOD......Page 184 REFERENCES......Page 187 TOXICOLOGY IN IN VITRO AND ANIMAL STUDIES......Page 192 Injuries in Confined Spaces......Page 199 Effectiveness, Lethality, and Tolerance Time......Page 200 Experimental Studies......Page 201 SENSITIZATION IN HUMANS......Page 202 EFFECTS ON HUMAN SUBJECTS AT EDGEWOOD......Page 203 DISCUSSION......Page 204 REFERENCES......Page 205 CHARACTERISTICS......Page 208 CYTOTOXICITY......Page 209 Acute Effects......Page 210 Ocular Effects......Page 214 Metabolism and Physiology......Page 215 Cutaneous Effects......Page 217 Physiologic Studies......Page 218 EFFECTS ON HUMAN SUBJECTS AT EDGEWOOD......Page 220 REFERENCES......Page 221 TOXICITY IN ANIMALS......Page 224 TOXICITY IN HUMANS......Page 229 EFFECTS ON HUMAN SUBJECTS AT EDGEWOOD......Page 230 REFERENCES......Page 231 TOXICITY IN ANIMALS......Page 234 EFFECTS ON HUMAN SUBJECTS AT EDGEWOOD......Page 237 SUMMARY......Page 238 REFERENCES......Page 241 TOXICITY IN ANIMALS......Page 242 TOXICITY IN HUMANS......Page 243 MUTAGENICITY......Page 244 EFFECTS ON HUMAN SUBJECTS AT EDGEWOOD......Page 245 SUMMARY......Page 248 REFERENCES......Page 249 TOXICITY IN ANIMALS......Page 252 DISCUSSION......Page 254 CHARACTERISTICS......Page 256 TOXICITY IN ANIMALS......Page 257 MUTAGENICITY......Page 259 SUMMARY......Page 261 REFERENCES......Page 267 AGENTS THAT CAUSED SLIGHT OR NO EFFECTS......Page 269 LACRIMATORY AGENTS......Page 270 MUSTARD GAS (H)......Page 272 CHLOROACETOPHENONE (CN)......Page 273 123 IRRITANT CHEMICALS......Page 274 INTRODUCTION......Page 275 RECRUITMENT OF VOLUNTEERS......Page 276 SELECTION OF DOSES FOR HUMAN TESTS......Page 277 SAFETY MARGIN......Page 278 VOLUNTEER SCREENING AND SELECTION......Page 279 INTRODUCTION......Page 284 LETHALITY OF SINGLE DOSES IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS......Page 286 TOXICITY OF REPEATED DOSES IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS......Page 292 SIDE EFECTS OF OXIMES IN MAN......Page 298 MODIFICATIONS OF NORMAL FUNCTIONS BY OXIMES......Page 301 METABOLISM OF OXIMES......Page 317 STUDIES WITH HUMAN SUBJECTS......Page 324 GENERAL COMMENT......Page 336 REFERENCES......Page 337